...endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also reduce the risk of chronic diseases in adults. Maternal nutrition plays a critical role in fetal growth and development. Although considerable effort has been directed towards defining nutrient requirements of animals over the past 30 y, suboptimal nutrition during gestation remains a significant problem for many animal species (e.g., cattle, pigs, and sheep) worldwide. Despite advanced...
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...The adrenal gland is a structure that is located above each of the kidneys, consisting of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Whereas, the adrenal medulla produces amines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine. The synthesis of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, whereas Mineralocorticoids are mediated by by the kidney and the adrenal medulla hormones are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system during stress. When the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus, it triggers the production of adrenal corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland....
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...Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Definition Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disorder of the adrenal glands which involves a deficiency of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of cortisol, aldosterone, or both. Frequency About 1 in 10,000 to 18,000 children are born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Review of Related Anatomy and Physiology The adrenal glands are two bean-shaped glands curved over the top of the kidneys. It has a glandular (cortex) and neural tissue (medulla) parts. The central medulla region is enclosed by the adrenal cortex, which contains three separate layers. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing three major groups of steroid hormones known as the corticosteroids. The hormones are the following: 1. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) – important in regulating the mineral or salt content in the blood, particularly the sodium and the potassium ions. The target organ of this hormone is the kidney tubules which is the one responsible for reabsorbing the minerals selectively or allowing them to be excreted out from the body. Increase aldosterone results to increase sodium retention by the kidney tubules and excretion of the potassium. When sodium increases the water also increases or follows. Thus, mineralocorticoids help in the regulation of water and electrolyte levels (equilibrium) in the body. 2. Glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol) – promotes the normal cell metabolism which helps the body to counteract the stressors...
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...ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Dr Ilma • The two earthworms in this picture are mating • Each worm produces both sperm and eggs, which will fertilize – And in a few weeks, new worms will hatch Asexual And Sexual Reproduction • Both occur in the animal kingdom • Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals – Whose genes all come from one parent • Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring – By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Budding – In which two new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones • A two-step process – Fragmentation • The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults – Regeneration • Follows fragmentation • the regrowth of lost body parts • Some animals reproduce by parthenogenesis – A process in which an egg develops without being fertilized • Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards – Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of parthenogenesis Ovary size (a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles...
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...Theodore Burnett ENG-111 Synthesis Final Draft November 3, 2013 Different Point of Views on Abortion There are many different views about how an abortion affects a person. The first article that I came across is titled “Religious Perspectives On Abortion and A Secular Response.” This article was written by Rachek Ankeny, Moira Stephens, Christopher Jordens, and Ian Kerridge. These authors believe that having an abortion can cause medical, religious, and social discourse. This article talks about the point of views from seven of the major religious groups around the world. (Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Jewish, Islamic, Buddhist, Confucian, and Hindu.) These authors have interviewed a medical doctor that represents one of the seven major religious so that they could get information on how different religious are affected by termination of a pregnancy. They first interviewed a Catholic doctor by the name of Helen Watt. Dr. Helen Watts explained that the Catholic Church has a long history of comforting women who have been harmed morally and emotionally by an abortion, and helping them deal with what has happened and make their peace with God. The emotional damage can be extensive and many women feel like they need assistance from post-abortion counseling and self-help organizations with the same feeling that they have experienced. Historically, the Catholic church has always been opposing the termination of pregnancies. The Catholic church believes that humans are...
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...Throughout history, the ‘ideal’ image of people has changed significantly. People have been expected to look differently over time, with different styles and fads and they have always enjoyed going to the beach and pool, spending time outside and relaxing – including societies’ addiction with tanning. Everyone loves coming back from the beach with a nice, dark tan, however, they don't know the dangers entailed Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. It is the abnormal growth of cells in the skin. There are two different types of skin cancers: Melanomas and non-melanomas. Most skin cancers are the non-melanoma type. There are two main types of non-melanoma skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Most non-melanoma skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma. It can damage deeper tissues, such as muscles and bones. It almost never spreads to other parts of the body. Squamous cell carcinoma however, is less common. It often develops from a small rough spot that grows into sun damaged skin and can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. Non-melanoma skin cancer is usually caused by too much sun. Using tanning beds or sunlamps too much can also cause it. There are other types of skin cancer that are non-melanoma but these are much less common - they include Merkel cell carcinoma and several kinds of sarcomas. Melanomas often resemble moles; some develop from moles. The majority of melanomas are black or brown, but they can also be skin-colored...
