...A woman stands in front of her community, judged for her sin and having an object to show it, her only child. Born from an extramarital affair with an unknown man, she is forced to face public scrutiny in a Puritan community. Somewhere in the crowd, the father of the child stands, guilty but not judged. Nathaniel Hawthorne tackles sin and shame in The Scarlet Letter, a story showing guilt and transgression in a society where “religion and law were almost identical” and “the mildest and the severest acts of public discipline were alike made venerable and awful” (Hawthorne 47-48). The heritage of Nathaniel Hawthorne, common beliefs held by the Puritans, as well as Hawthorne’s philosophies on secret sin and public shame affect the style of The...
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...SOCIAL CONTROL • What is Social Control? In sociological dictionaries, “social control” is defined to include all social processes, institutions and methods that produce (or attempt to produce) conformity or regulate the individual and collective conduct of its members. Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Many mechanisms of social control are cross-cultural, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls: 1. Internal Control- Internalisation of norms and values by a process known as socialization. Socialization is defined as "“the process by which an individual, born with behavioral potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined to the narrower range of what is acceptable for him by the group standards.” 2. External Control- External sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment). These sanctions come from either formal or informal control. While the concept of social control has been around since the formation of organized sociology, the meaning has been altered over time. Originally the concept simply referred to society’s ability...
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...The Scarlet Letter was written during the Romantic period, during a worldwide movement in art, literature, and music, where they wrote about topics dealing with death and had an overall dark presence to each piece of art. Hawthorne’s mentions of witchcraft and the power of nature on the human spirit are examples of common themes written during this period. Suffering always will be a pertinent and timeless subject. Dimmesdale’s suffering was his unwillingness to confess his sin, therefore it consumed him and he suffered greatly internally in private. Throughout the novel, he makes half-hearted attempts to confess in the public eye, but in the end it only mocks Hester. In chapter three “The Recognition” Dimmesdale says, “Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness...
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...MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge TEACHING NOTE ABSTRACT MTV Networks (MTVN) had over the years developed a reputation for its ability to provide localized content without diluting what MTV stood for. However, the company faced the most challenging test in late 2007 with its launch of MTV Arabia in the Middle East, which some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channel’s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN with huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV’s controversial content that was known for angering religious, political, and conservative communities could easily backfire in the conservative environment prevalent in the region. On the other hand, too much localization to suit the tastes of the region could dilute MTV’s global brand. The case discusses in detail the strategy adopted by MTVN to enter and expand in the Middle East and also the challenges faced by the channel. TEACHING OBJECTIVES & TARGET AUDIENCE The case will help the students to: • Understand the issues and challenges in entering and expanding operations in new markets which were culturally different from the organizations home/traditional/existing markets. • Understand the pros and cons of entering a new market with a standardized/adapted product to suit local preferences. • Analyze MTVN’s strategy in the Middle East, identify challenges and explore strategies that the channel could adopt in the future This case is...
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...Letter is considered Nathaniel Hawthorne's most famous novel--and the first quintessentially American novel in style, theme, and language. Set in seventeenth-century Puritan Massachusetts, the novel centers around the travails of Hester Prynne, who gives birth to a daughter Pearl after an adulterous affair. Hawthorne's novel is concerned with the effects of the affair rather than the affair itself, using Hester's public shaming as a springboard to explore the lingering taboos of Puritan New England in contemporary society. The Scarlet Letter was an immediate success for a number of reasons. First and foremost, the United States was still a relatively new society, less than one hundred years old at the time of the novel’s publication. Indeed, still tied to Britain in its cultural formation, Hawthorne's novel offered a uniquely American style, language, set of characters, and--most importantly--a uniquely American central dilemma. Besides entertainment, then, Hawthorne's novel had the possibility of goading change, since it addressed a topic that was still relatively controversial, even taboo. Certainly Puritan values had eased somewhat by 1850, but not enough to make the novel completely welcome. It was to some degree a career-threatening decision to center his novel around an adulterous affair (but compare the plot of Fielding's Tom Jones). But Hawthorne was not concerned with a prurient affair here, though the novel’s characters are. Hawthorne chose to leave out the details of the...
