...general, and science education, for that matter, is serious issues for all Ghanaians. Curriculum orientations are beliefs about what a school curriculum should achieve and how teaching, learning and assessment should occur (Eisner, 1970). The most fundamental concern of schooling is curriculum (Ornstein, 1982). These prepositions have led me to have an in depth study by evaluating the Ghanaian Basic School Science Curriculum from both the primary to the Junior High School levels trying to find out the various and dominant curriculum orientation(s) underlying the teaching and learning process of Integrated Science in schools. The Ghanaian Basic School Science Curriculum and Delivery The Ghanaian integrated science curriculum follows the “spiral approach,” treating the same themes at different times and in greater depths within each educational level. The curriculum is the modern replacement of what used to be called “nature study.” This is a generalist, survey course, which exposes the child to the universe. At this level, the students would get the basic exposure to scientific ideas, and learn about the history of science. They also learn the basic scientific vocabulary at this level (Curriculum Research Division and Development,2004) (2004) ). Educational Reforms and Science Teaching in Ghana There was a reorganization of the educational system into the current one. Interestingly, there...
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...TEACHING SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY Teaching Should Be Consistent With the Nature of Scientific Inquiry Science, mathematics, and technology are defined as much by what they do and how they do it as they are by the results they achieve. To understand them as ways of thinking and doing, as well as bodies of knowledge, requires that students have some experience with the kinds of thought and action that are typical of those fields. Teachers, therefore, should do the following: Start With Questions About Nature Sound teaching usually begins with questions and phenomena that are interesting and familiar to students, not with abstractions or phenomena outside their range of perception, understanding, or knowledge. Students need to get acquainted with the things around them—including devices, organisms, materials, shapes, and numbers—and to observe them, collect them, handle them, describe them, become puzzled by them, ask questions about them, argue about them, and then to try to find answers to their questions. Engage Students Actively Students need to have many and varied opportunities for collecting, sorting and cataloging; observing, note taking and sketching; interviewing, polling, and surveying; and using hand lenses, microscopes, thermometers, cameras, and other common instruments. They should dissect; measure, count, graph, and compute; explore the chemical properties of common substances; plant and cultivate; and systematically observe the social...
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...PART A Report on Teaching of Science with list of references at the end Introduction This report aims to look at how we should be implementing the Science curriculum, in accordance to what the authors and professionals think, it will look at how it should be taught in primary schools. The key stage I have chosen to examine is lower key stage two. Lower key stage two consists of children in Year 3 (aged 7-8) and Year 4 (8-9). The report will examine the National Curriculum and how teaching of Science is defined by them. The National Curriculum (2014 p.155) requires children of this age phase to work scientifically. This would namely be looking at encouraging children to ask their own questions, how to set up a practical investigation, gathering the results through numerous graphs/charts (recording data) comparing and analysing what makes a fair test, predicting what the outcome may be (with independent and dependant variables), how to make observations based on these findings, identifying and comparing what they predicted as opposed to what happened, and lastly being able to answer questions using scientific terminology and knowledge. By using various literature and documentation, this report will look at how teachers can teach Science but at the same time be using the National Curriculum as a guideline. Review of teaching Working Scientifically Ofsted (2013) states that the new National Curriculum for 2014 explains the reasoning for teaching Science. It states that pupils...
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...a concept, object or process unconventionally. It often acts as a bridge to associate abstract ideas or concepts with something that is close to people’s life, so that people can understand the idea or concept better. In the use of a metaphor, the comparison of two things is usually involved. Although the two things are not necessarily alike as a whole, they always have some specific similarities. Technically, those abstract ideas and concepts are called “vehicle”, the things closed to our life is called “topic” and their similarities “grounds”. It is widely acknowledged that science is an area full of abstract processes, concepts and ideas, thus the use of metaphor makes it much easier for scientists and science learners to understand scientific theories and be understood, which makes it very important and interesting for a science student to have a deep look at the use of metaphor in science, because it will help science students have a better idea of the metaphor used in science and furthermore, help them improve their learning. In this essay, the similarities and differences of the use of metaphors in professional, popular and pedagogic sciences will be carefully checked. Their similarities of the use in the three sciences in constructing theories and improving understanding will be introduced at the beginning. Following this, it will analyze the different use of metaphor from the perspective of target, purpose and the difficulties people are probable to encounter when they...