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...Initials: J.K. Age: 39 Sex: F Race: Caucasian Health Care Profile Medications and Med Synthesis: Tramadol 50 mg prn Allergies: NKDA Reason for Contact: annual exam and pap smear History of Present Illness: Last pap was 10 years ago and was abnormal. Patient has been having heavy but regular periods for the past year. Bleeding seems to be worsening monthly. Patient reports y days of bleeding with the first 2-3 so heavy that she is soaking through a super plus tampon and pad hourly day and night. She is fatigued all of the time but has increased fatigue the week of her cycle. She has large clots and very heavy cramping and back pain associated with cycles. She denies having a history of anemia aside from during pregnancy. She does feel occasionally dizzy or lightheaded with position changes the week of her cycle. Past Medical History Childhood illnesses: denies measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, rheumatic fever, and pertussis Major illnesses: none Hospitalizations and surgeries: History of Catheter Ablation Atrial Supraventricular Tachycardia 2012. Significant injuries: denies Health Maintenance General health screening: a. Frequency of dental exams/treatment: biannual exam & cleaning; most recent: 5/2015 b. Last eye exam: 4/2015 c. Colonoscopy and rectal exam: not performed d. Lab work: denies any lab work for the past 10 years e. Immunizations: Reports TDaP in 8/2013; received all...
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...Birth Defects Synthesis Essay As excitement and joy flow through expecting parents, troubling thoughts will occur when preparing for an unborn child. With numerous thoughts arising for the family one specific thought, will this child be healthy, will present itself throughout the pregnancy and at birth. Birth defects change the lives of families and unborn children every day. On the website, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States alone one out of thirty-three children display having a birth defect before and at delivery (“Facts about Birth Defects” par. 1). By knowing the impact birth defects have on society cause a worry for mothers-to-be and families wanting a child of their own. Some families will search for ways...
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...North South Foundation-2014 Regional Contests Intermediate Vocabulary Bee (IVB) Practice Words Dear Contestants Out of the 25 Phase I questions, 10 will come from the 1000 practice words; All the 8 rounds of Phase II questions will come from the 1000 practice words A abase abide abject ablution aboriginal abrogate absolve abyss access accessible acclamation acclimate accredit acid rain acquit acrid actuary actuate acupuncture -medical practice concerned with ad hoc ad lib adamantine addle ad-lib adulterate advert affable aggregate aghast alchemy alcove alibi alkali allay allegro alliteration allure alluring allusion alms alter ego alternative altruism ambi ambivalence -- state of amorous amulet analogue anecdote annex anomalous anomaly antecedent antipathy apogee apologist -- someone who apostle appellation apportion apprehend apprehensive aquacade aquifer arbitrary arcade archipelago arduous aria armageddon arrears artifact ascribe assimilate asymmetric at bay atoll attune august aural autistic avatar averse avid avionics -- study of awe awl axiom B bamboozle banal barbiturate barrage bear bearing bedevil begrudge belabor beleaguer beneficent benignant bequeath berserk beseech beset bestow beta-carotene -source of betrothal bicameral bicker biennial biodegradable biogas bionics -- study of biosphere biotechnology blasphemous blather blight blizzard bluff blush bobbin bobble bogy bolster boondocks boorish botanicals bracing Brahmin brandish brash bravado brunt...
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...The blastocyst is left to develop for a few days in conditions that mimic the uterus of a cow, and then the blastocyst is implanted into the cow who is chosen to carry the developing embryo. The pregnancy is then treated as normal, and after the gestation period of 283 days, a calf is born that is an exact copy, or clone, of the cow that the udder cell came from. It is an exact copy of the cow that the udder cell came from, and not an exact copy of the egg donor cow. This is because during the process of SCNT, the DNA of the egg cell is removed, and replaced with the DNA of the udder cell, therefore all of the DNA is from the udder cell donor, resulting in the embryo being almost genetically identical to the udder cell...
