...time—pathogens like viruses and bacteria have made us privy to Mother Nature. As humans evolve, so do the diseases we are susceptible to. Some diseases that were once rare have become common, others have disappeared and newer, more daunting ones have emerged. Many of these changes have taken place in the wake of important transformations in human civilizations and ecology. It is therefore feasible to propose that diseases succeed and fail in response to humanity's advances. Natural selection is unable to provide us with perfect protection against all pathogens, because they tend to evolve much faster than humans do. E. coli, for example, with its rapid rates of reproduction, has as much opportunity for mutation and selection in one day as humanity gets in a millennium. And our defenses, whether natural or artificial, make for potent selection forces. Pathogens either quickly evolve a counter defense or become extinct. Diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, Polio have shown their wrath and humans have sought to find cures and treatment options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand what disease is. By understanding what disease is, one can target and identify the causes...
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...The report will define ebola. though the research the following findings can be made about ebola. Ebola belongs to the virus family of Filoviridae. There are four different strands of ebola, and only three of these strands causes death in humans. All virons classified as hemorrhagic are enveloped so covered RNA viruses. Hemorrhagic is a internal problem will bleeding or abnormal flow of blood in the body that is ongoing. The ebola virus itself, physically is 920 nm in length and diameter, it is averagely this size when it is in the most sterile environments in full protective suiting. Ebola is spread though direct contact with blood or other bodily fluid or recreation. When someone becomes infected, it is very common in a small community to...
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...the first plane hijacked the north tower of the World Trade Center. The building goes into smoke as bodies jump to their deaths, one by one, as life flashed before their eyes. Exactly 18 minutes later, at 9:03 AM ET, the second plane crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center. America knew that this wasn’t an accident, but this was a terrorist attack on the United States. Situations as such make me question how strong airport security really is. It is not just terrorism that I am worried about when it comes to the strength of airport’s security systems, but other situations like Ebola coming from Africa into the United States and illegal drug smuggling concerns me, as well. Although airport security is a frustrating job that requires a lot of patience, however, it is a very serious job that needs to be stronger in fixing situations such as terrorism, disease spreading (such as Ebola), and illegal drug smuggling. Airport security is defined as, “The area in an airport where people are checked to make sure they...
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...The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness. No federal laws mandating vaccination exist, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations (exemptions allowed) for children entering public schools (ProCon.org, 2013). Children who are not vaccinated have a higher death rate than children who have obtained vaccinations. There are many arguments as to whether vaccinations are safe for children to receive. Vaccines should be a requirement for children because they help prevent diseases, minimize the risks for some disease and increase economic benefits. Vaccines are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. When an antigen is introduced into the body and an antigen-antibody formation is produced, an immune response is stimulated. The body produces two types of immune response to ensure maximum immunity from disease. Vaccines provide children with the opportunity to receive immunity against the disease rather than actually contracting disease. The advantage of just having immunity against the disease is the fact that there will be fewer complications. Fewer complications leads to a decreased risk of stroke, heart disease, post herpetic neuralgia and pneumonia (Nazarko, 2013). Vaccines are very essential in preventing many diseases and the possibility of death. There are certain vaccinations that were not available many years ago. As a result, numerous people died from...
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...television, navigate your newsfeed on Facebook, or share what’s trending on Twitter, and you’ll understand that if ISIS won’t destroy America, Ebola will finish the job. What’s perhaps even more frightening is that a vast majority of Americans; educated, practical, and rationally thinking Americans, have jumped on this bandwagon to “protect” our great land from the fearful terrorist group and deadly virus. However, has anyone ever challenged the threat level these issues pose? Has anyone questioned the idea, that perhaps more threatening issues are already prevalent though our society? Traditionally, this burden falls on journalism, to explore and expose the true problems in a society. However, media outlets, rather than practically and truthfully reporting on these issues, are instead perpetuating half-fact rumors. This ultimately begs the question: Has American media lost the true essence of journalism, the objective spreading of information? Does it choose only to focus on that which capitalizes viewership? According to a statement by a spokesperson for the National Institute of Health, "The chances of an average American who hasn't visited Africa getting Ebola are so vanishingly small, it's almost non-quantitative". So why has the media ensured that nearly every news report since the outbreak in Africa reinforce the idea that the Ebola virus is a threat to the American people? It’s simple; stories like these have every aspect of drama that the American audience so desperately...
