...Chicano Movement began during the civil rights era with three goals, which are, rights for farm workers, restoration of land, and education reforms. Latinos lacked influence in the national political arena before the 1960s. That changed when John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960, this established Latinos as a significant voting bloc. After Kennedy was sworn into office, he appointed Hispanics to posts in his administration but he also considered the concerns of the Hispanic community. Mexican Americans began demanding that reforms be made in labor, education, and other sectors to meet their needs. Chicano radicals began demanding that the land is given to Mexican Americans during the civil rights era. They believed that it constituted...
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...Through out history the world has seen some generations that have made an impact more than all of its predecessors. The decade from 1960 to 1970 was definitely one of those eras. The people didn't follow the teachings of its elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture, which was their very own (MacFarlane124). Made up of the younger population of the time this new culture was such a radical society that they were given their own name, which is still used today. They came to be called the Hippies. The Hippie movement started in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (Hippie). But it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960's a radical group called the Hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25 (Hippie). They left their families and did it for many different reasons. Some rejected their parents' ideas, some just wanted to get away, and others simply were outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. Fewer than twenty-five became a magical age. Young people all over the world were united by this bond (MacFarlane, 71). This bond was of Non-conformity and it was the Creed of the Young (MacFarlane, 75). Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people said that they were spoiled and wasting their lives...
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...Did the status of ethnic minorities and women change in the 1960’s? There is little doubt that the 1960’s was a decade that changed American culture in a huge way. Not only did the black community gain large amounts of equality but other minority groups such as Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, the Asian community and although not a minority group Women. There two main types of feminists in the 1960’s; liberal feminists that aimed to address economic issues and radical feminist who focused on female identity. Arguably the main issue for women was the limited opportunities in the workplace for women. In 1960 there were just 23 million employed women meaning that over sixty percent of women were unemployed. Income was also a big issue as the average income for a man in 1961 was $27000 compared to $15000 for women. In addition women accounted for 79% of unpaid work in America. In terms of female identity, radical feminists such as Ti-Grace Atkinson believed that heterosexual relationships were patriarchal and led to women being submissive. Therefore Atkinson advocated celibacy or lesbianism which received success in that it promoted gay rights campaigns in the late sixties. In 1966 the National Organisation for Women (NOW) was formed and aimed to achieve “truly equal partnership with men.” NOW was the biggest feminist group and primary aim was to focus on employment by lobbying Johnson’s government in the mid-sixties. This resulted in a number of victories such as...
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...Hippie Culture Edit 0 22… Hippie Culture Hallie Israel and Molly Clark Overview Hippies represent the counterculture of the 1960’s. Their lifestyle is usually associated with rock music, hallucinogenic drugs, and long, flowy hair and clothing. They were seen by some as disrespectful and dirty and a disgrace to society, but to many they are a reminder of a more peaceful, carefree part of America’s history. Hippies were strongly against violence and supported liberal policies and freedom of personal expression, their lifestyles centering around the concepts of peace, freedom, and harmony for all people. Generally, counterculture is used to describe the culture of a group of people whose morals, values, core ideals, and lifestyle differs, contradicts, or is polar to those of mainstream society at the time. Culturally, it is often described as a social equivalent to extremely liberal politics and radicalism. Who The hippies of the 1960’s were the teenagers of the baby boom generation, so they were found in large numbers. They were generally Caucasian, middle-class, white teenagers between the ages of 15-25 who were tired of the restrictions put on them by society and their conservative parents. Most lived in urban areas or came from an urban background. They were tired of conforming and began to express themselves in a radical way. Hippies didn’t care about money and worked as little as possible. Instead, many of them shared what they had and lived together in large...
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...Why did the Women’s Liberation Movement Emerge in the late 1960’s? Discuss with reference to Britain and the United States of America. In a decade where the whole world was experiencing revolutions due to social discontent, this increased the desire, of women, in the late 1960’s to ‘confront existing structures of oppression,’ giving the impetus for the emergence of the Women’s Liberation Movement. Caine argues the emergence of the movement bought a ‘new tone,’ when discussing women’s oppression. Rather than focusing directly on women’s suffrage, this was a political movement demanding ‘rapid and radical change,’ in an ever increasing ambience of liberalisation. Upon inception, it is vital to highlight one can account different reasons for the emergence of the movement in Britain and America, as different domestic situations led to different reasons for the emergence of a more radical form of feminism. This essay, together with a multiplicity of historians, will consider the importance of World War II and the Civil Rights Movement, and the impact they had on the emergence of the Women’s Liberation Movement. Linked to this is the ever apparent discrimination women faced and increasing desires to change this, coupled with developments of new opportunities, demonstrated by the aforementioned world events. Additionally, the impact of literature such as Betty Friedan’s, The Feminine Mystique, needs to be considered. Whilst all the factors play an important role in contributing...
