...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...As stated ABI can be a traumatic or a non-traumatic brain injury. A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is “damage to the brain caused by an external physical force such as a motor vehicle accident, assault, or a fall” (7). When there is a TBI the individual’s brain can be stretched, torn, penetrated, bruised or in some instances the brain becomes swollen. Based on the effect, the injury can resulted in affecting more than one part of the brain. A major health and socioeconomic problem has been generated throughout the world due to TBIs. “It is the leading cause of mortality and disability among young individuals in high income countries, and globally the incidence of TBI is rising sharply, mainly due to increasing motor vehicle use in low-income...
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...Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health issue in the United States. Each year traumatic brain injuries affect millions of Americans. Some cases often result in death while those that survive are left with severe disabilities. Every twenty-one seconds, one person in the United States is sustained with a TBI. In 2013 alone, 1.5 million Americans suffered from traumatic brain injuries. What exactly is a TBI? A traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. TBI’s can be classified as congenital, perinatal, or acquired. In congenital and perinatal cases of TBIs, children are born with such diseases and/or physical abnormalities. Two subcategories of an acquired TBI are non-traumatic and traumatic. From there traumatic brain injuries are broken down into two more sub-categories called open and closed injuries. Open head injury is a skull fracture that is driven into the brain caused by high- momentum causes or objects to the head where as a closed head injury is a mild physical trauma, but still keeping the skull intact. Typical causes for TBI’s are falls, motor vehicle- traffic accidents, struck by/collision accidents, and sports injuries. The two main causes are motor vehicle- traffic accidents and sports injuries. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of all head injuries. These accidents cause about 28% of traumatic brain injuries. The dramatic...
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...Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, is when the brain damage by external mechanical force making Brain function briefly or forever impaired. The definition of (TBI) is not very accurate, according to specialties and circumstances. A head injury definition used identically with brain injury definition, which may not be associate to neurologic deficits. In another word, the definition is not comprehensive. (TBI) known back before recorded history. Human skulls found in ancient graves with holes. According to Scholars these holes may have been made to treat (TBI) in ancient time. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability (1). The main causes of (TBI) in the United States include assaults, car accidents, sport, and fall. (TBI) types depend on the spot and strength of the mechanical force in the head, so doctors decided to classify (TBI) based on that, including symptoms in to three main level mild, moderate and severe....
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...Traumatic brain injury also known and abbreviated as TBI, it is described to different for every person, and varies depending on the circumstances. TBI is a disability that is recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and a very common injury. Playing tackle football or even romping around with siblings can cause this injury, and very commonly overlooked due to no visible injuries but can be very dangerous and life-threatening if not looked at by medical professionals. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury: A traumatic brain injury varies from state to state. However, in the state of Kentucky the definition for students to be to be categorized by this disability “is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an...
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...and Issue Statement “Brain Injured Students At My School? In My Room?” by Bobbin Kyte Cave comes from The Clearing House journal and was published in 2004. This article discusses traumatic brain injury and how it relates to an educational environment. It outlines some of the causes of TBI, what results from a brain injury, how the law intertwines with TBI and which educational interventions are successful for students with a brain injury. Critique The background information provided about TBI is thorough, but some areas if the paper could use more empirical support. For example, the first paragraph of the manifestation section could use some support for the idea that, “Students with brain injuries often have good memory for prior learning but exhibit an inability to connect new learning to prior knowledge,” (Cave, 2004). This could be a result of the author’s professional experiences as a psychological development counselor, but nothing directly indicates that. Another area that is in need of empirical support is the second paragraph on page 172. The statement that begins, “Students with brain injuries find it helpful when…” appears to be a matter of opinion without the research to lend credibility to this statement. Overall the manifestation section of the article is very thorough in its coverage of the many different ways in which brain injuries affect individuals. The author at one point makes a great transition from the medical aspects of the TBI to the psychological aspects...
