...------------------------------------------------- Temperature Temperature is a measure of the average energy of motion, or kinetic energy, of particles in matter. When particles of matter, whether in solids, liquids, gases, or elementary plasmas, move faster or have greater mass, they carry more kinetic energy, and the material appears warmer than a material with slower or less massive particles. Kinetic energy, a concept of mechanics, is the product of mass and the square of a particle's velocity. In the context of thermodynamics, it is also referred to as thermal energyand the transfer of thermal energy is commonly referred to as heat. Heat always flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. English language speakers refer to an object of low temperature as being cold, and associate various degrees of higher temperature to terms such as luke-warm, warm, hot, and others. Historically, two equivalent concepts of temperature have developed, the thermodynamic description and a microscopic explanation based on statistical physics. Since thermodynamics deals entirely with macroscopic measurements, the thermodynamic definition of temperature, first stated by Lord Kelvin, is stated entirely in empirical, measurable variables. Statistical physics provides a deeper understanding of thermodynamics by describing matter as a collection of a large number of particles, and derives thermodynamic (i.e. macroscopic) parameters as statistical averages of the microscopic...
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...witness the change in temperature of cyclohexane with different substances added. The process of phase change is usually being witnessed in the different weather changes we have. When snow begins to fall in the winter it falls as a liquid, starts to freeze from the atmosphere, then fully freezes when it is set on the ground from the winter temperature. It then begins to melt and turn back into a liquid as the temperature begins to heat up, then evaporates as the liquid starts to boil and steam up. (Phase Change, 17). In this experiment, we hypothesized that our trial three with 0.612 grams of benzoic acid would have the greatest effect on temperature change since it held the greatest...
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...HEAT 4.1 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 1. Define: The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. (a) Temperature Measured in SI unit Kelvin, K A hot object is at a higher temperature than a cold object. Form of energy, measured in Joules, J (b) Heat Heat is transferred from hotter object (higher temperature) to colder object (lower temperature) When an object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium...
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...in acid-base neutralization reactions. 2. To determine the molar enthalpy change for each acid-base neutralization reaction. 3. To validate Hess’s Law using the experimental results. Background Information Acids and bases react together to produce a salt and water as shown in the following reaction. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) This type of reaction is called a neutralization reaction. When a neutralization reaction occurs, heat (q) is released to the surroundings, and the temperature of the surroundings rises. In aqueous acid-base neutralization reactions the surroundings are the solution itself, which is mainly composed of water. The amount of heat released by the reaction can be determined by measuring the temperature change of the solution during the reaction. At constant pressure, the heat released by a reaction is the reaction enthalpy (∆Hr). The units for reaction enthalpies are kJ mol-1; in reactions that don’t have a 1-to-1 ratio of all reactants and products, we need to specify per mol of which species. In this experiment, the heat released by each reaction will be used to determine the reaction enthalpy for each chemical reaction per mole of acid reacted. (Note that this may or may not be the same thing as “per mole of acid added;” you will need to think about limiting reagents.) During the experiments the temperature change that occurs in solution will be monitored using a temperature probe connected to data collecting software on a laptop computer. Any heat...
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...METABOLIC RESPONSE TO A CHANGING TEMPERATURE Abstract The effects of changing temperature on a chameleon’s metabolic rate by allowing the organism to interact with changing temperatures form 5oC to 40oC. In the laboratory, the animal was placed in a closed chamber, were the flow of gases was recorded, and the change in Oxygen intake was recorded using a gas sensor. Indirect calorimetry was employed. The data outcome shows a linear relationship between the animal’s body temperature and the ambient temperature, while also showing a small exponential relationship with steady increments of both the O2 consumption and body temperature, as the ambient temperature increased. Thus leading to a supported hypothesis. Introduction An ectotherm's metabolic rate is largely dependent on the temperature of its environment because, they are organisms that allow their internal temperature to mimic that of the environment they are inhabiting (Wyse, Hill & Anderson, 2009). Ectotherms control their body temperatures primarily through behavior. Contreras & Bradley (2011), found that as the temperature increased the metabolic rate of insects, which are ectotherms, increased; thus showing an expected linear relationship between temperature and mass-specific metabolic rate. The metabolic rate of an ectotherm can be measured by analyzing the oxygen intake per unit time per unit mass, using a respirometry system. In this lab the metabolic rate change of an ectotherm, a chameleon, was...
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...Effects of processing temperature, screw speed, and heating conditions on the mechanical properties of pure PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) Harsh Bhalani | 2012ABPS552P Pankhuri Priya | 2012ABPS655 Radhika Gupta | 2012ABPS668P Sanjana Teje | 2012ABPS498P TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Materials & Equipment Required………………………………………………………………………..18 Design of Experiment…………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………….21 Lab Work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Sources of Error…………………………………………………………………………………………………...32 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32 Verification of Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………………33 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33 1| Abstract The effects of the temperature of heating zones and the screw speed of the extruder on the tensile strength of the PVC sheets produced has been analysed in our report. In order to get a brief idea of the possible results, a literature review of some of the previous papers on similar topics was done. We designed our experiment based on CCRD, but due to time constraints and the shortage of raw material we had to use the full factorial method to vary parameters...