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...THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM JASMIN CAS TABLE OF CONTENTS Task 1- 1.1 | The male reproductive system | | 1.1 | The female reproductive system | | 1.2 | The function of Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone | | 1.3 | The human menstrual cycle | | Task 2 – 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of the sperm cell for fertilization | | 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of egg cell for fertilization | | 2.2 | The process of fertilization and implantation | | 2.3 | Diagram of the early stages of a developing embryo | | 2.4 | The importance of the placenta | | 2.5 | The role of the following hormone during birth and lactation | | | Reference | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexual Reproduction Like all living things, humans have to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. Reproduction is the role of the reproductive system. The female reproductive system lies mainly inside the body, whereas much of the male system is outside the body. Each reproductive system produce special cells, the sex cells called gametes (sperms and eggs). From these gametes, the typical traits of the parents are conveyed to their brood. The genes are the one that stored the hereditary information on the chromosomes...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Synthesis Industrially produced foods make up a significant proportion of the foods consumed in the United States. My paper aims to discover how the accessibility of these foods in terms of cost, convenience, and advertising affect the eating habits of Americans. One camp, which I shall refer to as the Necessity group, including authors Hurst and McWilliams, believes that these industrially produced foods are necessary to feed the populace at a reasonable price, and without it, many people would go hungry. Another camp, which I shall refer to as the Choice group, including authors Pollan and Foer, believe that eating habits are a matter of personal choice, and it is not the accessibility of the foods that largely affects eating habits, but rather the education and motivation of the population. The last camp, which I shall refer to as the Fattening group, including authors Larson & Story and Freeman, believes that the accessibility of industrially produced foods has a negative impact on peoples' health, especially for the low-income. Understanding the health implications of highly accessible industrially produced foods can help guide policy making and personal choices to decrease obesity and food-related disease incidence in the United States. The Necessity camp, including authors Blake Hurst and James McWilliams, agree that highly accessible industrially produced foods are the way of the future and that they make feeding the nation a more attainable goal. Their...
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...BIOL 203: Human Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Review 10-15-2015 LAB MIDTERM Tuesday, October 20th, 2015 at 8:00-9:30PM in Elliott Hall of Music BRING YOUR PURDUE ID!!!!!! EVENING EXAM TAKES THE PLACE OF YOUR REGULARLY SCHEDULED LAB FOR THE WEEK OF OCT. 12! For Next Recitation (10/16 and 10/19) Read Lab 8 Quiz covering Lab 8 1 THE HUMAN BODY – LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 1. MOLECULES (e.g. water, two atoms of hydrogen linked to one atom of oxygen) and macromolecules ( = "large molecules", e.g. DNA) 2. CELLS (e.g. white blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells), which contain cell organelles (e.g. mitochondria, little powerhouses that produce energy for the cells) 3. TISSUES, made up of cells (e.g. muscle tissue, nerve tissue) 4. ORGANS, groups of tissues (e.g. liver, heart, kidney) 5. SYSTEMS, groups of organs designed to do a specific job (e.g. the digestive system, reproductive system, nervous system). Cavities of the Body Membranes of the Body MEMBRANES THORACIC CAVITY PLEURAL lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY PERICARDIAL surrounds heart and covers its surface PERITONEAL lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers organs inside (stomach, intestines, etc.) 2 ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. Body covering 2. Support, protection and movement 3. Integration and coordination 4. Processing and transporting 5. Reproduction - integumentary system - skeletal system - muscular system - nervous...
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...Medical and Diagnostic Biochemistry By Name Institution Medical and Diagnostic Biochemistry Introduction Glucose also called a dextrose is a natural sugar present in honey and fruits and it belongs to a group of carbohydrates called monosaccharide’s and has a formula C6H12O6 .Glucose makes most of the sugar circulating in the blood of animals hence its other name blood sugar. Cells in the body get their energy from glucose; therefore it is important to regulate its metabolism in the human body. In the human body glucose is derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates ingested in the food we eat or the one stored in form of glycogen. It is also gotten from the synthesis of proteins. Excess glucose in the human body is converted into fats and glycogen and stored in the liver, muscles and adipose tissue. When the levels of glucose intake are not adequate to provide the energy needs breakdown of carbohydrates stores occurs in order to form glucose (Encyclopedia). Blood sugar measurements are done to determine glucose levels in human body and are carried out in hospitals and chemistry heath care laboratories. Diabetes mellitus is the most common disorder for carbohydrate metabolism and it is as a result of high levels of blood sugar in the body (Encyclopedia). A metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of blood is called diabetes mellitus. The high level of blood sugar is as a result of production of insufficient insulin produced by the pancreas since insulin reduces...
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