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...Review of Literature Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), otherwise known as a concussion, occurs from traumatic biomechanical forces placed on the head and neck affecting the brain that results in a pathophysiological process altering function (McCrory et al., 2013). Altered brain functions experienced during a mild TBI may include neuro-cognitive impairments, disturbance of vision, and vestibular-cochlear disruptions. The altered brain functions experienced during a mild TBI often occur rapidly once initial impact is felt, and symptoms or impairments of neurological function return to normal within a few weeks of initial onset (Signorettic et al., 2011). This altered brain function is thought to be due in part...
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...Anatomy and Physiology Essentials | All About the Brain | Shalee Ray Pitman | Shalee Pitman 12-9-2013 | Shalee Ray Pitman Anatomy and Physiology Essentials TBurke 9 December 2013 The Brain There are four lobes of the brain: 1) Frontal Lobe which can be found in the front of the “central sulcus”. This lobe of the brain is in charge of the reasoning, planning, contains the parts involved in speech/movement, emotions, and also with problem-solving. 2) Parietal Lobe which can be found behind the “central sulcus.” This lobe of the brain is in charge of proper perception concerning pain, different temperature, pressure, and touch. 3) Occipital lobe which can be found in the back of the brain; it is in charge of all aspects of vision (eyes). 4) Temporal lobe which can be found below the “lateral fissure.” This lobe is in charge of perception and recognition of different parts of hearing and memory. Sensory skills of the brain relates to different senses or sensations of the body (touch). The sensory skills convey the structure of the body to impulse nerves when in contact of different sensations of the body including different temperatures and pain. Motor skills are the body’s function; they are important because they tell the body’s muscles to move in order to perform a specific task. It is important for this movement to be connected with the ability to feel or use sensations, so the body knows what it is doing as it performs. A deficiency in the motor skills is...
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...obstacles to overcome both physical and mental. Most soldiers are not aware of a certain condition that they might have developed while deployed in a war zone. This condition is called Traumatic Brain Injury, also known as TBI. It is an injury that is not found on the outside of the body but rather internal, therefore it is called the Unseen Wound. Even though it’s unseen, TBI is real and affects a large percentage of veterans returning from war and test results show that an average of 46 percent of soldiers have TBI. Traumatic brain injury, the signature wound of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, is doubly cruel: it leaves many victims emotionally shattered and cognitively crippled. But because mild and moderate brain injuries do not show up on CT or other imaging devices, doctors and even family members are often skeptical that any real damage exists. TBI is real and affects a large percentage of veterans returning from war. “Consistent with the designation of TBI as one of the signature injuries of the war theaters in Iraq and Afghanistan, 46% of the returning veterans recruited for this project screened positive for a deployment-related TBI” (Morissette, Woodward, & Kimbrel, Meyer, Kruse, 2011, p. 346). I have deployed multiple times to Iraq and Afghanistan and have sustained injuries in result of Improvised Explosive Devices (IED’s) and mortar attacks. Shortly after returning home, my family and close friends noticed that I was no longer the same person. Even though my family...
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...Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) can have major and long lasting effects on the cognition of the people who suffer from them. Cognition is the mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making (Goldstein, 2015). Previous research on individuals who had TBI is wide and varied. There is always evolving and new information being produced in this area of research. The US Military has also taken an interest in this area, as the instances of service members suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) correlated with a previous TBI is high (Summerall, 2007). Summerall states that another factor is that these injuries can occur in chaotic circumstances, such as combat, and may...
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...Childhood Cognitive and Executive Functions affected by Traumatic Brain Injuries Introduction Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are an important problem in the United States requiring attention because of the life-altering changes occurring a few months to a few years post-injury. Sometimes called the “silent killer”, TBI’s claim more than 52,000 lives per year with more than twice that number that are hospitalized or unreported (Faul, 2010). With its invisibility, initial diagnosis of a TBI is difficult and often overlooked. There is a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities, classified as either mild, moderate or severe. It can sometimes difficult diagnosing a TBI when physicians are treating other conditions in the Emergency Department. A mild TBI is classified as an altered state of conscious level with no mass/lesion visible on a CT or MRI. Moderate TBI’s are present with either a mass on a CT/MRI and/or the presence of neurological deficits, while the severity of severe TBI’s represents the existence of a coma and a lesion (Zollman, 2011). The bump, blow or jolt to the head may disrupt a child’s brain function. The blow may be considered open or closed based on whether the injury penetrates the skull and underlining meninges. For instance, the historic example of Phineas Gage had a large iron rod driven completely through his head and is classified as an open head injury. Compared to open head injuries, closed ones are more severe because of the increased intracranial...