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...Name: Pasion, Catherine Shaina O. Section: 1BSCE-1 ; CHM 111 (MW 7:00-8:30 am) Research Activity No.3 ------------------------------------------------- MATTER and ENERGY MATTER and ENERGY 1. Matter and Energy 2.1 Physical and Chemical Changes 1.8 Temperature 2.2 Classification of Matter 1.9 What is Thermometer? 2.3 Mixtures & Pure Substances 1.10 Heat and Thermodynamics 2.4 Matter and its Phases 1.11 Energy Mass Relationship 2.5 Properties of Matter 1.12 Personal Reaction 2.6 ENERGY 2.7 Heat Energy 2. Matter and Energy 3.8 Physical and Chemical Changes 1.8 Temperature 3.9 Classification of Matter 1.9 What is Thermometer? 3.10 Mixtures & Pure Substances 1.10 Heat and Thermodynamics 3.11 Matter and its Phases 1.11 Energy Mass Relationship 3.12 Properties of Matter 1.12 Personal Reaction 3.13 ENERGY 3.14 Heat Energy Matter and Energy Matter and Energy 1. Matter & Energy Anything that we can see, touch or sense is made up of matter. The computer screen, the keyboard in front of you, the air that you breathe, the water that you drink are all examples...
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...Effect of Acclimation Temperature on Oxygen Consumption in the Crayfish, Orconectes propinquus Results (And Reporting Statistics) The oxygen consumption rates were not significant between the warm acclimated crayfish and the cold acclimated crayfish . (Unpaired, two tailed t-test; t52=2.007, P=0.553; Figure 1). The Q10 value calculated in experiment was 1.044. Figure 1: The affect of varying temperatures on Metabolism via oxygen consumption rates on warm and cold acclimated Orconectes propinquus. Mean is ± SE, n (warm)= 34, n (cold) = 32. The warm acclimated crayfish were at a temperature of around 21°C and the cold acclimated crayfish were at a temperature of around 5°C. Discussion The 14 day acclimated crayfish, Orconectes propinquus, showed no difference in the...
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...The Changes of Heat in Calorimetry Summary The purpose of this experiment is to learn how heat flows into and through an unknown substance while using a calorimeter to measure the temperature. In this set of experiments we will focus our attention upon one particular area of thermodynamics, calorimetry, a technique used to measure heat flow into and out of matter. This is really simple procedure. The unknown metal is placed into a container called a calorimeter that separates it from everything else. As changes occur, we can follow the movement of heat from one portion of the matter to another by the temperature changes. The container we use as a calorimeter should insulate the metal, it should prevent matter from entering or exiting once our measurement has begun, and it should allow for easy measurement of temperature changes. A reasonable calorimeter can be constructed from a pair Styrofoam cups with lid on top to limit heat transfers into and out of the cups. Introduction The amount of heat, Q, required to raise the temperature of a solid body at constant pressure depends on the change in temperature, ∆T, of the body, its mass, m, and a characteristic of the material forming the body called its specific heat, C. This relationship is expressed by the equation Q = mC∆T and the dimensions of C are thus heat per unit mass per unit temperature change. The values of C do depend on temperature with those of the unknown metal. Specific heat can be considered to be the amount...
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... Therefore, matter takes on changes when heat is constantly being applied. For this reason, the process is called the kinetic theory. Heat takes on 3 stages and they are solid, liquids and gases. Solids forms there shape by arrangements of molecules. For example, ice has a shape but, changes when melting. Solids form around a fixed close position fitting making it stronger and Causing solids to maintain its shape. Liquids are closer together but, will change its form because space is provided. Gases are higher and 10 times the distance between that of solids and liquids. Therefore, allowing the particles to move freely and use the space available to them. “What is heat?” Heat can be describing that something that move between object when 2 objects of different temperature are brought together or energy transfer that move between object of different temperature (energy transfer). For example, when you rub your hand together, then you will feel the heat (warm) in center of your hand. There are two kind of energy. It’s call “External energy” and “Internal energy”. External energy is define as the total potential and kinetic energy of an everyday-sized object. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the molecule of an object. “What is Temperature?” Temperature, is a property of matter which expresses physical signs of hot and cold. And as we all know, the temperature of the water will rise. Temperature is a measure of the average...
