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Teaching System

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Submitted By panchao521
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目 录

一、系统概述 1 (一) 开发背景 1 (二) 系统简介 1 (三) 系统应用技术简介 2 二、需求分析 5 (一) 学生 5 (二) 教师 11 (三) 管理员 15 三、详细设计 20 (一) 整体构架 20 (二) 数据库设计 21 (三) 系统实现 23 四、测试阶段 35 五、附录 36 (一) 用例图 36 (二) 类图 42 六、致谢 54

面向对象方法的理论与应用

——教学应用系统

系统概述

开发背景

随着计算机及网络技术的飞速发展,Internet/Intranet应用在全球范围内的日益普及,随着素质教育的工作的不断深入,教育信息化、网络化的工作已提到各个高校建设工作的重要层次上来,为了顺应时代发展的潮流,很多高校已经构建了一个教育信息化、网络化、办公自动化的大环境,为以后的教育信息化工作的实质性应用提供了基础性的保障。我们开发这个教学系统的目的就是帮助我们学校实现教育的信息化,体现网络平台下教育模式的独特优势,弥补传统教育模式的不足,激发学生学习的积极性以及学生在更加平等的课堂气氛下能够更好的吸收知识,提高教师的个人素质和工作热情。在我们所开发的网络教学系统下,师生之间、同学之间可以进行有效的互动,从而提高学习质量。

系统简介

此系统将采用Java语言以及B/S的模式完成一个教学应用系统。此管理系统的基本思想旨在为某一个教师提供服务。也就是说某一名教师如果教授1门或两门课程,此软件提供的管理范围就是这一两门课程。我们需要做的是尽量提供一种可操作的方式来帮助教师及其所在课程的学生完成互动的工作。系统是为教学工作提供一种互动的操作以便于管理和教学。需要说明一点的是这个系统区别于学校教务处的系统。他们是并存的,也就是说这个系统是专门为某一位老师的课程服务的。而且此系统要有一定的扩展性。

系统应用技术简介

1. 开发方法 本系统采用面向对象的设计方式,从所处理的数据入手,以数据为中心来描述系统,数据相对于功能而言,具有更强的稳定性。这样设计出的本系统能较好地映射问题域模型。对象、类,继承性、多态性、动态绑定概念和设施的引入使用,天生令面向对象的设计方法具有一定的优势,能为生产可重用的软件构件和解决软件的复杂性问题提供一条有效的途径[1]。面向对象技术具有程序结构清晰,自动生成程序框架,实现简单,可有效地减少程序的维护工作量,代码重用率高,软件开发效率高等优点。 面向对象与面向过程的优势对比,如表1。 表1面向对象与面向过程的优势对比[2]
| |面向过程 |面向对象 |
| |面向过程程序设计方法采用函数(或过程)来描述对数据的操|将数据和对数据的操作封装在一起,作为一个整体 |
|数据操作 |作,但又将函数与其操作的数据分离开来。 |来处理。 |
| |以功能为中心来设计功能模块,强调以模块(即过程)为中心|以数据为中心来描述系统,数据相对于功能而言具 |
|系统中心 |,采用模块化、自顶向下、逐步求精设计过程,系统是实现模|有较强的稳定性,因此更易于维护。 |
| |块功能的函数和过程的集合,难于维护。 | |
| |控制流程由程序中预定顺序来决定。 |控制流程由运行时各种事件的实际发生来触发,而 |
|控制流程 | |不再由预定顺序来决定,更符合实际需要。 |

