...BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: Balance of payments accounts are an accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers. The Balance of payments accounts summarize international transactions for a specific period, usually a year, and are prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items. According to ‘American Heritage Dictionary’: Balance of payments is a systematic record of a nation's total payments to foreign countries, including the price of imports and the outflow of capital and gold, along with the total receipts from abroad, including the price of exports and the inflow of capital and gold. According to ‘Oxford Dictionary of Geography’: Balance of payments is a comparison between the payments made by one country to other nations of the world and the revenue it receives from them. If receipts exceed outgoings, the balance is positive. The capital account records payments made in settlement of old debts or establishment of new ones; the current account shows payments made on goods and services, including interest payments...
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...Assignment on Monetary Policy in Bangladesh INTRODUCTION: Monetary Policy the policy adopted by the central bank for control of the supply of money as an instrument for achieving the objectives of general economic policy .With the shifts of the policy stance of the government in various phases, necessary adjustments were made in the country's monetary policy. The Department of Research in the Bangladesh Bank plays an important role in the formulation of economic policies of the country. The principal function of the Department is to help the bank in the formulation of monetary and credit policies and also to assist it in discharging its duty as adviser to the Government on economic and financial matters. To this end, the department keeps the top executives of the bank fully informed of latest economic development both at home and abroad, in a regular and systematic manner. For this purpose the Department keeps a close watch on trends in the domestic economy as well as on international economic developments with particular reference to monetary, fiscal land trade problems and policies. Domestic and international economic developments are brought within the compass of comprehensive reports and reviews which are submitted for perusal of theGovernor, Deputy Governor, and Senior Executives of the bank, as also the bank’s Board of Directors. Definition of Monetary Policy: Monetary policy is the term used by economists to describe ways of managing the supply of money in an...
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...investigates the performance of problems and opportunities of Direct Foreign Investment in Bangladesh. It also identifies the overall direct foreign investment system in Bangladesh. Problems and opportunities of direct investment in Bangladesh follow the rules and regulation prescribed by the investment forum for schedule countries on companies. The functions of the country or company cover a wide range of investment and functional activities to individual, firms, corporate bodies and other multinational agencies. It is very important to the national economy as a whole because the expansion and condition of the company or firm affect the level of business activity through their effect on the nation’s money supply. The direct foreign investment extended its credit facilities to different sectors to diversify its credit portfolio in compliance with credit policies of direct investment of the foreign country such as Industrial, Housing, Contract work, Working capital for trades, manufacturing processing plants and export oriented industries and other business. Introduction This Century is” Century of Globalization of trade and economy”. The world is facing competition in marketing of the products in global market. In this circumstance the companies goes to investment, those has available capital to invest out side the country where they can get competitive advantages in terms of cost, Expansion of market, Raw materials. The countries have available work force, Natural resource or agro-products...
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...acclaimed microfinance organization andcommunity development bank Grameen Bank. Grameenphone was the first company to introduceGSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support itssubscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Grameenphone is to provide affordabletelephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. From the SWOT analysis we are trying to know thecompany’s strategic position as well as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. 1. STRENGTHSGood Ownership Structure: Grameenphone has the best ownership structure in thetelecommunication industry in Bangladesh. Telenor is one of the largest companies,which is operating in different countries around the world. Again, in Bangladesh,Grameen Bank is one of the largest NGO, which has the sound communication allover the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), the largesttelecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12other countries, and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2% ), a non-profit sisterconcern of the internationally acclaimed micro-credit pioneer Grameen Bank. Theother 10% shares belong to general retail and institutional investors. Figure-1: Ownership Structure Source: Internet Market Leader: Grameenphone is the first organization in Bangladesh, which hasreached to the general people. Though Citycell had started their operation beforehand,but they were unable to reach the general...