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...perceived by others around the globe, whilst also contributing to how we view the world. However, the Arts have been left to suffer within the UK educational system in order to accommodate the severe budget cuts and restrictions being hauled at schools and colleges. With more time and focus being placed on academic subjects such as science and mathematics, there is an implication that they are more important. Subjects are placed within a hierarchy with the Arts taking the largest hit, as more measureable subjects are favoured so that schools can achieve governmental targets. Alternatively we are faced with a global responsibility in the wake of rapid climate change, with other humanitarian crises such as the West African Ebola outbreak and the South American Zika virus that can only be resolved through STEM (science; technology; engineering; mathematics). In September 2015 the UN General Assembly established the...
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...“And the Band Played On” Film Analysis “And the Band Played On” was a very informative film. It follows Dr. Don Francis, from his involvement in the Ebola outbreak in Africa to his work on the first cases of AIDS in San Francisco to his departure from the CDC. It provides viewers with the truth about the discovery of HIV and AIDS, shedding light on the cover ups and lack of concern of numerous government officials in the 1980s. I found the film to be an eye-opener, providing me with a history lesson on AIDS while showing me just how corrupt people can be. The Facts I learned a great deal about the disease and its beginnings that I probably never would have known had it not been for the film. Before viewing the film, I was unaware of the details surrounding the discovery of AIDS. I knew that it was a growing concern during the 1980s and that it was mostly linked with homosexual males, but I did not know anything specific. From the film, I learned that the first case was a woman in 1977 (Pillsbury, Sanford & Spottiswoode, 1993). Though I was aware that AIDS was never a disease that only affected homosexual men, I still found this surprising. Bathhouses were also a major concern during the AIDS crisis, which I was also news to me (Pillsbury et al., 1993). I was unaware that bathhouses where many gay men met others for anonymous sex were so commonplace in San Francisco in the 1980s, let alone that there was a push to close them because of their role in the spread...
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...Registered Nurse Language Laura Lynch Nevada State College ABSTRACT This paper discusses the significance of utilizing standard language and writing skills as it relates to multiple tiers of communication required in the nursing profession, as well as the importance of maintaining these elite level communication skills. In addition, this paper also includes a comparison between two minority authors that argue for the importance of their respective Chicana and black, “native tongues “. The pros and cons of their arguments is contrasted against authors’ Allen, Chapman, O’Connor and Francis (2007), whom address the significance of language and writing within the area of professional nursing that upholds the elite verbal and written communication standards practiced in nursing today. The Communications and the Language of Nursing The language spoken in the profession of nursing requires a wide spectrum of core communication skills that provide a verbal bridge of common understanding of illness, healing, wellness or prevention. These skills require the continual change and transformation of the nursing profession’s language. From the perspective of the patient’s bedside and nurse-to-nurse communications, through the nurse to the specialist, the criteria for common core can be acknowledged. Additionally, the personal slang and reflections of self identification shared in Anzaldua and hooks’ essays demonstrates the immediate need for the requirement of a common core language...
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...INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND PRAXIS ASSIGNMENT II 1. Introduction The end of the Cold War opened the doors for a new era in the international relations history, the era of globalization. New actors, new events, new issues being securitized and new approaches of international relations, particularly of International Security Studies came out in this period. With this set of new affairs, the concepts of Human Security and Human Rights gained relevance in the international security and international norms field. And because those terms are still contested among both the academics and the States’ decision-makers, there is a need for us to understand what they really mean. The purpose of the present essay is to bring forward the differences between Human Security and Human Rights, regarding the fact that they are very similar and complementary, and also to understand the implications that the emphasis in the concept of Human Security have for the States foreign policy and for the international order and justice. The essay is composed by an introduction, a main body where we develop the answers for the research questions, a conclusion and finally the references. 2. The Prominence of the Concept Human Rights in International Relations 3.1. Human Security different from Human Rights? Despite the fact that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948, due the debate raised because of the Holocaust, the WWII and many others factors...