2. 框架 本系统采用Structs2框架,故而使得本系统有众多优势:
1) MVC:MVC是一个模式,MVC应用程序总是由这三个部分组成。Event(事件)导致Controller改变Model或View,或者同时改变两者。只要Controller改变了Models的数据或者属性,所有依赖的View都会自动更新。类似的,只要Controller改变了View,View会从潜在的Model中获取数据来刷新自己[3]。MVC要求对应用分层,虽然要花费额外的工作,但产品的结构清晰,产品的应用通过模型可以得到更好地体现。由于一个应用被分离为三层,因此有时改变其中的一层就能满足应用的改变。例如一个应用的业务流程或者业务规则的改变只需改动MVC的模型层。本系统应用Structs2,故而本系统的MVC结构图[4]如图1所示。 [pic] 图1
2) 表达式语言:Struts2使用JSTL,但是也支持一个更强大和灵活的表达式语言--"Object Graph Notation Language" (OGNL)[5],所以本系统的View层,即JSP页面很少有java代码,大多数是标签,应用表达式语言; 3) 验证[6]:Struts2支持通过validate方法和XWork校验框架来进行校验。XWork校验框架使用为属性类类型定义的校验和内容校验,来支持chain校验子属性,本网站的登录后台校验就采用校验框架,既详尽而且配置简单; 4) 将值绑定到页面:Struts2使用“ValueStack”技术,使taglib能够访问值而不需要把你的页面(view)和对象绑定起来。ValueStack策略允许通过一系列名称相同但类型不同的属性重用页面(view),而且值从页面传到后台可以属性分别传递,还可以利用对象整体传递,这是POJO的概念。 5) 易测性:Struts2的Action可以通过初始化、设置属性、调用方法来测试。依赖注入的支持也是测试变得更简单。 6) Servlet依赖:Struts2的Action和容器无关。Servlet上下文被表现为简单的Maps,允许Action被独立的测试。Struts2的Action可以访问最初的请求,但尽可能避免或排除其他元素直接访问HttpServletRequest或HttpServletResponse。[7] 7) 配置方式,相对与传统的单web页面,改变为一个URL关联了java的多个类文件、web页面、配置参数等等,这样它就可以比较容易的进行底层修改,而不影响上层的应用。 3. 数据库 本系统采用开源面向对象数据库DB4O。 面向对象是一种认识方法学,也是一种新的程序设计方法学。把面向对象的方法和数据库技术结合起来可以使数据库系统的分析、设计最大程度地与人们对客观世界的认识相一致。面向对象数据库系统支持面向对象数据模型,简称OO模型。一个面向对象数据库系统是一个持久的、可共享的对象库的存储和管理者;而一个对象库是由一个OO模型所定义的对象的集合体。 Db4o数据库就是一种Java , .NET及Mono原生的性能卓越的纯面向对象的开源的数据库引擎。它没有错误匹配问题——对象以其本身方式来存储;自动管理数据模式;存储时没有改变类特征,以使得易于存储;与Java无缝绑定;自动数据绑定;一个250Kb的库文件的简易安装(Java jar)一个数据库文件[8];Db4o面向对象数据库与关系型数据库相比较,优势如表2。 表2面向对象数据库与关系型数据库相比
| |关系型数据库 |Db4o面向对象数据库 |
|功能方面 |运行时根据存在表中的数据集而导出一个虚结构。 |Db4o数据库本身含有对象。数据库模型和应用程序对象模型是一致|
| | |的,所以不需要程序员考虑数据的差异性。 |
|能动性 |被动型的数据库,主要提供的是增删记录的能力。数据|主动型数据库,提供了在对象中嵌入方法的能力,Db4o数据库可以|
| |操作需要应用程序来实现。 |嵌入很多的操作。 |
|数据一致性 |强调数据一致性,设计复杂。 |Db4o新引入的抽象、扩充类型定义、用户自定义操作以及支持版本|
| | |规模型演化等概念和功能,消除了传统数据库对数据定义的一致性|
| | |,提供了更为丰富的语义。 |
|数据语义 |只有基本的数据类型,与现实有差距,不宜与理解。 |对数据语义的扩展更大,通过允许定义任何复杂的数据类型和提供|
| | |与数据相关联的行为。这种语义更接近于面向对象程序设计语言的|
| | |语义。 |

需求分析

本系统是教学应用系统,故系统的角色分为三种:1 学生 2 教师 3系统管理员。

学生

学生的主要功能有查看课表、查看公告、查看资料(视频、讲义及软件)、查看教师信息、上交作业、查看成绩、修改个人资料、登陆论坛等功能。如学生用例图如图2
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图2 1. 登录:

学生登录之后,与匿名登录略微不同,与教师的页面有所不同。登陆后在学生首页适当的地方应该显示出:XX同学您好 您已经登陆本系统等字样;还要有登陆的是哪门课的字样,例如为天财java课程;首页上还有相应课程的最新的视频在播放,如要下载可进入下载链接;有相应课程的最新的课件。如要看以前的课件及视频需要单击链接;首页面能够显示最新发布的公告的标题,点击进入相应连接,且标题旁边有日期显示。如:08-06-25等,本月信息旁边有红色new的标志以提示学生;首页两侧也是广告图片,随页面的滑动而滑动,单击进入相应的页面。页面有帮助图标,学生点击这个图标会弹出关于此页面的帮助文档,告诉学生如何操作这个模块。如图3
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图3 2. 查看公告:

学生首页有滚动公告项目,显示公告主题。显示最新发布的10条公告的标题,点击进入相应连接,且标题旁边有日期显示。如:08-06-25等,本月信息旁边有红色new的标志以提示学生。当鼠标在其上时停止滚动,当单击时,显示公告内容。工具栏也有链接“查看公告”,单击后进入全部公告列表,单击显示详细内容。页面如图4。
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图4 3. 上交作业:

本网站可以进行上传作业,作业必须压缩为zip包或rar。网站有检验功能。该页面上方显示该同学用户已上缴的作业,允许自己下载。该页面中间会显示本次作业的上传的规定。规定由老师设置,有命名规则、上缴形式、上缴时间最后期限、作业分占平时分比重。下方是上传作业。如果在指定提交作业时间段之后,提交按钮将置灰,不允许提交。页面如图5。
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图5 4. 查看成绩:

主页有链接到查看成绩页面。如果教师已经公布成绩,则会根据登陆的学号显示本学生本科成绩。多次成绩(第几次作业成绩,期末成绩)都可以查看到。如图6
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图6 5. 查看资料:

