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1. Hubungan EA dengan Strategic Management (Balanced Scorecard)

Manajemen strategis melibatkan perumusan dan pelaksanaan tujuan utama dan inisiatif yang diambil oleh manajemen puncak perusahaan atas nama pemilik, berdasarkan pertimbangan sumber daya dan penilaian terhadap lingkungan internal dan eksternal di mana organisasi bersaing.

Manajemen strategis memberikan arahan menyeluruh untuk perusahaan dan melibatkan menentukan tujuan organisasi, pengembangan kebijakan dan rencana yang dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dan kemudian mengalokasikan sumber daya untuk melaksanakan rencana. Akademisi dan praktisi manajer telah mengembangkan berbagai model dan kerangka kerja untuk membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan strategis dalam konteks lingkungan yang kompleks dan dinamika kompetitif. Manajemen strategis tidak statis di alam.; model sering termasuk umpan balik untuk memantau pelaksanaan dan menginformasikan babak berikutnya perencanaan.

Michael Porter mengidentifikasi tiga prinsip strategi yang mendasari: menciptakan "[pasar] yang unik dan berharga posisi", membuat trade-off dengan memilih "apa yang tidak boleh dilakukan", dan menciptakan "cocok" dengan menyelaraskan kegiatan perusahaan dengan satu sama lain untuk mendukung strategi yang dipilih

Dr Vladimir Kvint mendefinisikan strategi sebagai "sistem untuk menemukan, merumuskan, dan mengembangkan doktrin yang akan memastikan sukses jangka panjang jika diikuti dengan setia."

Manajemen strategis melibatkan konsep terkait perencanaan strategis dan pemikiran strategis. Perencanaan strategis adalah analisis di alam dan mengacu pada prosedur formal untuk menghasilkan data dan analisis yang digunakan sebagai masukan untuk berpikir strategis, yang mensintesis data yang dihasilkan dalam strategi. Perencanaan strategis juga dapat merujuk untuk mengontrol mekanisme yang digunakan untuk mengimplementasikan strategi setelah ditentukan. Dengan kata lain, perencanaan strategis yang terjadi di sekitar strategis berpikir atau membuat strategi kegiatan.

Manajemen strategis sering digambarkan sebagai melibatkan dua proses utama: perumusan dan pelaksanaan strategi. Sementara dijelaskan secara berurutan di bawah ini, dalam prakteknya kedua proses yang berulang dan masing-masing memberikan masukan untuk yang lain. Di dalam manajemen strategis terdapat banyak metode perencanaan salah satunya yaitu dengan menggunakan Balance Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard ( BSC ) adalah manajemen kinerja strategi alat - laporan terstruktur semi- standar , didukung oleh metode desain dan alat-alat otomatisasi , yang dapat digunakan oleh para manajer untuk melacak pelaksanaan kegiatan oleh staf dalam kendali mereka dan untuk memantau konsekuensi yang timbul dari tindakan ini. Karakteristik penting yang menentukan balanced scorecard adalah:

1. Fokus pada agenda strategis organisasi yang bersangkutan 2. Pemilihan sejumlah kecil item data untuk memantau 3. Campuran item data keuangan dan non - keuangan . Balanced scorecard adalah contoh dari controller loop tertutup atau kontrol cybernetic diterapkan pada pengelolaan pelaksanaan strategi. Ditutup loop atau kontrol cybernetic adalah di mana kinerja aktual diukur, nilai yang diukur dibandingkan dengan nilai yang diharapkan dan berdasarkan perbedaan antara dua intervensi korektif dibuat sesuai kebutuhan. Kontrol tersebut membutuhkan tiga hal untuk menjadi efektif -. Pilihan data untuk mengukur, pengaturan nilai yang diharapkan untuk data, dan kemampuan untuk membuat intervensi korektif.

Dalam konteks manajemen strategi, ketiga elemen ini kontrol loop tertutup karakteristik harus berasal dari strategi organisasi dan juga harus mencerminkan kemampuan pengamat untuk kedua memantau kinerja dan kemudian campur -. Baik yang dapat dibatasi.

Awalnya, Balanced Scorecard muncul sebagai suatu sistem manajemen kinerja, selama periode waktu yang telah datang dikenal sebagai sistem manajemen strategi, dengan tujuan utamanya menjadi pencapaian kinerja keuangan jangka panjang. Balanced scorecard dipandang sebagai sistem manajemen strategis yang memungkinkan para pemimpin bisnis untuk memenuhi tantangan eksekusi strategi.