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...Animal Testing Introduction The application of animals to test a large number of products from household compounds and cosmetics to Pharmaceutical products has been considered to be a normal strategy for many years. Laboratory animals are generally used in three primary fields: biomedical research, product security evaluation and education. (Animal Experiments) It has been estimated that approximately, 20 million animals are being used for testing and are killed annually; about 15 million of them are used to test for medication and five million for other products. Reports have been generated to indicate that about 10 percent of these animals are not being administered with painkillers. The supporters of animal rights are pressurizing government agencies to inflict severe regulations on animal research. However, such emerging criticisms of painful experimentation on animals are coupled with an increasing concern over the cost it would have on the limitation of scientific progress. (Of Cures and Creatures Great and Small) Around the world, animals are utilized to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs. Each and every medication used by humans is first tested on the animals. Animals were also applied to develop anesthetics to ease human ailments and suffering during surgery. (Animal Experiments) Currently, questions have been raised about the ethics surround animal testing. As a result several regulations have been put in place to evaluate and control the...
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...Bioterrorism Countermeasures: Utilizing Intelligence Agencies over Biological Research ABSTRACT: The 21st century has seen a revolutionary biotechnology force, one that has led to developments in healthcare and other industries around the United States. Coupled with the growing development of biotechnology, however, is a force hoping to harness its power to create biological weapons. Presently, there are several nations pursuing biological weapons programs, making it easier for terrorist groups to gain access and attain advanced weaponry. Recently, terrorists have demonstrated their ability to execute acts of bio-terror without any moral repugnance or regret. Though these weapons have been taboo in past centuries, known for their sneakiness and deception, the use of biological weapons and the incidence of biological attack in the present century has –relatively speaking– dramatically increased. It is for this reason that congress and the federal government must intervene to prevent future bio-attack. The best method to stall further biological development within terrorist groups is by infiltration and detection via the Intelligence Community (IC). Unfortunately, we have diverted all our resources towards bio-terrorism research, without realizing that it is the further development and accessibility of biological weapons information that has promoted the spread of deadly knowledge within the terrorist community. Instead of trying to develop research plans for specific pathogenic...
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...trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice...
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...INTRODUCTION Biotechnology is one of the innovative branches of science. Biotechnology has created new revolutions in this era by contributing industries, medical sciences, food technologies and genetics. "Biotechnology is basically defined as the use of living organisms, their parts and their biochemical processes for the creation of beneficial products." Bio-technology has its roots in the distant past and has a large, highly profitable, modern industrial outlets of great value to society for e.g. the fermentation, bio-pharmaceutical and food industries. The main reasons must be associated with the rapid advances in molecular biology, in particular, recombinant DNA technology, which is now giving bio-scientists a remarkable understanding and control over biological processes. Some Technologies used in Biotechnology: 1. Bioprocessing technology * The use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells and/or enzymes to manufacture products * Large scale fermentation and cell cultures, carried out in huge bioreactors, manufacture useful products * Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc. 2. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAb) * Definition: Producing antibodies for medicine by cloning a single cell * MCAb are used for Home Pregnancy tests * Used to detect cancer (they bind to tumor cells) * Used to detect diseases in plants and animals and environmental pollutants 3. CELL...
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...by looking at both ends, things seem to parallel each other. There those who believe in an unquestionable trust in political figures, doctors and other medical professionals. Other parents seem to look at homeopathy, nature and metaphysical tendencies to resolve their medical dilemma as regards to the vaccine.[Huntley and Peeters, 2010; Battles, 2008]. It is at this point that Lewandowski et al. [2013] and his believed that with an increase in knowledge the worldview polarization of science also doubled. Apparently, these issues are evident to point out to the fact that anti-vaccine attitudes are predicted by them. But there is very limited research in place, to depict the underlying factor beneath these forms of psychosocial behaviors against vaccines. The notion of worldview approach to anti-vaccine over vaccines is a current one and stems from paranormal, spiritual, and conspiracy beliefs over the vaccines. These non-evidence ways of life seem to reach out to the attitudes parents depict over vaccines for such a long time.[Jolley and Douglas, 2014; Goertzel, 1994] There those, who see that vaccines are unsafe, impure according to God’s purpose of creation [O’shea, 2001] and even with governments like the Australian taking the Slovakian approach [Kasarda ,2013; Behrmann2010 ],...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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