单击工具栏上的查看资料会出现三个选项,下载视频、下载讲义、下载软件。单击不同选项页面有不同的页面显示。如图7,详细用例图如附录图1.1.2
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图7 1) 下载课件:单击下载讲义,这样可以查看所有课件名称地链接。课件按时间顺序排列在一个表格中。课件可以右键进行下载。如图8

2) 下载视频:单击下载视频,这样可以查看所有视频。视频按时间顺序排列在一个表格中。视频可以右键进行下载。选中后单击播放可以在上方的播放器中观看,双击全屏播放。如图9

3) 下载软件:单击下载软件,页面分类显示所有与课程相关的软件,再点击下载想要的软件。如图10

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图8

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图9
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图10 6. 修改信息:

修改信息是修改学生本身的资料以及登陆密码。单击修改信息则出现两个选项修改资料、修改密码。 1) 修改资料:单击修改资料是编辑学生自己的个人信息,本网站使用实名制,不允许随意注册,是由管理员或老师进行输入的。已被输入的学生用户名是学号+姓名,密码是学号。当本人登陆后,可以进行链接进入修改资料页面,进入页面后,可修改部分是手机号,性别,生日,电子邮箱,课程爱好。其中必填项是姓名、性别及Email,Email以便老师发送邮件。学生可上传自己的头像。(大小为150 * 130),如未上传则显示为默认图片。如图11
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图11 2) 修改密码:单击修改密码出现页面,修改该学生的登陆密码。 7. 查看老师信息:

单击工具栏上的查看教师,查看教师的详细资料,方便与老师及时沟通。如图12

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图12 8. 查看课表:

学生可以查看本门课课表,课表内容应该包括上课时间、教室,学生无权更改。课程表是日历的形式表现出来的,鼠标移动到上课的日子,文字放大显示这次课计划的标题。 9. 论坛:

主页有进入到论坛(forum),可以进行发表言论,因为是登陆过,发表的言论为实名制。如果该同学被管理员或者教师授权为版主,则其在论坛中具有对帖子的增删改查的权限。进入的讨论区的板块与登陆网站的课程相同,例如为java课程则进入java板块。

教师

教师主要有功能管理公告、管理学生、管理成绩、管理作业、管理资料、联系学生以及登录论坛。用例图如图13
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图13
1. 管理公告 功能主要有添加公告、删除公告,用例图如附录图1.2.2。
2. 管理学生 功能主要有录入学生、查看学生、学生分组,用例图如附录图1.2.3。
3. 管理成绩 页面上方是选择班级,选完后的单击成绩录入,出现页面,如图14,开始录入成绩。页面上方为该教师所教的班级名称。下方显示类似Excel表格,分为学号,姓名,第一次平时成绩,第二次平时成绩……以及期末考试成绩。其中学号、姓名是老师录入学生那个Excel表传过来的。录入成绩动作由教师手工按学生姓名输入。如有不正确的可以单击进行修改。用例图如附录图1.2.4
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图14 页面下方是成绩管理的功能,有5个功能按钮,分别为计算成绩、保存成绩、发布成绩、导出成绩、分析成绩。 1) 计算成绩 单击计算成绩按钮,对上方的每个同学根据录入的平时作业成绩,以及每次平时作业占平时成绩的比例算出平时成绩。并根据平时成绩、期末考试成绩以及两者的比例算出最终该科成绩。 2) 保存成绩 单击保存成绩按钮,对计算完的每个同学的成绩进行保存,但需要注意这仅仅是保存成绩,并不公开与学生。即学生无法查看成绩。 3) 发布成绩 单击发布成绩按钮,对计算完的每个同学的成绩进行保存并发布,只有单击发布后学生才可以查看到。 4) 导出成绩 单击导出成绩按钮,生成Excel,该Excel可以格式与老师批量录入学生的Excel格式相同,方便老师进行提交到教务处。 5) 分析成绩 单击分析成绩按钮,进行分析学生成绩。统计出不及格人数、60-70人数、70-80人数、80-90人数、90-100人数,以及这些等级分别占的百分比,并能根据各分数等级的百分比产生不同颜色的柱状表格,单击每一柱状表格的名称标签,上方的成绩表格显示相应的同学及分数。该分析图会在学生及老师的页面左侧显示。
4. 管理资料 管理资料分为管理视频、管理讲义、管理软件,其主要功能为上传、删除。用例图如附录图1.2.5。
5. 管理作业 管理作业主要功能为布置新作业,查看已上交的同学作业。用例图如附录图1.2.6。
6. 联系同学 联系同学主要功能是给同学发邮件,支持群发及附件。用例图如附录图1.2.7。活动图如图15所示
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图15
7. 教师个人配置 个人配置主要是修改个人信息、修改密码。
8. 登陆论坛 单击后以论坛版主的身份登陆论坛。

管理员

从匿名首页登陆后,显示页面,页面上方有文字*管理员欢迎您。该页面是对网站的配置页面。页面左侧为功能区域。分为管理用户,管理配置。页面的右上角有帮助链接,用户点击这个图标会弹出关于此页面的帮助文档告诉用户如何操作这个模块。管理员用例图如图16所示