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...1. Introduction Bangladesh faces the challenge of achieving accelerated economic growth and alleviating the massive poverty that afflicts nearly two-fifths of its 135 million population. Strategies for meeting this challenge have included a shift away from state-bureaucratic controls and industrial autarky towards economic liberalization and integration with the global economy. These policy reforms were initiated in the mid-1980s against the backdrop of serious macroeconomic imbalances, caused in part by the declining level of foreign aid and in part by a preceding episode of severe deterioration in the country’s terms of trade. The policy reforms in the 1980s included the withdrawal of food and agricultural subsidies, privatization of state-owned enterprises, financial liberalization, and withdrawal of quantitative import restrictions. The beginning of the 1990s saw the launching of a more comprehensive reform program, which coincided with a transition to parliamentary democracy from a semi-autocratic rule. These later reforms were particularly aimed at moving towards an open economy – such as making the currency convertible on the current account, reducing import duties generally to much lower levels, and removing virtually all controls on the movements of foreign private capital. Besides, fiscal reforms were undertaken including the introduction of the value-added tax. During the 1990s, notable progress was made in economic performance. Along with maintaining economic...
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...2 Instructor: Mirza M. Ferdous (MzF) Prepared by Name | ID | Tarek Al Zobaer | 1010052030 | Tamanna Badhan | 1020716020 | Sabreen Sayeed Haider | 1130637030 | Omar Farukh | 1210010030 | Date of Submission : 05.05.2015 Overview of Singer Bangladesh Singer Asia is a holding company with operating subsidiaries in the South Asian countries of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India. The subsidiaries in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan are retail businesses engaged in the distribution of a wide variety of household consumer durable products (HCDs), with consumer credit and other financial services available to qualified customers. In each of these markets, Singer Asia is the leading retailer of durable products for the home. Singer Bangladesh History The presence of Singer in Bangladesh dates back to the British colonial era when the country was a part of the Indian sub continent. The first operation of Singer began in the year 1905. Later, in 1920, two shops were set up in Dhaka and Chittagong. Operation of Singer began in 1905. Later, in 1920, two shops were set up in Dhaka and Chittagong. After the partition in 1947, Singer in East Pakistan operated as a branch of Singer Pakistan. When Bangladesh was liberated in 1971, East Pakistan branch office was elevated to a country Office. Firstly, Singer was synonymous with sewing machine. Later in 1985, its management diversified its products into different ranges including televisions, fans, washing machines...
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...Company Overview Grameenphone Ltd. (hereinafter referred as to “GP) is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh started its journey on March 26, 1997, the independence day of Bangladesh. With more than 51 million subscribers (as of December 2014), GP is the largest mobile phone operator in the country. It is a joint venture between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation. Telenor the largest telecommunication company in Norway owns 55.8% share, Grameen Telecom owns 34.2% share and the remaining 10% is publicly held. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh and built the first cellular network to cover 99% of the country.It has a market share of approximately 43%**. From May of the last year more than 10.1 million** people have made GP their preferred service provider. Total six (6) companies are present in the market among which the number of subscriber of GP is far ahead than the second position holder Banglalink (20millions). Strong internationally reputed companies like Orascom and Axiata is present in the market. Recently Airtel entered in the market by purchasing Warid Telecom. This way the industry is becoming increasingly more competitive because of the entry of these internationally experienced operators. GP is seeing the Bangladeshi market as a great opportunity to do business. Recently it introduces its subsidiary company GP-IT. Diversified services are being offered by GP and they are committed...
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...SWOT Analysis of Grameenphone Ltd. Introduction Grameenphone widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 32 million subscribers (as of June 2011), Grameenphone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed microfinance organization and community development bank Grameen Bank. Grameenphone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24 hour call centre to support its subscribers. GP aims to provide the best possible technical quality, customer service, and coverage also in the rural areas at the most favorable prices, to as many customer possible in Bangladesh. GrameenPhone is also the leading Cellular Net Provider in Bangladesh. GrameenPhone main competitors are Banglalink, Robi, Airtell, Citycell & Teletalk. One of the strongest sides of GrameenPhone is its customer‟s service and relationship. With big power comes big responsibility. Just like all other large corporation, Grameenphone also have some weakness and have to face some challenges. In the present highly competitive telecommunication market in Bangladesh there is no way to overlook a simple fraction of problem. From the SWOT analysis we are trying to measure the company‟s strategic position as well as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Methodology and...