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...Running head: KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS AND DOMAIN LEARNING Knowledge Domains and Domain Learning Liliana Maggioni and Patricia A. Alexander University of Maryland In press Keywords: discipline, domain, learning, history, knowledge, mathematics, reading, science, writing. Abstract The roots of current disciplines and domains of study reach well back in history. An exploration of their development shows that these areas of knowledge have not only reflected cultural changes but have also influenced societies, especially through formal educational systems. Besides being characterized by their focus on a particular part of the world, disciplines are also distinguished by a specific way of thinking about their respective domains of study. Psychological research has identified several features of these pathways to knowledge (e.g., reading, writing, history, mathematics, and science) that generally define the landscape of academic practice. Although educational psychologists’ interest in how knowledge develops within specific domains has fluctuated across time, formal education throughout the world is organized around particular fields of studies and students soon come to characterize their experience of school in terms of subject matters. Thus, in education, domains seem to make a difference. The term knowledge domain refers to the part of the world investigated by a specific discipline. In other words, the domain can be characterized as the object (e.g., plants...
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...EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: A DEFINITION AND KEY CONCEPTS It seems too simple to say that educational psychology is the psychology of learning and teaching, and yet a majority of educational psychologists spend their time studying ways to describe and improve learning and teaching. After reviewing the historical literature in educational psychology, Glover and Ronning (1987, p. 14) suggested that educational psychology includes topics that span human development, individual differences, measurement, learning, and motivation and is both a data-driven and a theory-driven discipline. Thus, our definition of educational psychology is the application of psychology and psychological methods to the study of development, learning, motivation, instruction, assessment, and related issues that influence the interaction of teaching and learning. This definition is broad because the potential applications of educational psychology to the learning process are immense! Today educational psychology is a vital discipline that is contributing to the education of teachers and learners. For example, Jerome Bruner, an enduring figure in educational psychology, recently noted the need to rethink our ideas of development, teaching, and learning and the interactions among them. Specifically, Bruner (1996) urged educators and psychologists to see children as thinkers, and stated: No less than the adult, the child is thought of as holding more or less coherent "theories" not only about the world but about...
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...Scientific Communication:- Scientific:- Scientific means make use of the technique of science. “Scientific means technology or technical. It means connected to science or concern with science.” Communication:- Communication is usually common talk, chat or gossip. It’s concerning and linking populace or places. It means sender and receiver are exchange their ideas, views, belief and feelings. “While one person talking with another person or people and transfer a message to other person or people is called communication.” Its two way process of getting mutual understanding, where sender send their ideas, views, opinion and the receiver receive message and understand. Scientific Communication:- Definition;- “Scientific communication is section of science where communicate technical, engineering or other technological information.” Scientific communication is conversation about technical area such as computer appliance, medicinal procedures, and ecological convention. Its also conversation about technology by us of WebPages, help files or social media etc... Scientific communicators may put information they confine into paper documents, computer based training, web-pages, digitally stored text, videos, audios and other media. There are different uses of scientific communication. In software illustration help users are successful in their own improving and help to how effortlessly products expand and grow in marketplace as well as decreasing...