Dua dari ide-ide yang mendukung yang modern desain balanced scorecard keprihatinan memfasilitasi penciptaan seperti kontrol -. Melalui membuatnya lebih mudah untuk memilih data untuk mengamati, dan memastikan bahwa pilihan data konsisten dengan kemampuan pengamat untuk campur tangan [5 ] Balanced scorecard merevolusi pemikiran konvensional tentang metrik kinerja. Ketika Kaplan dan Norton pertama kali memperkenalkan konsep, pada tahun 1992, perusahaan sibuk mengubah diri untuk bersaing di dunia informasi; kemampuan mereka untuk mengeksploitasi aset tidak berwujud menjadi lebih menentukan daripada kemampuan mereka untuk mengelola aset fisik. Perusahaan scorecard memungkinkan untuk melacak hasil keuangan sementara memantau kemajuan dalam membangun kemampuan yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan. Alat ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menjadi pengganti untuk langkah-langkah keuangan melainkan pelengkap-dan itu hanya bagaimana kebanyakan perusahaan diperlakukan. Beberapa perusahaan melangkah lebih jauh, bagaimanapun, dan menemukan nilai scorecard sebagai landasan sistem manajemen strategis baru. Dalam artikel ini dari tahun 1996, penulis menggambarkan bagaimana balanced scorecard dapat mengatasi kekurangan serius dalam sistem manajemen tradisional: ketidakmampuan untuk menghubungkan strategi jangka panjang perusahaan dengan tujuan keuangan jangka pendek.

Scorecard memungkinkan manajer memperkenalkan empat proses baru yang membantu perusahaan membuat link penting antara lain :

1. Proses-menerjemahkan visi-membantu manajer membangun konsensus mengenai strategi perusahaan dan mengekspresikannya dalam istilah yang dapat membimbing tindakan di tingkat lokal.

2. Berkomunikasi dan menghubungkan-panggilan untuk berkomunikasi strategi di semua tingkat organisasi dan menghubungkan dengan satuan dan tujuan individu.

3. Perencanaan-memungkinkan perusahaan untuk mengintegrasikan rencana bisnis mereka dengan rencana keuangan mereka.

4. ‘Feedback’ pembelajaran-perusahaan memberikan kapasitas untuk pembelajaran strategis, yang terdiri dari mengumpulkan umpan balik, menguji hipotesis yang strategi didasarkan, dan membuat penyesuaian yang diperlukan.

Seperti yang sudah dibahas sebelumnya Balance Scorecard adalah salah satu framework & tools dari manajemen strategi, dan jika dihubungkan antara Enterprise Arsitektur & BSC akan terdapat keterkaitan satu sama lain. Setelah ini akan dijelaskan bagaimana BSC dapat diimplementasikan dengan Enterprise Arsitektur.

Penggunaan Balanced Scorecard untuk mengembangkan tujuan program Enterprise Architecture dan langkah-langkah yang direkomendasikan untuk organisasi yang ingin mencapai garis linear dari situs dari Visi, Misi dan Strategi melalui Inisiatif (dari yang program EA adalah salah satu) dan Ukuran Sukses / hasil dari mereka inisiatif. Dengan menerapkan empat pandangan bisnis (lihat Norton & Kaplan) Keuangan, Pelanggan, Operasi (Proses Bisnis Internal), dan Pembelajaran dan Pertumbuhan untuk mengidentifikasi tujuan dan ukuran Enterprise Architecture (terkemuka dan indikator lagging), dan dalam keselarasan dengan Tujuan Strategis, Efektivitas Bisnis , dan Teknologi Pemberdayaan, program EA akan memiliki peta jalan komprehensif untuk memungkinkan kedua luas dan kedalaman kerja untuk jangka waktu (peta jalan dengan tonggak).

Pada intinya persimpangan yang disengaja dari empat pandangan bisnis dengan Strategis, Bisnis dan Teknologi lapisan Enterprise Architecture membantu untuk memfasilitasi program Enterprise Architecture untuk semua orang (semua pemangku kepentingan termasuk dalam pendekatan ini komprehensif untuk EA perencanaan negara masa depan).