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图16

9. 用户管理: 用户管理用例图如附录图1.3.2所示。 1) 管理管理员:管理管理员页面上部显示所有管理员信息,有按钮删除。选中一个管理员单击删除,则删除,单击全选则将管理员全选。但要注意管理员无权删除自己。如图17
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图17 单击用户名则进入修改状态,可以进行修改,修改包括姓名、密码等,再单击确认提交进行保存;如图18。单击返回上一页返回到管理管理员首页。

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图18
管理管理员页面中部为修改登陆管理员的密码,确认后进行修改。管理管理员页面下部可以添加新管理员,主要包括选项用户名、密码等,其他详细信息需该管理员登陆后自己进行填写。图19 2) 管理教师:单击链接到管理教师页面,页面显示所有教师信息,下方有按钮删除。选中一个教师单击删除,则删除,选全选则所有教师被选;单击教师用户名,可以进行修改教师信息,与教师登陆后的修改一样,方便管理员与老师是同一人,最后单击保存进行保存;单击返回上一页,回到管理教师首页。如图20

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图19
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图20 管理教师首页下方是添加教师页面模块。添加教师可以添加教师姓名 以及初次登陆密码等。如图21
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图21
10. 管理配置: 主要功能有图片配置、邮箱配置、教师配置。当鼠标单击工具标签后,该页面下方显示相应的功能。 1) 图片配置:显示各个页面的名称,以及相应页面下能配置的图片,分区显示。其中首页可配置图片包括显示功能的链接图片、友情链接的图片及其首页两侧的广告图片及链接网址。上传图片后该图片在首页的固定位置显示,上传的图片保存到服务器的特定文件夹。图片的大小再此页面应有所规定。如图22
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图22 2) 邮箱配置:配置教师发邮件的email的账户及密码,服务器地址。如图23

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图23

3) 教师配置:能设置网站一共有几门课,相应课程名,每门课有几次平时作业,每次作业占平时分的比例,平时分占总分的比例。当修改已有的作业配置时,首先判断这次更改的作业次数是大于,还是小于已有的次数,如果大于,则以前的除了比率变化,其他不变,增加差额。如果小于,判断已有的已经填写截止日期的作业配置有几个,如果该次数,小于这次作业配置次数,可以更改,删除差额。如果该次数,大于这次作业配置次数,报错;还要输入课程表,课表内容应该包括上课时间、教室以及每次课的主要内容。课程表是日历的形式表现出来的,鼠标移动到上课的日子,文字放大显示这次课计划的标题。活动图如图24
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图24

详细设计

整体构架

本系统采用Structs2架构,Tomcat为服务器。页面用JSP,后台数据库为面向对象数据库DB4O。本系统遵循MVC,前台View层是JSP页面,后台通过定义的XML动态链接Action进行控制流转模型。系统架构如图25 [pic]
图25
本系统对后台的Java代码定义了的编程标准,即遵从三层结构。 1. App层:即数据交互层,用于与MVC中的View层进行交互。 2. Biz层:即业务逻辑层,用于对数据进行处理的业务逻辑。 3. Persistent层:即持久层,用于对数据进行持久化,变成持久化对象。 其中App层分为四个角色的action包,util包是工具包,是其他action包的公共类;Biz层同样分为四个角色的execute包,interceor包是过滤器包,util是biz层工具包,bean包定义了各种对象的bean,即对象属性,以及get、set方法;Persistent层就是对数据进行存储、查询、修改以及删除。三层结构只能单向调用,逐层返回结果。这样分层后使得代码的复用增强,耦合性降低,例如更改页面只需更改App层,更改业务逻辑只需更改Biz层,甚至要换数据库,也只需更改Persistent层。为日后的系统扩展打下很好的基础。
系统的包图如图26所示:
App层 Biz层 Persistent层
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图26

数据库设计

本系统采用Db4o数据库,db4o 是 100% 的原生的面向对象数据库,直接使用编程语言来操作数据库。程序员无需进行 OR 映射来存储对象,大大节省了程序员在存储数据的开发时间;其具有高性能,db4o安装简单占空间小,仅需要400Kb左右。在db4o官方公布的基准测试数据中,db4o比采用Hibernate/MySQL方案在某些测试线路上速度高出44倍之多;其零管理,使用db4o无需DBA[9]。 Db4o允许存储复杂对象,即对象的嵌套。也就是对象的某一属性可以是一个对象,这样对象之间就产生一个嵌套的层次结构。对象嵌套概念是面向对象数据库系统的一个重要概念,它允许不同的用户采用不同的粒度来观察对象。对象嵌套层次结构和类层次结构形成了对象横向和纵向的复杂结构。 本系统数据库的结构就是存储对象之间的结构,类图如图27所示。其中,学生、成绩、作业为复杂对象,其他为简单对象。复杂对象间关系如图28所示。

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图27
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图28
本系统采用DB4O是因为系统设计为面向对象的开发方式,采用的语言为面向对象语言Java,故而数据库采用面向对象数据库,技术能够达到无缝结合,面向对象语言和面向对象数据库相互形成互补,并且又保持了各自的长处。使得对象数据整体存储,更贴近于现实世界。对象的存储、查询以及修改能够无损,避免了类似关系数据库存储丢失精度问题。数据库与系统的关系如图29所示。
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图29