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...currency. In banks where we talk Foreign Exchange, we refer to the general mechanism by which a bank converts currency of one country into that of another’s. Dr. Paul Einzig defines Foreign Exchange as the system or process of converting one national currency into another and of transferring the ownership of money from one country to another. In terms of Foreign Exchange Regulations Act, 1947 as adapted in Bangladesh, Foreign Exchange means Foreign Currency and include all deposits credits and balances payable in Foreign currency as well as all Foreign currency instruments, such as, Drafts, Travelers Cheques, Bill of Exchange, Hundi, and Promissory Notes payable in any foreign country. Evaluation of Foreign Exchange Rate System in Bangladesh: With the demise of the foreign currency exchange rates during the 1970’s and after the collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement, the world economy has undergone drastic changes. This has signaled an increase in currency market volatility and trading opportunity. The Bangladesh Taka, which is the domestic currency of Bangladesh and the country’s foreign exchange, had been strictly regulated until the early 1990s. It had virtually no foreign exchange...
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...University of Dhaka A Report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Date of Submission: May 26, 2011 A Report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Course no. & name: F-203-Macroeconomics Submitted to: Mohammad Salahuddin Chowdhury Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by: Group: Morning Stars Sec-B BBA 16th batch Dept. of Finance University of Dhaka Date of Submission: May 26, 2011 Group members are Name | Roll | K. M. Najmus Sakib | 16-020 | Mobasheera Tasnim | 16-052 | Md. Kamrul Islam | 16-090 | Rajib Kumar Deb | 16-106 | Shaykha Sultana | 16-160 | Md. Shamsul Alam | 16-172 | Letter of Transmittal May 26, 2011 Mohammad Salahuddin Chowdhury Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of a report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Dear Sir, We are presenting a report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh”. In this report we have included various methodologies to explain the current scenario of inflation in Bangladesh. In making the study, we had to take help from the various sources of internet, different institutes and class lectures of our course teacher. We are grateful to them for extending generous help. We acknowledge the contribution of our course teacher heartily. We have tried to use our academic knowledge in real life. We are pleased to be granted this vital opportunity and grateful for your versatile assistance. We hope that our work...
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...Challenges Project Management in Bangladesh : Positive Factors: 1. Growing economy, scope for fresh and new projects, need for infrastructural facilities. 2. Availability of resources. 3. Abundance of manpower. 4. Urge for development. 5. Adaptability of manpower vis-à-vis technologies. Negative Factors: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Poor & very inadequate technical bases. Inadequacy of research & trained manpower. Serious brain drain. Lack & inadequacy of infra-structural facilities. Corruption (resource utilization is only 40% effectively). Very poor project planning. Data bank lacking & highly inaccurate. Dearth of experienced & hardworking and honest entrepreneurs. Poor general economic conditions & low per capita income. Size of market & buying capacities. Uncongenial legal framework. Absence of good governance. Unfriendly administrative machinery. Irrational fiscal policy. Weak & ineffective capital market. Inefficient monitoring of banking structure & banking policy. Default culture. Absence of business ethics. Lack of political will. High political risk including instability. Precarious law & order situation. Bangladesh is classified as “high risk” country. Low savings - GDP ratio. Majority of the population lives below poverty level. Low literacy rate & lack of civic sense, patriotism, and sense of belongingness. Unhealthy distribution of income and concentration of most of the wealth of the...