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...Title: To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration. Introduction: In this experiment, we are going to investigate how the rate of respiration is affected by changes of temperature. Hypothesis: I think that the rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases; on the contrary, the rate of respiration decreases as temperature decreases. The reason is that as temperature increases until a certain point, acetyl-CoA works most efficiently, so that the amount of O2 and Co2 will increase as well. For instance, body temperature maintains constantly around 37℃. At this temperature, human beings can work more efficient than other extreme high or extreme low temperature. Experimental Design: Independent variable: Different temperatures (Inside & Outside) Dependent variable: The rate of respiration (Change in O2 & Change in Co2) Controls: * Timer * Pressure * Type + Number of worms * Volume of container * The initial amount of O2 and Co2 Materials: * 8 worms * 2 O2 sensors * 2 Co2 sensors * 2 Biochampers (250 ml) * 2 Thermometers * 2 Timers * 2 Lab Quest Minis * 2 Laptops Risk Assessment: Procedure: Put 4 worms in a biochamper inside the classroom. Set up O2 sensor and Co2 sensor in the biochamper. Set up O2 sensor, Co2 sensor and thermometer on the Lab Quest Mini, and then on the laptop. Wait for 2-3 minutes for Co2 inside to be even. Start the timer for 40...
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...The following experiment was done to test the effects of water temperature on vocal ranges. Twenty subjects were first tested to find their vocal range with no water, then they would intake warm water and cold water at separate times to determine if their were any changes. The females were able to have an increase in their vocal range with cold water. While the males increased in their vocal range with just the intake of water. I. Introduction There are many theories as to how water temperature may seem to have an effect on a person’s vocal range. For example, Deirdre D. Michael the writer of the article from Lions Voice Clinic states the myth and facts about the effects of water temperature on vocal range. Michael debunks the myth “Water...
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...matter is composed of particles. They also believed that these particles were in constant motion and in the state of solid, liquid, or gas (Gibbs, 2010). They called this theory the Kinetic Theory of Matter after the word kinema, which is Greek (Gibbs, 2010). In the study of heat we learn that whenever heat is added to a substance, molecules and atoms vibrate faster. Due to the quickly vibrating atoms, the area between the atoms get larger (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). The state of the matter of the particular substance is determined by the motion and space between the particles. The more an object expands, the more space it takes up (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). During this process, the mass of the particular object will not change. Solids, liquids, and gas all expand when heat is added. When an object cools, molecules vibrate at a slower pace. The atoms start moving closer together again and the matter begins to contract. During this process as well, the mass will remain the same (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). Several good examples of the Kinetic Theory of Matter relating to heat is with sidewalks and railroad tracks which are solids. They expand on a hot day but contract as the day gets cooler. As for liquids, when water starts to freeze and turn into ice, the ice begins to expand. Lastly, try leaving a balloon in a hot vehicle. It will begin to expand but contract when it is put in a refrigerator (“Atoms and Molecules”, n.d.). What is Heat? Margaret...
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...concept : He suggested that “when heat is given out in a reaction, the free energy of System decreases. ” qt describes the qualitative relationship between ∆G & ∆H qt was found to be true in case of condensed system at ordinary imperative but failed in no. of other cases. (3) Gibbs – Helmholtz Concept : For the first time they deduced quantitative relation between ∆G & ∆H by the Gibbs – Helmholtz equation, The limitation of the Gibbs- Helmholtz equation that it does not allow to calculate ∆G from thermal date i.e. ∆H. *1* (4) Richard’s concept: In 1902 Richard measured the emf of cells at law temperature and Concluded that…… ∂ (∆G / ∂T) gets decreased gradually with lowering of temperatures. i.e. ∆G and ∆H approach each other marl closely at extremely low temperature. i.e. Lit ∆G = ∆H T -> O * The Nernst Heat Theorem: From the data of Richard in 1906, Nernst postulated that………. “For a process in condensed system the value of [∂(∆G) / ∂T]p approaches zero asymptotically as the absolute zero is approached ” i.e. ∆G and ∆H curses meet each other slightly above absolute zero. & Run coinciding with each other up to absolute zero. This behavior is shown by full lines. The dotted line curve reveals that values of ∆G and ∆H become equal at absolute zero only. & Their...
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...physical variables like temperature, pH, velocity, rotational rate, flow rate, pressure and many others. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards. Today, most sensors do not indicate a reading on an analog scale (like a thermometer), but, rather, they produce a voltage or a digital signal that is indicative of the physical variable they measure. Those signals are often imported into computer programs, stored in files, plotted on computers and analyzed to death. Working The sensors work on the principle of analog to digital conversion. In order to collect data from the sensors, the signals from the sensors need to be converted into digital numbers that the processor can handle. The sensors generate a varying voltage based on what is measured and the processor cannot understand it. Remember, the processor is digital so it only understands ones and zeros. ● An analog¬to-digital converter or ADC allows a processor to measure voltages. The world outside the computer does not have discrete steps such as on/off, high/low, one/zero. It’s an analog world. The ADC allows the computer to measure the analog world with the ADC. Take a temperature sensor as an example. A temperature sensor can convert the...
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