系统实现

1. 学生 1) 查看公告:首先页面通过ListNotice类获得所有公告主题列表,并且该公告列表是已经过java排序器按时间排序的List。当单击某一公告主题时,触发action,运行App层的ListNoticeDetailAction,将该公告主题set到其中。然后再将该公告主题传给Biz业务处理层,在这调用持久层的查询语句,查询出该条公告对象,逐步返回到JSP页面。从而学生看到详细公告内容。查看公告类图见附录图2.1.1时序图如图30。
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图30 2) 上交作业:首先页面调用App层的工具类获得已经公布的最新一次作业要求(HomeworkConfig),判断依据是已布置作业的截止日期。然后在页面上判断目前时间是否已经超过截止日期,如果超过提交按钮置灰,不允许上传。当上传作业时首先检查上传文件的类型,本系统上传的作业只允许为rar或zip压缩包,如果不是则返回出错提示,再检查上传文件的大小,本系统允许上传小于10M的作业内容,如果超过返回出错提示。出错提示都是在message.properties中配置的。但一切都检查完毕,App层的UploadStHomeworkAction获得上传的作业信息及上传者的信息。将两者的信息传递给Biz层的UploadStHomeworkActionExecute进行业务处理,首先该类调用GetPathByXML类获得要上传的路径,然后调用Biz层的工具包中的Upload类上传作业,当上传作业成功后调用持久层的EditDB,将上传者信息及本次上传的作业信息保存到数据库中。上传作业类图见附录2.1.2,上传作业时序图如图31所示
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图31 3) 查看成绩:当学生单击查看成绩时,触发LookScoreAction,该Action中调用业务逻辑层的LookScoreActionExecute类,首先该类拿到Session,获得查看成绩的学生的ID。然后调用持久层的QueryDB类查询该同学的成绩是否已经发布,如果未发布返回0,如果已经发布就返回1。如果成绩还未发布,就返回App层,页面转到XML配置的“成绩未发布,请稍后”的页面。成绩未发布的时序图如图32。如果成绩已经发布,业务类就要调用工具类GetHWConfigByXML,获得几次平时作业占平时成绩的比率、获得平时成绩占总成绩的比率。还要调用持久层的QueryDB查询该同学的各种成绩。将它们一同返回到查看成绩页面,页面上再进行数据处理,显示各次成绩以及总成绩。这种情况成绩已发布的时序图如图33所示。查看成绩的类图如附录2.1.3所示。
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图32
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[pic] 图33 4) 查看资料:该功能是下载视频、下载讲义、下载软件。这几个下载功能类似,唯一的区别在于存放位置有所区别,故只需知道是下载何种资料,获取相应的地址,即可下载。当单击资料名时触发App层的DownloadAction,该Action获得要下载的资料类型,这是通过传过来的sort变量判断的,同时获得页面传过来的资料名。该资料名首先在Action中进行编码处理,转换为“ISO8859-1”,并且将转换后的文件名映射到配置文件XML中,XML中通过EL表达式获取,这样下载的文件名即为单击的文件名。然后将文件名及类型sort传到业务层DownloadActionExecute,在这通过不同的sort调用GetPathByXML,获取相应的文件存放路径。最后调用工具类Download进行下载。下载资料的类图见附录图2.1.4。 5) 修改信息:该功能是修改学生信息包括修改学生资料和修改密码。 1. 修改学生资料时,分上传的学生头像和修改学生详细信息。
a) 上传头像:同上传作业的流程一样,最终调用Biz工具类Upload进行上传到指定的文件夹。需要注意,当上传成功后,还要调用持久层的EditDB类,将该同学的头像名保存到数据库中该同学的持久化对象中。类图见附录图2.1.5。
b) 修改详细资料:App层中的ChangeInfoAction获取到页面修改的学生资料,获取方法是POJO方式。然后传给Biz层的ChangeInfoExecute,在这调用持久层EditDB,将学生信息进行更新。类图见附录图2.1.6。 2. 修改学生密码,首先将原密码、新密码、新密码确定,在页面上用js进行简单的判断后,传到ChangeKeyAction,在Action中有校验框架对其进行后台校验。然后再将新密码传递Biz层,调用持久层进行保存。需要注意的是密码需要调用Biz工具包中的Password类,进行MD5加密。类图见附录图2.1.7。 6) 查看教师:单击查看教师时,触发Action,调用Biz层,再调用持久层,查询出教师信息,将教师对象通过Attribute传到页面,再显示出来。类图见附录图2.1.8。
2. 教师 1) 计算成绩:当录入完成绩后,单击计算成绩按钮时,会将录入的成绩以字符串的格式传递到后台App层CalcScoreAction中,然后会调用IsStr2Num类来检查成绩中是否有非数字字符,如果有返回页面,提示出错信息。如果一切正常,调用Biz层的CalcScoreActionExecute进行计算平时成绩,首先调用工具包中的ListGroupStudent获得该组同学名单,再调用工具包中GetHWConfigByXML获得每次作业的分数比率,然后通过平时作业分数乘以相应比率再求和即可计算出平时成绩。计算出平时成绩后再调用GetHWConfigByXML获得平时成绩的分数比率,即可通过公式最终成绩 = 平时成绩 * 比率 + 考试成绩 * (1 – 比率),计算出最终成绩。将平时成绩、最终成绩返回到页面显示。计算成绩的时序图如图34所示,类图如附录图2.2.1。
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图34 2) 保存成绩、发布成绩:无论是保存成绩还是发布成绩,都是将已经计算完的成绩进行数据库保存。两者唯一的区别就是在存储成绩到数据库中时,保存成绩将成绩状态设为0,发布成绩将成绩状态设为1。两者均是触发InputStScoreAction,然后先调用CalcScoreActionExecute计算平时成绩,最终成绩。再调用InputStScoreActionExecute存储成绩。存储成绩调用持久层EditDB,保存成绩。类图见附录图2.2.2. 3) 导出成绩:将已经录入的最终成绩,传到ExportScoreAction中,通过调用IsStr2Num类来检查成绩中是否有非数字字符,如果有返回页面,提示出错信息。如果一切正常,调用Biz层的ExportScoreActionExecute,生成成绩Excel,Excel的名字为组名+score。再调用DownloadAction,将该Excel下载。类图见附录图2.2.3 生成Excel文件用到框架为JXL,是Andy Khan开发的。它比较小巧,而且调用方便。以下的代码为生成Excel的主要代码。

