...eliminate a dangerous computer programmer in 007 Goldeneye, it is pretty mighty. Jokes aside, the lesson to be learned here is that the words you use can truly cause harm to others, so can metaphors and messages that you can convey through your language in reputable publications. A situation that can represent this concept can be clearly discerned in David H. Freedman’s article “New Theory on How The Aggressive Egg Attracts Sperm”. Written in 1992, this article brings to light an unnerving reality about the world of research, that metaphors and preconceptions that many researchers may have can have genuine effects on the types of research being performing or more alarmingly, the interpretations of results. At it’s essence, this article describes a series of observations and reports done by an Emily Martin, researcher at John Hopkins, revolving around an allegedly male-centric perspective that had perpetuated in the field of reproductive science, citing to the evidence of researchers using diction and metaphors that reflect the idea that the sperm is a rough warrior and the egg is a damsel-in-distress archetype (however there is reputable evidence that points to quite the...
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...(also known as Patau syndrome) is a chromosomal condition in which there are three copies instead of the usual two copies of all, or a part of chromosome 13 in the cells of the body Trisomy 13 severely impacts on intellectual and physical development Appears to affect females slightly more frequently than males Occurs in about 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 12,000 live births About 1% of all recognised miscarriages occur in association with trisomy 13 Of all babies born with the extra copy of chromosome 13 in all the cells of their body, around 50% die in the first month, and the rest within the first year The chromosomal problem in trisomy 13 is due to an egg cell or, rarely, a sperm cell, that is formed containing one copy of each chromosome and an extra copy of chromosome 13, ie. 24 chromosomes rather than 23. When that egg combines with sperm containing the usual 23 chromosomes, the baby conceived has 47 chromosomes in the cell of their body rather than the usual 46 When there are three copies of chromosome number 13 in all of the baby’s cells, the condition is referred to as trisomy 13 When the extra copy of chromosome 13 is only in some of the baby’s cells due to a mistake in cell division occurring soon after conception, the chromosomes in the cells of the baby may show two different patterns: some cells with 46 chromosomes and some with 47: mosaic trisomy 13. The range and severity of symptoms depends on the number and distribution of cells containing the extra copy of chromosome...
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...ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Dr Ilma • The two earthworms in this picture are mating • Each worm produces both sperm and eggs, which will fertilize – And in a few weeks, new worms will hatch Asexual And Sexual Reproduction • Both occur in the animal kingdom • Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals – Whose genes all come from one parent • Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring – By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Budding – In which two new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones • A two-step process – Fragmentation • The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults – Regeneration • Follows fragmentation • the regrowth of lost body parts • Some animals reproduce by parthenogenesis – A process in which an egg develops without being fertilized • Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards – Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of parthenogenesis Ovary size (a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles...
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...Unborn When does life begin for human beings? Is it upon conception or once we are birthed into the world from the mother's womb? Abortion has been a very controversial subject since the early twentieth century. It is not about whether it is legal or illegal; it is about morality and the right to live regardless of the situation. Many people base their opinions about abortion on feeling and religion but there are many scientific facts that abortion is the killing of a human life; therefore, abortion is immoral and unethical. It has been proven that life begins upon conception. According to Stephanie Watson's article "How Pregnancy Works", "The sperm and egg merge to form a little single-celled organism called a zygote, which consists of the 23 chromosomes for the man's sperm and the 23 chromosomes from the female's egg. These chromosomes will determine the baby's hair color, eye color and whether the baby will be a boy or girl." An American Life League article titled "Abortion" goes on to explain that by the first week "implantation into his mother's uterus begins and all the while he continues to grow. As his cells multiply, they differentiate to perform specific functions: circulatory, muscular, neural and skeletal." At three weeks the embryo's heart begins to beat and its heart, brain, spinal column, and nervous system are almost complete and his eyes begin to form. A woman is not fully aware that she is pregnant until around the fourteenth day when she misses...
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...APPLICATION OF STATISTICS IN MEDICAL GENETICS INTRODUCTION "Significance" has a very particular meaning in biology thanks to statistics. How does this term prove an experiment's results are worth special attention? Once one has performed an experiment, how can one tell if the results are significant? For example, say if we are performing a genetic cross in which we know the genotypes of the parents. In this situation, we might hypothesize that the cross will result in a certain ratio of phenotypes in the offspring. But what if our observed results do not exactly match our expectations? How can we tell whether this deviation was due to chance? The key to answering these questions is the use of statistics, which allows us, geneticists, to determine whether our data are consistent with our hypothesis. Statistics and Human Genetics are twin subjects, having grown with the century together, and there are many connections between the two. Some fundamental aspects in particular the concept of Analysis of Variance, first arose in Human Genetics, while statistical and probabilistic methods are now central to many aspects of analysis of questions is human genetics. The most common areas where one can find an extensive applications of statistical methods in human genetics is * Human Genome Project * Linkage Analysis * Sequencing STATISTICAL GENETICS Statistical Genetics involves the identification of genetic variation to help us understand why certain people are...