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...Travis Block Dominic Marino BME 262 – Cell and Tissue Engineering Professor Hani Awad Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries occur when external forces cause traumatic injury to the brain. They directly affect 1.5 million Americans annually, and annually result in 100,000 cases of life-long impairment with substantial loss of function. Today there are 3.2 million Americans living with long-term disability as a result of brain injury (Congressional Brain Injury Task Force, 2012). It is estimated that 2.5 to 6.5 million individuals live with consequences of TBI (National Institue of Health). In addition to the devastating effects on the families and friends of those injured due to cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral effects; TBIs are also responsible for significant economic cost to society. Annual societal economic impact of TBIs has been estimated at $60 billion. This cost accounts for 29% of the total cost of all injuries in the United States (Max, MacKenzie, & Rice, 1991). Even though the NIH considers the burden of disease when allocating funding, acute treatments for TBI are still limited to attempting to control intracranial pressure and optimizing cerebral perfusion to prevent further edema, inflammation and cell death, and chronic treatment is limited to motor, cognitive, and behavioral rehabilitation (Varmus, 1999). While these treatments are limited...
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...TBIs constitute for a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, with 7.7 million people living with TBI-related disabilities (Dunkley & McLeod, 2017). The treatment of TBIs is controversial related to the use of therapeutic hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia is considered the generated cooling of patients to 32-35 degrees Celsius, to alleviate the secondary brain injuries that occur and improve the neurological outcomes of the patient (Dunkley & McLeod, 2017). Four benefits are noted with therapeutic hypothermia. The chief advantage is a reduction in the metabolic rate of the brain. Decreasing the metabolic rate decreases the oxygen and glucose consumption of the brain (Cook, 2017). Other benefits of therapeutic hypothermia include the ability of the brain to tolerate lower oxygen thresholds, the oxyhemoglobin threshold is shifted to the left providing decreased carbon dioxide consumption, and the reduction of cerebral edema (Cook,...
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...The lecture explained the acute processes of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, with their cellular and vascular vulnerability and finally brain remodeling after stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury is found 1.5 million annually, while stroke figures show 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Strokes are more common in men than women but women have high mortality following a stroke. TBI is usually found in adolescent, young adults, and people over the age of 75. Stroke is defined as a condition wherein the blood flow to the brain is hampered. This leads to the decimation of cells within the brain. It can be of two types ischemic and hemorrhagic. 80% strokes are ischemic while only 20% are hemorrhagic. TBI termed as...
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...Brain Lateralization and Language Reflection Brain Lateralization is a process that certain functions are located on one specific side of the brain or another (Stout, n.d.). The brain is broken into two different hemispheres, the right and the left hemispheres. Both hemispheres play important roles in the functions of language. The left side of the brain controls the grammar and vocabulary. The right side of the brain is responsible for the emotional content of language ("Lateralization", n.d.). If the brain is damaged, depending on where the damage is can affect language and the understanding that you have when a person speaks. Traumatic Brain Injury, also known as TBI, is an example of how a brain injury can affect the language. A TBI happens when there is damage to the brain. It can occur in either open or closed form. When the TBI occurs and causes problems with language a person can develop difficulty in understanding or producing speech, because of the weaken muscles they may have problems with slurred speech, and may have problems programming oral muscles for speech production ("Traumatic Brain Injury ", n.d.). When a brain injury occurs the damage can be permanent or in some cases can be treated. Speech pathologists often work to help heal the harm experienced trough TBI or other brain injuries. They can sometimes help to train the muscles and brain to be able to speak and understand again. References Lateralization. (n.d.). Retrieved from...
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