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...Empowering the RMG girl Over the past three decades the Readymade Garment (RMG) sector has become crucial to Bangladesh’s economy. According to the WTO, Bangladesh became the fourth largest RMG producing country in the world after China, EU-27 and Turkey while it has been the largest exporter of cotton T-shirts and the second largest exporter of cotton pullover and jeans for the European Union. Also, Bangladesh’s exports of cotton trousers in the USA ranked second by volume. The RMG sector contributes a staggering 78 per cent of Bangladesh’s foreign exchange earnings, keeps many associated service businesses going and provides employment to millions of workers, approximately 80 per cent of whom are women, who otherwise would be hard pressed to find wage labour. Looking into many scientific studies and popular discourses, it is an undeniable fact that the Bangladeshi women workers in the RMG industries in the era of globalisation are absolutely deprived of their labour rights, vividly manifested in the country’s labour law. It is equally significant that a large number of industrial reserve army entered in the formal labour force, who otherwise would have lived unemployed or underemployed. This is why one important debate among the policymakers, academics and the experts is whether the rural, migrant workers who enter the new manufacturing factories in ‘Majority World’ countries experience significant changes in their lives. From the economic point of view there is no doubt that...
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...Introduction Bangladesh characterised by high population density, low resource base, recurrent natural disasters and persistent socio-cultural instability has come a long way since its independence in 1971. The country has performed well especially in recent years, showing that a country can achieve significan human and social development at relatively low levels of income along with creating strong fundamentals and future growth. The integration of developing and least developed countries with the global economy increased sharply in the 1990s with change in their economic policies and lowering of barriers to trade and investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is expected to benefit poor countries such as Bangladesh in a number of ways. Firstly, it supplements domestic investment which is low due to lack of resources in these countries. Secondly, FDI is expected to generate employment, transfer, increase domestic competition and bring other positive externalities such as transfer of good practices. Bangladesh offers attractive investment opportunities to foreign investors and has adopted policies to attract FDI into the country. In fact Bangladesh seems to offer one of the most liberal FDI regimes in South Asia. The economic model was developed based on the past behavior of GDP and the external sector. It indicated that FDI is the sector having the most significant impact on GDP and aid the second most significant. While imports negatively affect economic growth, exports have...
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...directly or through capital markets. A bank connects customers that have capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. There are different types of bank in Bangladesh. Like- * Central Bank * Commercial Bank * Industrial Bank * Co-Operative Bank * Savings Bank etc Generally when we use the term “Bank” that time actually it means the commercial bank. The main job of the commercial bank is to collect the money from customers as deposit and give other customers money as loan. The commercial bank gives interest on deposit money to the customer and receives interest on loan money to the customers. The difference between these two interest rates is the main source of bank’s income. In Bangladesh the commercial banking sector dominates the financial sector. In Bangladesh there is one central bank which is “Bangladesh Bank”. There are four state owned commercial banks. They are- Agrani Bank, Janata Bank, Rupali Bank, Sonali Bank. Besides this, there is also good number of private commercial bank in Bangladesh. Such as-Prime Bank, One Bank, Mercantile Bank, Bank Asia, South East Bank, IFIC Bank, Dhaka Bank, United Commercial Bank, Dutch Bangla Bank and so on. There are also some foreign Banks which are operating in our country. They are- Citi Bank, HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank, Commercial Bank of Ceylon, State bank of India, Habib Bank Limited, National Bank of Pakistan, Woori Bank, Bank Alfalah and ICICI bank. In Bangladesh the banking sector is...
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...International Business Mechanisms that regulate international trade Free trade-Free trade is a policy which a government does not discriminate imports or exports of certain products between countries. According to the law free trade enables countries to trade freely between them of goods and services. The concept of free trade is a factor to the aspect of globalization. Barriers to trade Trade barriers- Trade barriers are imposed government restrictions on international trade. These barriers can be seen in forms of: -Tariffs -Import/Export licenses -Subsidies -Embargoes Economic alliances such as the EU are crucial to building a strong force of economic financial statuses for both people and countries. For example: Because the UK are importing chocolate from Belgium it means that people are more willing to spend money on chocolates as there are more types of chocolates available to them. As well as making customers potentially spend more money on products from different countries, companies who import these products have to pay a certain amount of tax to the government for its trading activities, and as a result that’s the reason why for example: American sweets are more expensive. Companies raise the price of their products in order to cover up for the transportation of the product and the taxes imposed by the government on the product. For Volkswagen because they operate in multiple countries it means that they are able...
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