[pic] 4) 分析成绩:当单击分析成绩时,触发AnalyseScoreAction,将页面的组名以及学生最终成绩传给后台。Action经过检验后,传给Biz层的AnalyseScoreActionExecute生成图片,保存到设定的文件夹。同时将生产的文件名保存到XML中,使得学生及教师主页的分析成绩图片发生变化。类图见附录图2.2.4。生成的图片如图35所示:
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图35 产生图片使用了jfreechart.jar。以下代码为主要的产生图片的代码。
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3. 管理员 1) 管理管理员 1. 添加管理员:当单击添加管理员时,页面会有js代码进行客户端验证,验证密码位数、密码与确认密码是否相等、密码与用户名不为空等。再将用户名及密码传给App层的AddManagerAction,先进行后台验证,利用的是xwork的验证框架validate,还调用AddManagerActionExecute中的方法判断该用户名是否已经存在,如果不存在则允许添加,否则报错。之后调用Biz层AddManagerActionExecute进行业务处理,调用持久层的Insert2DB将新管理员进行添加。类图见附录2.3.1,时序图如图36。
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图36 2. 查看、修改管理员资料:页面上有管理员姓名的列表,当单击姓名时触发lookmanager.action,在App层的LookManager中根据页面传过来的管理员ID,调用Biz层,间接调用持久层QueryDB查询到管理员对象,返回到页面上。类图见附录图2.3.2。如果要查看的管理员是当前登录的管理员,即与Session相同,则出现编辑管理员资料页面。当在页面上修改完资料后,单击提交触发changemanagerdetail.action,将资料信息透过App层、Biz层,达到持久层进行更新。需要注意的是,由于更改的是当前登录的管理员,故需要对Session进行更新。类图见附录图2.3.3。 3. 删除管理员: 在页面上选中要删除的管理员,单击删除触发delmanager.action之后将选中的管理员ID通过App层、Biz层达到持久层的DelDB,删除管理员。类图见附录图2.3.4。 4. 更改管理员密码:与学生更改密码流程相同,首先页面js判断,其次将信息传App层Action进行后台验证,之后调用Biz层Execute,最后进行持久层的数据库对象修改。类图见附录2.3.5。 2) 管理教师 1. 添加教师:与添加管理员流程相同,类图见附录图2.3.6。 2. 查看、修改教师资料:与查看、修改管理员资料流程相同,类图见附录图2.3.7。 3. 删除教师:与删除管理员流程相同,类图见附录2.3.8 3) 图片配置:图片配置是配置学生首页的图片新闻以及友情链接。流程是先上传图片,再将图片名以及链接地址存到XML中。时序图如图37所示,类图见附录2.3.9。
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图37 4) Email配置:配置教师的发送Email的参数,将其保存到config.xml中,类图见附录图2.3.10,以及2.3.11。 5) 教师配置: 1. 课程作业配置:配置该课程有几次作业以及每次作业的比率。将新配置的作业次数以及分数比率存入XML中,使用jdom读写XML文件,以下代码是创建XML。