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...Black Americans experienced a radical change in their goals, strategies, and support of the civil rights movement during the 1960s due to the eruption of new leaders, sympathetic presidents, radical groups, and a rejuvenation of history and heritage. From the “separate but equal” laws of Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Laws of the late 1800’s, the new goals of Martin Luther King Jr. would strive to change African American civil rights through non violence and revealing oppression, while other groups would emphasize the embracement of black culture, both still against the oppression in the United States. Strategies were born from MLK’s ideals, about demonstrating to the American people the horror of oppression, while the Black Power movement...
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...of this was the SDS. The New Left can be defined as a loosely organized, mostly white student movement that advocated for democracy, civil rights and various types of university reforms and protested against the Vietnam war. A radical leftists political movement was active especially during the 1960s and 70s, composed largely of college students and young intellecuals whose goals included equality, de-escalation of the arms race nonintervention in foreign affairs, and other big changes in the political, economic, social, and educational systems. The 1960s was a time of people around the world struggling for more of a say in the decisions of their society. The emergence of the personal computer in the late 70s and early 80s and the longer gestation of the new forms of people-controlled communication facilitated by the Internet and Usenet in the late 80s and today are the direct descendents of 1960s.The era of the 1960s was a special time in America. Masses of people realized their own potential to affect how the world around them worked. People rose up to protest the ways of society which were out of their control, whether to fight against racial segregation, or to gain more power for students in the university setting. The "Port Huron Statement" created by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a document which helped set the mood for the decade. The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and...
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...Reconstruction (1865-1877) 1. The student will be able to define the major problems facing the South and the nation after the Civil War. 2. The Student will be able to distinguish the differences between the Presidential and Congressional approaches to Reconstruction. 3. The student will be able to explain how the blunders of President Andrew Johnson and the South led to radical congressional reconstruction. Politics in the Gilded Age (1869-1889) 4. The student will be able to describe the political corruptions of the Grant Administration. 5. The student will be able to analyze the disputed Hayes-Tilden election of 1876 and indicate how the Compromise of 1877 averted possible bloodshed. 6. The student will be able to explain why the politics of the Gilded Age was generally so low. The Westward Movement (1865-1890) 7. The student will be able to describe the final phase of frontier settlement in the “Great West”. 8. The student will be able to discuss the final removal of the Indians to the West. Industry Comes of Age (1865-1900) 9. The student will be able to describe how the economy came to be dominated by giant “trusts,” headed by Carnegie and Rockefeller. 10. The student will be able to analyze the social changes brought by industrialization, especially upon the working men and women?. 11. The student will be able to describe the early efforts...
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...The New Left Movement The New Left and SDS (Students for Democratic Society) emerged in 1960. They were a group of young, highly educated and highly motivated students. The SDSers came from very privileged and political backgrounds. They were definitely not your average teenagers. The members of SDS were very concerned with the state of the country and government. They wanted to end poverty, eradicate racial injustice and make the world a better place for everyone. When they first started out, the party was very efficient and organized. As the decade moved on, however, the party’s ideologies and political stance changed. They began to split over political beliefs, drug use and tactics. McAdam’s political process model states that in order to start a social movement, three things must occur. They are; structure of political opportunities, use of indigenous organizational strength and realizing cognitive liberation. The SDS started out on the same page, working to support the Civil Rights movement in the early 60’s. They published the Port Huron Statement in 1962. “They wanted a society based on participatory democracy governed by two aims; first, that individuals participate in decisions determining the quality and direction of their lives, and second, that the society be organized to encourage independence and to provide for such common participation.” After they had published their statement and had an actual list of goals and they knew exactly what they stood for, or so...
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...New Left • The Movement • Hippies • Beliefs: anti-war, rights for everyone, university reforms • Often young radicals • Was not the majority of Americans • Loosely organized Student for a Democratic Society • was one of the most active anti-war groups. • They were also against racial discrimination and strict college rules. • Rich mans war but a poor mans fight Free Speech Movement • Berkeley students disputed over rights of students • students challenged campus police and striked in large mass • nearly decade of campus turmoil • moved along to Columbia and other colleges Weathermen • 1969 • small groups of militants that cultivated popular imgae of student radicalism= cahos + disorder • responsible for arson, bombing= destroy campus buildings + lives • tried to drive out training programs + bar military recruiters from college campuses Antiwar rallies • in protest of Vietnam war, many individuals gathered to advocate against the political minds and US presence in Vietnam • 1960s (late '60s) • organized some of the largest political demonstrations in American history Anti-draft movement • Protests against the military draft. • 1960s and 70s • only voluntary participation. Many left the country Counterculture • culture with values and beliefs different then the mainstream • 1970s Woodstock • A music festival held in New York in 1969 • the beatles, jimmy hendrix Termination • Reducing size of bureaucracy by cutting programs/agencies - reduce budget ...