Dan dengan mengambil pendekatan Balanced Scorecard bagaimana EA mendukung program dan proyek-proyek di seluruh perusahaan yang merupakan bagian dari inisiatif strategis, bagaimana dokumen dan meningkatkan alur kerja dan proses yang ada di dalam dan antar lini bisnis, model dan menganalisis masa operasi alternatif skenario yang terdiri dari kombinasi yang berbeda dari alur kerja dan teknologi, membantu untuk berhasil menerapkan perubahan pada lingkungan operasi TI, meningkatkan keamanan, biaya kontrol, dan memberikan informasi kapan dan di mana diperlukan seluruh perusahaan tim EA dapat yakin bahwa tujuan dan metrik yang komprehensif; sehingga menciptakan sebuah model program yang memungkinkan untuk kelincahan yang lebih besar dalam alokasi sumber daya dan pengaruh berulang (dikenal dan tidak dikenal) yang dibuat oleh kekuatan pasar, pergeseran organisasi yang dihasilkan dari inovasi dan peluang, dan perubahan lingkungan (misalnya, merger dan akuisisi). Beberapa tujuan dari Program EA yang mungkin termasuk (Robert Sheesly ‘Senior Enterprise Architect, Mergers & Acquisitions at Mylan’) :

1. identifying future (planned) technology and infrastructure components in a business segment 2. reusing current and future (planned) technology and infrastructure components in a business segment 3. leveraging, where possible, existing and planned technology and infrastructure components across the department 4. identifying areas of redundancy (process and technology) 5. identifying areas of increased system and process effectiveness 6. Identifying areas (through capital planning and investment control and enterprise architecture integration analysis, that are ripe for cost reduction 7. enabling improved mission and business outcomes by providing capabilities to support sound decisions 8. enabling the optimized use of resources 9. increasing interoperability and information sharing within, across and outside (external partners and stakeholders) the enterprise 10. improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the segment’s/department’s programs 11. simplifying its IT environments by promoting standards and sharing and reusing common technologies 12. improving interoperability by establishing enterprise-wide standards 13. reducing system development and operation and maintenance costs 14. eliminating duplicative investments 15. promoting sharing of common services 16. establishing segment/department-wide standards 17. identifying redundant legacy programs to either retire or migrate to an enterprise solution 18. reducing the complexity and cost of the IT environment 19. use its enterprise architecture process with its capital planning and investment management process to ensure that investments support strategic goals and are not duplicative of existing business solutions 20. identify duplicative resources and investments and opportunities for internal and external collaboration resulting in operational improvements and cost-effective solutions to business needs 21. use architecture as a decision-making tool to support business plan development 22. Identify areas of duplication and inefficiencies in the segment/department 23. Increase system interoperability and cost efficiencies. 24. Reduce duplication and increase innovation. 25. Improving utilization of IT resources by eliminating duplicative investments and promoting the sharing of common services and standards. 26. Facilitating analysis of the organizations ’s IT environment, including IT hardware, software, and enterprise applications, to promote the effective and efficient deployment of IT services.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-your-balanced-scorecard-enables-enterprise-robert-sheesley http://www.pwc.com/us/en/increasing-it-effectiveness/publications/strategic-enterprise-architecture-management.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_management
http://knut.hinkelmann.ch/lectures/EA2014-15/EA_13_EAM.pdf

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Standardization Test

...these test has become important for teachers since a student may take a least one standardized test per year. And therein lies the problem; relying heavily on standardized test, whether or not these test actually have reliable scores and are worth the extensive focus. Standardized test negatively affect student learning because they focus on certain topics and generate unreliable test scores due to certain factors. These factors include limitation of creativity, narrowing of curriculum, use of outdated methods, repetition, race and gender. In my research I have found significant data supporting my views. But first it is important to understand what standardized tests are. Standardized tests are different from other testing because they have uniform procedure. This means that they have the same time limits, fixed set of questions, and the scoring is also carefully outlined and uniform. Standardized test are usually scored objectively but there can be some questions such as a short answer question or personality questions which can be scored differently. Almost all test can be classified as informal or formal; a test given and create by a teacher is informal, but a standardized test is classified as formal (Mehrens and Lehmannn). There are certain characteristics a test must have to be a standardized test. The first characteristic is that the test must be designed by a specialist. These specialists have been trained in measurement and principles of test development...

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