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...intelligence and basically a way of saying “you can’t or shouldn’t be able to handle what is presented.” The official definition of censorship is “the suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive determined by government, media outlets, authorities or other public institutions. Censorship occurs in the literary world when as small as a group of housewives files a complaint against the work for a simple a reason as 3 curse words in the span of 3 chapters. Once that complaint is filed it then goes to an appointed committee which reviews the work and determines the public is allowed to ingest the content presented by the author and his novel. As this process is hardly justifiable partly due to the fact that it takes such a small proportion of the population to enforce as opposed to the lengthy but respectable process of say getting a bill or new law pass; the act of novel censorship specifically is hardly an acceptable process of deciding if a book should be permitted. Satanic Verses, a novel which caused a large debacle overseas due to its perceived harsh criticisms of a certain religion, fell victim to this process but on a larger scale which included extreme threats, and rallies concentrated in the Middle East. Although the controversial novel Satanic Verses by author Salman Rushdie was banned because of its perceived harsh criticism of the Islamic faith, it’s honest interpretation of the human dynamic...
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...Abortion In the past thirty years, the issue of abortion has prevailed as possibly the most controversial health issue facing our nation. Within the issue clear sides can be drawn. Activists on either side are highly organized, pummeling the public with proof that abortion is either wrong or right. Stripped down, the abortion argument becomes a dispute between those who perceive the unborn fetus to be viable human life and likewise abortion as murder, and those who prioritize the rights of the living mother over those of an unborn fetus. The anti-abortion campaign is one based almost exclusively on religious notions and ideals. In contrast, those who support a woman's right to an abortion draw support from a combination of scientific evidence as well as moral and political issues. As a nation of reason and one that prioritizes the rights of its citizens above all other things, the right to an abortion must be protected. Pro-Life activists contend that a fetus is a human life and to end that life is murder. This belief is one based solely on religious philosophy. Scientific evidence is attestation to the fact that a fetus, especially one early in development, does not exhibit qualities marked by a human life. One of the most controversial issues of the abortion debate is the question of when life begins. Many anti-abortionists argue that life begins at conception. Therefore they contend that any process that terminates a pregnancy after a sperm has fertilized an egg...
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...The mural became his main focus and wanted to be portray the devastation, destruction and pain of all the innocent lives lost during that bombing campaign. Picasso had to stand on ladders and use extended poles on is paint brushes to reach the corners of massive mural that spans a whopping 11 feet long and 25.6 feet high (PabloPicasso.org, 2009). This painting uses only black and white paint with varying shade scales to bring out the dramatics of the artwork. Picasso never told anyone what the meaning of the subjects of the artwork meant but only “This bull is a bull and this horse is a horse. If you give a meaning to certain things in my paintings it may be very true, but it is not my idea to give this meaning. What ideas and conclusions you have got I obtained too, but instinctively, unconsciously. I make the painting for the painting. I paint the objects for what they are” (Arbeiter, 2015). Guernica painting in the United Nations building. (United Nations Headquarters, N.Y.,...
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...compiled a massive amount of information describing the Montaillou way of life. This information was later used by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie in his novel which reintroduced Montaillou to modern people. These records reveal that Montaillou was a society with many unique customs and beliefs, but our understanding of the village is, and will always be, incomplete. This stems from the facts that the peasants were not able to personally provide their history, due to a lack of literacy, and that Fournier was not entirely objective in his records. Montaillou was subject to investigation by Fournier because the village was one of the last strongholds of Catharism, a form of Christianity deemed heretical by the Catholic Church. Fournier, working as an Inquisitor, captured many peasants and subjected them to interrogation, hoping to convert them to Catholicism but willing to punish any who refused. Catharism was controversial because “supporters considered and proclaimed themselves ‘true...
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...Running head: Business Ethics Research Paper Direct to Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs Abstract Advertising of prescription drugs remains a controversial topic due to the American citizen health and the doctor-patient relationship. There have been many changes in the federal regulation of print and broadcast advertising over the past twenty years. This has been a gray area of regulatory developments since the original Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, which limits the informal and indirect marketing of pharmaceutical drugs. Other than the voluntary decision to follow the AMA Code of Ethics, no formal regulation has been enforced. Direct to Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs My research paper will show both sides in the lively debate of Pharmaceutical companies directly marketing to the American public. On one side of this debate is the argument that the growth of Direct-to-Consumer advertising has changed the role of a physician in reducing his/her authority. It is also concerning that the non-medically trained average American absorbing the information on benefits and risks from Direct to Consumer advertising instead of trusting the medically trained physician. The other side of this debate is a lack of public awareness of Pharmaceutical Drug options for medical conditions. Studies have shown mixed results and in 1985, the FDA gave notice in the Federal Register claiming jurisdiction of the Direct to Consumer advertising of prescription drugs so it...