4. 数据库操作

db4o 为我们带来的是这样一种面向对象的查询方式[10]: a) 100% 的原生,查询语言应能用实现语言( Java )完全表达,并完全遵循实现语言的语义。 b) 100% 的面向对象,查询语言应可运行在自己的实现语言中,允许未经优化执行普通集合而不用自定义预处理。 c) 100% 的类型安全,查询语言应能完全获取现代 IDE 的特性,比如语法检测、类型检测、重构,等等。 它推荐用NQ(原生查询)进行查询,原生查询为执行复杂查询提供了一种功能强大的方法,而且不需要学习新的查询语言或使用复杂对象结构对谓词建模。 NQ的查询代码如下:
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5. 配置文件 为了方便系统日后扩充的目的,并且降低系统的聚合性,本系统有很多配置文件,它们各司其职的对系统起着基础的作用。当配置文件变化时,系统代码有较少改动甚至不改动,本系统就能有所变化。 1) Structs2的配置文件[11]: 1. web.xml:Structs2将核心控制器设计成Filter,而不是一个普通的Servlet。故为了让Web应用加载FilterDispatcher,只需在web.xml中配置FilterDispatcher。 2. structs.xml:定义了Structs2的系列Action,定义Action时,指定Action的实现类,并定义该Action处理结果与视图资源之间的映射关系。本系统由于过于庞大,如果将Action都配置到structs.xml中,会使的维护很困难。故将其按角色分为structs_manager.xml、structs_teacher.xml及structs_student.xml。 3. message.properties:定义了系统Action可能出现的Error,这样页面上会在情况发生时出现友好提示,例如上传文件类型不正确时。 2) 本系统配置文件: 1. config.xml:配置系统的数据库名以及放置路径;配置系统视频、讲义、软件、作业、作业要求、老师及学生照片、学生名单、学生成绩Excel以及首页图片的上传放置地址;配置教师的发送邮件的参数。 2. homework_score.xml:配置系统作业的要求,包括id、分数比率、命名规则、作业格式、上交截止日期、作业内容。 3. picture_config.xml:配置首页图片新闻,友情链接的图片显示以及每张图片的链接地址。

测试阶段

本系统采用JUnit4进行单元测试,测试使我能够使用一种 “before” 方法来创建数据库并使用设定的数据填充数据库,并使用 “after” 方法来删除数据库并消除测试过程中发生的误判(false positive)。若非如此,我将不得不记得每次手工删除 teacherma.data 文件。以下是存储学生以及分组的单元测试。
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附录

用例图

1. 学生 1) 总体用例图
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图1.1.1 2) 查看资料
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图1.1.2
2. 教师 1) 总体用例图
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图1.2.1 2) 管理公告
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图1.2.2

3) 管理学生
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图1.2.3 4) 管理成绩
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图1.2.4 5) 管理资料
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图1.2.5 6) 管理作业
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图1.2.6

7) 联系同学
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图1.2.7
3. 管理员 1) 总体用例图
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图1.3.1 2) 管理用户
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图1.3.2

类图

1. 学生 1) 查看公告
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图2.1.1

2) 上交作业
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图2.1.2 3) 查看成绩
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图2.1.3 4) 下载资料
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图2.1.4 5) 上传学生照片
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图2.1.5 6) 更改学生详细资料
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图 2.1.6 7) 学生更改密码
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图2.1.7 8) 查看教师
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图2.1.8
2. 教师 1) 计算成绩
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图2.2.1 2) 保存成绩、发布成绩
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图2.2.2 3) 导出成绩
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图2.2.3 4) 分析成绩 [pic]
图2.2.4
3. 管理员
1) 管理管理员 1. 添加管理员:
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图2.3.1 2. 查看管理员:
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图2.3.2
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图2.3.3 3. 删除管理员: [pic]
图2.3.4
4. 更改管理员密码:
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图2.3.5
2) 管理教师
1. 添加教师:
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图2.3.6
2. 查看教师:
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图2.3.7
3. 删除教师:
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图2.3.8
3) 图片配置:
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图2.3.9
4) Email配置:
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图2.3.10
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图2.3.11
5) 教师配置:
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图2.3.12

致谢

本小组在Teacherma教师管理系统的设计、实现以及本论文的写作过程中,得到了天津财经大学管信系的各位老师的热心帮助,衷心的感谢所有给予帮助的热心人。 我要衷心的感谢我的指导教师马森老师,感谢他在整个毕业设计中给我的无私帮助,给我们详细的讲解相关技术,也给我们提了很多宝贵的意见,和提供了相关的技术资料和翻译资料。 我要感谢所有教过我的老师们,感谢他们的辛勤培育,悉心指导和耐心解答,是你们让我的人生有了精彩的经历,人生有了正确的方向。 感谢实验室的老师,系机房的老师,感谢他们为我们提供了良好的上机环境,为我们提供了无私的帮助。让我们可以方便的下载查阅教育网资料。 感谢系学工办的老师们,是你们热心的帮助,让我没有后顾之忧。 再此我还要感谢我的同学们,四年了,我们共同维持着这份友谊,创下了这般深厚的友谊。我永远忘不了你们对我的无私的帮助,我们帮助我克服困难共同进步。我们的友谊天长地久。 再次我还要感谢我的爸爸妈妈养育之恩,我无以回报,你们永远健康快乐就是我最大的心愿。 最后,向所有参加毕业答辩的老师们表示深深的敬意!