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...discussion is the National Liberation Army of Colombia or the ELN (Ejercito Liberation National). Established formally on July 4 1964 in Colombia, the ELN arose after the La Violencia period whereby an alliance formed between radical Catholic clergy and liberal college students. The two groups found a common ground stemming from the radical revolution movement in Cuba that went on throughout...
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...The women’s rights movement was a huge turning point for women because they had succeeded in the altering of their status as a group and changing their lives of countless men and women. Gender, Ideology, and Historical Change: Explaining the Women’s Movement was a great chapter because it explained and analyzed the change and causes of the women’s movement. Elaine Tyler May’s essay, Cold War Ideology and the Rise of Feminism and Women’s Liberation and Sixties Radicalism by Alice Echols both gave important but different opinions and ideas about the women’s movement. Also, the primary sources reflect a number of economic, cultural, political, and demographic influences on the women’s movement. This chapter really explains how the Cold War ideologies, other protests and the free speech movements occurring during this time helped spark the rise or the women’s right’s movements. In Cold War Ideology and the Rise of Feminism by Elaine Tyler May, May examines the impact of political changes on American families, specifically the relationship of a Cold War ideology and the ideal of domesticity in the 1960s. May believed that with security as the common thread, the Cold War ideology and the domestic revival reinforced each other. Personal adaption, rather than political resistance, characterized the era. However, postwar domesticity never fully delivered on its promises because the baby-boom children who grew up in suburban homes abandoned the containment ethos when...
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...teenagers and the young adults. The movement from the conservative fifties continued and eventually resulted in the revolutionary ways of thinking and change in the cultural of the American way of life. With an extreme admiration of no longer being an image of their predeceasing generation, young Americans wanted and demanded change. These changes affected education, values, laws, entertainment, and the way of life for several citizens around the country. As society, it is extremely important to understand that although the valiant efforts and impact that African American’s had, particularly in the 1950’s and 1960’s, in helping restructure American culture, many of the racist views of the past still play apart in American society. The 1950’s is often described as the calm before the storm of the 1960’s. During this time period, society was very much conformed to the views of conservative living. The desire for security during this era, reinforced by McCarthyism at home and the Korean War, created was known as the cold war culture. During the post WWII period in America, the face of the nation changed greatly under President Truman and Eisenhower. Because of extreme paranoia caused by Communism following WWII, conformity in the United States became an ideal way to distinguish American culture from the rest of the world. Conformity became evident through the medium of culture, society, and politics throughout the era of the 1950’s. The country was in such fear of Communism...
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...Coloured People (NAACP), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE.) However these groups became more radicalised in the 1960's and the Civil Rights movement developed into 2 sides. The more radical side criticized the moderate side to not using self defence and for cooperating with the government and white people. There methods also began to change when some groups started to accept the idea of self defence whereas Martin Luther King taught the way to completely turn the other cheek. They also even criticized there main goal of the end to segregation and wanted completely separate states for each of the races. However, it is debateable as to whether Black Power decreased the success of the civil Rights movement, to increase it. There split of certain issues made it difficult to organise a national campaign. This included support for the Vietnam War. Leaders of the NAACP supported the war as they believed any criticism of it would drive a wedge between the civil right movement and the government, and that they would then be less willing to cooperate. However groups such as the SNCC were very critical of the war as they believed it was a racial war however they felt that King did not support there ideas as he refused to criticize the war. He later changed his mind as he said it violated his commitment to peace. I was also argued that King undermined the SNCC when he said that they should become a student wing of the SCLC. The split...
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...The anti-Vietnam war movement in the late 1900’s played an incredibly important role in American history due to the powerful combination of young students with drive, radical leaders, and the way the movement aimed to involve the whole country. The Kent State Shooting was a major catalyst for the anti-Vietnam war efforts and could be considered a symbol for the movement because it exemplified the incredible ambition of the movement’s supporters but also the tension and violence which arose as a result of it. The Vietnam War was the most unpopular war in United States (US) history. This was due to many factors: its length, arguably unnecessary amount of death and destruction (in the US and Vietnam), and the establishment of aggressive media coverage for anti-war protests. It was essentially a proxy war between the United States and Soviet Union. Following a policy of containment designed to keep Communism from spreading, the United States provided military and financial support for the anti-Communists in South Vietnam. Opposing them was North Vietnam, which at the time was primarily controlled by the Vietcong, Communist-led guerrilla fighters. By 1963, the US had...
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