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...Homosexuality: Human Being The subject of homosexuality is one of the most discussed in the field of human psychology conduct. Such discussion, that historically has been clandestine, has been public and opened during the last years. But in spite of this opening of mind and tolerance that has arisen with time, the subject continues being controversial whenever it pulls out the rug, since many societies still show a certain rejection towards the practices of “gays;” And it is still a subject able to provoke preconceived notions, as much for the parents, as for the boys and girls in the phase of puberty and sexual maturation. Homosexuality occurs in men as in women. On the other hand, homosexuality is not a recent “attitude,” but an activity that occurred in ancient Greece, in Rome, and in African tribes. According to Robert Crooks and Karla Baur: In ancient Greece homosexual relationships, between men were considered a superior intellectual and spiritual expression of love, whereas heterosexuality provided the more pragmatic benefits of children and family unit… All male members of the Sambia society in the mountains of New Guinea engaged in exclusively homosexual activities from approximately seven years of age until their late teens or early twenties, when they marry. Sambian men believe that a prepubertal boy becomes a strong warrior and hunter by drinking as much semen as possible from postpubertal boys’ penises. Once a boy reaches puberty, he must ...
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...The problems of race and urban poverty remain pressing challenges which the United States has yet to address. Changes in the global economy, technology, and race relations during the last 30 years have necessitated new and innovative analyses and policy responses. A common thread which weaves throughout many of the studies reviewed here is the dynamics of migration. In When Work Disappears, immigrants provide comparative data with which to highlight the problems of ghetto poverty affecting blacks. In No Shame in My Game, Puerto Rican and Dominican immigrants are part of the changing demographics in Harlem. In Canarsie, the possible migration of blacks into a working/middle-class neighborhood prompts conservative backlash from a traditionally liberal community. In Streetwise, the migration of yuppies as a result of gentrification, and the movement of nearby-ghetto blacks into these urban renewal sites also invoke fear of crime and neighborhood devaluation among the gentrifying community. Not only is migration a common thread, but the persistence of poverty, despite the current economic boom, is the cornerstone of all these works. Poverty, complicated by the dynamics of race in America, call for universalistic policy strategies, some of which are articulated in Poor Support and The War Against the Poor. In When Work Disappears, William Julius Wilson builds upon many of the insights he introduced in The Truly Disadvantaged, such as the rampant joblessness, social isolation, and...
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...emotional, psychological, and financial issues. Some of the issues victims of crime face are physical injury, fear for personal safety, medical expenses, counseling expenses, feelings of fear, grief, shame, and anger, and lost income. Victims of crime needing assistance may believe they are overlooked or even revictimized by the criminal justice system, a system that may appear to be more concerned with the criminal’s rights than with the needs and rights of the victim. This paper will address the role the prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal, and victim play within the criminal justice system and how victimization affects each. The Prosecutor The prosecutor plays a critical role in the criminal justice system and serves many functions throughout the criminal justice process. Some of these functions are as follows: * Investigating * Helping the police build a case against the person(s) * Bringing charges against a person(s) * Arranging plea bargains * Questioning witnesses * Presenting his or her evidence to a court to ensure a conviction The prosecutor should have an elaborate working knowledge of the law and whose duty is to seek justice for the innocent, convict the guilty, and ensure the rights of the accused as well as the rights of the public. The prosecutor must also have a vast amount of desecration...
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...Google in China’s World Lauri Mak Ottawa University October 19, 2012 Abstract This paper will discuss Google, one of the largest internet search engines decision to enter the China internet market and the deviation against their very own corporate ethics policies. It will identify the key stakeholders involved and will look at the primary non-marketing issues and analysis each issue. Introduction In 1996 Larry Page and Sergey Brin began developing a search engine called BackRub while enrolled at Stanford University. In 1998 the company was renamed Google Incorporated and launched their search engine from a garage in Santa Margarita California. First held as a private company, they went public in August of 2004. Google grew extremely quickly by taking their single language website and adding different products including but not limited to the development of various forms of advertising and web applications from a variety of different tasks as found on the company website http://Google.com. Google.com quickly grew to be the most popular search engine in the world. “Their technology used an algorithm to find possible Web pages with search criteria provided by the user. Google’s PageRanktm technology measures the importance of different Web pages by solving an equation with more than 500 million variables and 2 billion terms.” (Martin, 2011) Google’s decision to enter the Chinese market was based on greed and increased market share rather than their company’s highly publicized...
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...recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas; metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics (Fieser, 2013). Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than expressions of our individual emotions? Metaethical answers to these questions focus on the issues of universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason in ethical judgments, and the meaning of ethical terms themselves. Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others. Finally, involving in examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. By using the conceptual tools of metaethics and normative ethics, discussions in applied ethics try to resolve these controversial issues. The lines of distinction between metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics are often unclear. For example, the issue of abortion is an applied ethical topic since it involves a specific type of controversial behavior. But it also depends on more general normative principles, such as the right of self-rule and the right to life...
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