参 考 文 献

中文著作类:
[1] 李刚.Structs2权威指南.大连:电子工业出版社,2001,75~88.
[2] lan Roughley 著,李剑 译.深入浅出Structs2. InfoQ中文站:C4Media,2008,8~77.
[3] Bruce Eckel 著,shhgs 译.Thinking in Java 3rd Edition中文版.电子版,2003
[4] 河川,方兴,陈渝等.JSP编程实践.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,159~183.
[5] 飞思科技产品研发中心.JSP应用开发详解.北京:电子工业出版社,2002,99~124.
[6] 李烨.别具光芒DIV+CSS.北京:人们邮电出版社,2006,37~59.
[7] 许勇,齐宁等.CSS权威指南.北京:中国电力出版社,2001,394~414.
[8] H.M.Deitel著,刘晓莉,周璐等译.Java How To Program Sixth Edition.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.
[9] 王意洁.面向对象的数据库技术 [M].电子工业出版社,2005
[10] 徐洁磐.面向对象数据库系统及其应用 [M]. 科学出版社,2003-12-29,601
[11] 艾伦Eliens.面向对象软件开发原理.机械工业出版社,2003-01-01
[12] 闫术卓,杨强.Struts 2技术详解:基于WebWork核心的MVC开发与实践. 北京:电子工业出版社 2008-6
论文类:
[1] 黄永才,浅谈面向对象数据库.沈阳教育学院学报 2000.2
[2] 朱政华,钟勇,王典.面向对象软件系统的一种度量方法及其应用. 计算机应用,2006年10期
[3] 王辉,陆荣国,秦小麟. UML在实时软件系统中的应用研究. 计算机应用,2004年02期
[4] 孙彩霞.基于Java Web程序的“轻量级”MVC实现.现代图书情报技术,2005年06期
[5] 严晓峰,王先成.面向对象的建模方法. 2009-1-4
[6] 鲁秋菊,李军.基于UML信息系统的分析与设计.中国科技信息,2009年第5期
其他:
[1] The Enterprise wiki.db4o7.0指南. http://wiki.redsaga.com.2008-3-3
[2] Rosen Jiang,张黄瞩. 开源面向对象数据库 db4o 之旅.http://www.ibm.com.2006-10-23
外文著作类:
[1] CT Arrington. Enterprise Java with UML.America:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,2002
[2] David M. Geary. Advanced JavaServer Pages . Prentice Hall PTR.2001,53-83.
[3] Simon Brown et al. Pro JSP, Third Edition.Irwin.2002.
[4] Grossniklaus. ODBMS Lecture.Irwin.2007.
[5] Addison Wesley. UML Distilled Third Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.2003.
[6] Addison Wesley.Managing Software Requirements. Pearson Education, Inc.2003
[7] Grady Booch.Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications,2E. Addison Wesley/Pearson.2003

-----------------------
[1] 艾伦Eliens.面向对象软件开发原理.机械工业出版社,2003-01-01

[2] 朱政华,钟勇,王典.面向对象软件系统的一种度量方法及其应用. 计算机应用,2006年10期

[3] 闫术卓,杨强.Struts 2技术详解:基于WebWork核心的MVC开发与实践. 北京:电子工业出版社 2008-6
[4] lan Roughley 著,李剑 译.深入浅出Structs2. InfoQ中文站:C4Media,2008,8~77.

[5] Struct2 中的OGNL .http://www.blogjava.net/max/category/16130.html

[6] 李刚.Structs2权威指南.大连:电子工业出版社,2001,75~88.

[7] 李刚.Structs2权威指南.大连:电子工业出版社, 2001,21.

[8] Rosen Jiang,张黄瞩. 开源面向对象数据库 db4o 之旅.http://www.ibm.com.2006-10-23

[9] ,张黄瞩. 开源面向对象数据库 db4o 之旅

[10] The Enterprise wiki.db4o7.0指南

[11] 李刚.Structs2权威指南.大连:电子工业出版社,2001,75~88.

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/**
*将作业配置存进XML
*/ private void createhomeconfigxml throws Exception(List hwconfiglist,Float normalproportion){ SAXBuilder sb = new SAXBuilder(); Document doc = null; Reader reader=new FileReader(XMLPath); doc =sb.build(reader); //清除原来的比率 this.rootElt = doc.getRootElement(); rootElt.removeContent(); //插入平时作业的比率 ... ... //插入平时分的比率 Element normal_scoreElt = new Element("normal_score"); normal_scoreElt.addContent(String.valueOf(normalproportion)); rootElt.addContent(normal_scoreElt); //格式话 Format fm=Format.getCompactFormat(); fm.setEncoding("utf-8"); fm.setIndent(" "); XMLOutputter out = new XMLOutputter(); out.setFormat(fm); out.output(doc, new FileOutputStream(XMLPath));}

调用

返回值

返回值

调用

(* : *)

Workbook workbook;
Sheet sheet;
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream;
//获得存储成绩Excel的路径
GetPathByXML get = new GetPathByXML(); String path = get.getExcelPath(); path = path + groupname+"score.xls";
//创建Excel文件
fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(path); WritableWorkbook writableWorkbook = null; writableWorkbook = Workbook.createWorkbook(fileOutputStream);

/**
*创建Excel工作薄
*/
WritableSheet writableSheet = writableWorkbook.createSheet("Excel", 0); for(int i = 1 ; i

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