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...1. What is sport and exercise psychology, and what are its two general objectives? → Is the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts as well as the practical application of that knowledge. Objectives: A. Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical or motor performance. B. Understand the effects of physical activity participation on psychological development, health, and well-being 2. Described the major accomplishments of the six periods in the history of sport and exercise psychology. What contributions did Coleman Griffith and Franklin Henry make to sport and exercise psychology? Period 1: The psychology of play starts to be discussed. Studies of football and Basketball players are studied in the University of Illinois. Norman Triplett conducts the 1st social psychology and sport psychology Period 2: @5 articles are published about sports psychology. Coleman Griffith conducts psychological profiles on players. in the Chicago Cubs. Period 3: Franklin Henry undertakes the position in the Department of physical Education at the University of California Berkeley and develops the 1st graduate program in psychology of physical activity. Period 4: The first NASPSPA conference is held and proceedings in NASPSPA are first time published. Period 5: The U.S Olympic committee hires first full time sport Psychologist as well as an advisory board is developed. Period 6: Europe publishes he journal Psychology...
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...The Effectiveness of Scientific Games in Teaching Chemistry Concept A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of College of Education Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Basic Research Prof. Ed. 11 Submitted by: Glenda C. Perlota Reymund G. Reyes Jay-Ar D. Rivera Ronald A. Sato Macel T. Solis Avegail B. Vega School Year 2007-2008 Submitted to: Mrs. Eleanor S. Arcillas TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………i Abstract………………………………………………………………………..ii CHAPTER 1: Problems and its Background………………………………5 Introduction…………………………………………………….5 Theoretical Framework…………………..…………………..6 Conceptual Framework………………………..……………..7 Statement of the Problem……………………..……………..9 Research Hypothesis…………………………………………9 Significance of the Study………………………..…………..10 Scope and Delimitation………………………………………11 Definition of Terms…………………………….……………..12 CHAPTER 2: Review Related Literature…………………………………...14 Foreign Literature…………………………………………….15 Local Literature……………………………………..………...16 CHAPTER 3: Methodology……………………………………..…………….20 Method Used…………………………………………………..20 Respondent of the Study……………………………………20 Sources of Data……………………………………...
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...Does Islam promote the use of technology? Today’s materialistic approach to scientific advancements has definitely granted somewhat physical comfort to a man, but the mental and spiritual comfort is still lacking. Islam advocates the incorporation of knowledge about the religion and the scientific learning to the fullest and its use to the benefit of the mankind as well. On theoretical account, the ideology of Islam is a generic view of the universe and life. Therefore, a Muslim is required to gather the knowledge about the religion and the world both. In the time of ignorance Islam was the only religion which took the world out of the darkness and the misery. Islam brought the intellect amongst the Muslims within a few years’ time which made them more civilized and polished in their daily life activities. Those people acquire the knowledge from Islam and understood the fact that cognition is important for the benefit of mankind. They practically applied it to such a level that they exceeded all other nations in progress and growth and stayed at the top for many centuries. The history of Islam is enriched with ingenious examples of science and culture. When Europe was no way near development, the Muslims were taking giant steps in the fields like astronomy, architecture, geography, literature, mathematics, medicine, physics and documentation of history. Many new systems were inherited to medieval Europe from Muslims, such as algebra, numerals with the zero vital principle...
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...on what sorts of things taught in public school. Few education issues have started controversy and debate about teaching of evolution. School boards have been forced to address concerns about good science education as well as conflicting claims about constitutional limitations but a new approach to teaching about evolution has been developed to meet the test of good science and satisfy the courts’ standards of constitutionality. In this case, several people concerns about strong challenges that gets through the society about anti-evolution that it can affect the religious or anti-religious beliefs of a dominant group. The United State Supreme Court precedents that the Constitution permits both the teaching of evolution as well as the teaching of scientific criticisms of prevailing scientific theories. The court focused on Arkansas statute that prohibiting the teaching of human evolution in public schools and universities, no teacher was permitted "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches.” (Fortas, par 2) This explains the statute was an adaptation of the law at the center of the “Scopes monkey trial” in Tennessee. The Tennessee Supreme Court allowed the state to continue to prohibit the teaching of evolution. The case involved the teaching of biology in Little high school, the administrators adopted a new textbook for the 1965-1966 school year which...
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...contrasting approaches that are generally used in curriculum development are Technical/Scientific Approach and Non-technical/Non-scientific Approach. In scrutinizing these approaches, the advantages and disadvantages are revealed and the differences they generate in creating a curriculum. According to Bago (2008), information about personal and collective commitments to a particular viewpoint and the values considered important by individuals, school, and society are exposed when examining an approach. Curriculum can also be designed based on a particular context. It solely depends upon the elements namely: contemplation of aims, projected learning outcomes, syllabus, learning and teaching methods, and assessment. There are three common patterns to design a curriculum: through subject – centered, experience – centered, and problem – centered. These are incorporated into the curriculum by looking into its possible effects to the certain elements mentioned above. A design that addresses to the conceptual framework of science education of K to 12 Basic Education Program for example is subject – centered. The science curriculum aims to raise awareness among learners through developing a scientific literacy by hands – on, minds – on and heart – on activities with application on the social, health, or environmental aspects as an individual. It also works toward developing and demonstrating scientific attitudes and values....
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... Every sector recognizes an increasing contribution of the discipline to the progress of the modern world as well as its traditional standing as an element of humanistic and scientific education. Its importance as the key subject is common knowledge. Science has been recognized as a patent means of sharpening our competitive edge. Thus, science holds a dominating place in the curriculum. As mandated in the Philippine Constitution, it is the duty of the schools to develop scientific and technology efficiency among the pupils and the students. Thus, it is necessary to evolve a strong science program in all levels. So, the teaching of science should be effectively earned out so as to satisfy the National Development Goals. Science is a multifaceted subject, limitless in extent and depth, vital for science and technology, and rich in the cultural import. It offers a lot of challenges to an individual. In school, however, some students find the subject dull and difficult. More so, science in general, is even considered by many as uninteresting or boring subject if not difficult or not applicable into their daily lives. The performance of the pupils depends largely on quality of the teaching competencies of their teacher. A competent teacher learns to build effective learning situation and to select teaching methods/strategies to guarantee maximum retention and application of the earning that are achieved. According to Wikipedia, strategy refers to all techniques by which the teachers...
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... 1 Educational Philosophy MTE/501 EDUCATIONAL PHILOSPHY 2 Abstract I will discuss my beliefs about teaching, students’ abilities, knowledge and my philosophy on education. Teaching is approached different from each teacher to the teacher. I have the belief that every student need to be encourage so they can be something positive in life. My personal philosophy of education and all five philosophies could use in the classroom depending on the environment of the classroom. In my philosophy inventory I scored being a perennialism thinking in my approach about educating students, that the gives the human side of the science and focuses on personal development. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY 3 Educational Philosophy The belief about teaching is various from teacher to teacher. It has been long understood of that some beliefs are more important than others to educators. Since teaching beliefs are products personal beliefs and values of knowledge, society, education and politics, it is very hard to set apart from their life beliefs. Lucas (2002) stated, “Belief change during adulthood is relatively rare phenomenon the most common cause being a conversion from the authority to another on a shift. Individual tends to hold on beliefs based on incorrect or incomplete knowledge even after scientifically correct Explanations are prescribed to them.” The belief of students is everyone can succeed. I believe if you have lower...
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...material on the internet. This has led to an explosion of information, particularly with regard to current research and teaching methods. Engineering is suited to the use of educational technologies ranging from simulating dangerous environments, to replacing laboratory and factories difficult to maintain and impossible to walk through.(2) The use of computers in engineering education allows practical experiences and help in data analysis. Although, work would often be impossible without computers, there are many advantageous in the utilization of computers in teaching and learning but, there are many difficulties in using the new technologies. A few of these disadvantages are lack of appropriate software and hardware, lack of time, technical support and technical expertise on behalf of the instructors, etc.(1) One issue remains the same; a less developed country’s technological diffusion rates remain the determinant factor in the successful utilization of scientific knowledge transferred to these countries. Although, in this era scientific knowledge can be transferred in a much shorter time, technological advances and innovations are happening at a faster and an exponentially shorter amount of time. Therefore, LDCs are lagging behind even further. These countries lack the fundamental expertise and knowledge required for the diffusion of the fragmented sciences and...
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