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...epigenetics refers to heritable variations in gene expression that does not include changes to the original DNA sequence. It is actually a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. Epigenetic change is a consistent and natural existence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment and disease state. Epigenetic change can have more destructive effects that can result in diseases like cancer. At least three systems including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA are considered to initiate and tolerate epigenetic change. It may be possible to pass down epigenetic changes to upcoming generations if the changes occur in sperm or egg cells. Most epigenetic changes that occur in sperm and egg cells get removed when the two combine to form a fertilized egg, in a process called as "reprogramming." This reprogramming lets the cells of the fetus to "start from scratch" and make their own epigenetic changes. Epigenetics is the cause why a skin cell looks different from a brain cell or a muscle cell. All three cells contain the same DNA but their genes are stated differently which creates the different cell types. Factors Affecting Epigenetics • Diet • Exercise • Stress • Aging • Drugs • Maternal factors Mechanism of Epigenetics The study of epigenetics observes how genetic modifications can change gene expression. These alterations resulting in gene expression are accomplished without changing the DNA sequence. This modification...
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...Nutritional Supplement Controversy I. Summary/Introduction Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a compound produced in the body, and stored within the mitochondria of cells, is used by the cells to help generate energy. In the article, 9 Benefits of Coenzyme Q 10 (2012) Semeco asserts that CoQ10, available in the form of an oral supplement, provides many benefits to a person’s health. Although CoQ10 is a substance that occurs naturally within the body, that does not necessarily make it safe for oral consumption for just anyone. Some people do have health conditions that cause potential deficiencies of CoQ10. As a person ages, the amount of CoQ10 within the body decreases. Persons suffering from nutritional...
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...A SURVEY ON THE POPULATION OF POMACEA CANALICULATA (GASTROPODA: AMPULLARIIDAE), MELANOIDES TUBERCULATTA (GASTROPODA: COCHLICELLIDAE) & LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS (OLIGOCHAETA: LUMBRICIDAE) AT SITIO SAN ROQUE, BRGY. STO. ROSARIO, CITY OF MALOLOS, BULACAN A Research Presented to The Faculty of College of Science Bulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan In Partial Fulfillment to The Requirements for the Course BIO 123 and BIO 123L 2nd Semester, A.Y. 2014-2015 by March 2015 Abstract The study on the three species found in San Roque, Sto. Rosario, City of Malolos, Bulacan is undertaken: Pomacea canaliculata, Melanoides tuberculatta, Lumbricus terrestris which coincidentally are the most dominant in the community in terms of population. The common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris turns out to be the most common on the researcher’s locality, Sto. Rosario, City of Malolos, Bulacan. Introduction In a residential community where majority of the area is covered by houses and rice fields, earthworms and snails are the most dominant form of invertebrates. Wet and damp areas like creeks, water irrigation and pusali that are found in the community also give rise to these organisms. Pomacea canaliculata and Melanoides tuberculatta are both found in the area and are members of Class Gastropoda. Class Gastropoda, which means “stomach foot”, contains about 40,000 described species of snails, slugs, and similar animals. The class is primarily a marine group...
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...ETHICS FOR HOLISTIC PRACTICE Debate topic – Couples wishing to undergo IVF treatment should be awarded the legal right to choose the sex of their child. Good afternoon everyone our debate topic today is whether or not couples wishing to undergo IVF treatment should be awarded the legal right to choose the sex of their child. I’m Melinda and along with Angelique and Melissa we will be presenting the affirmative argument and the negative argument will be presented by Kristen, Judy and Deb. Sex selection, also known as gender selection, has attracted great interest and controversy over the years. Gender selection has been associated with a number of ethical, moral, social and legal issues. Sex selection may be performed for medical reasons to avoid sex-linked diseases or for parental preference. The topics I will be covering include eugenics, beneficence, utilitarianism and pre-genetic screening in regards to sex linked diseases. Eugenics can be defined as the study or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species. In the context of IVF treatment positive eugenics encourages reproduction by implantation of healthy embryos with inheritable desirable traits and negative eugenics seeks to identify and dispose of embryos found to carry undesirable inheritable traits. Utilitarianism in the context of IVF sex selection and genetic screening is defined by the principle of utility which seeks to judge moral rules, actions and behaviours on the basis...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Bio 112 Lab Midterm Prep Scientific drawing: Size of drawing/ size of object Size of Object: FOV diameter/ # of objects that fit across FOV Dissolved Oxygen: Temperature in degrees Celsius. The colder the water the more dissolved oxygen. Low tolerance values indicate the organism can only live in good quality bodies of water. Higher the number the greater the species richness and species evenness. Two populations with the same total number of species could be uneven; the even population would have a higher index value. Species Diversity takes into account two factors: Species Richness - the number of different species present in a community Species Evenness - how evenly the total number of individuals is proportioned into each species Macroinvertebrates- inhabit streams, no vertebrae, visible without microscope (1-3 year life span), abundant Equipment: D-net, kick-net, surber sampler Macroinvertebrates are frequently used as bioindictors in biomonitoring. Bioindicators organisms that are used to monitor changes in environment Biomonitoring use of living organisms or their responses to determine the quality of environment Examples: mayfly nymphs, alderfly larvae, caddisfly larvae plus lots of aquatic worms. Dissolved oxygen (DO): concentration determined by temperature and the amounts of water mixing or turbulence, decomposing organic matter, and pollution Low DO water is polluted. Biotic Index pollution tolerance index to access health of a stream. High phosphorus...
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...QUESTION PRESENTED Under the California Family Code should the court grant a petition for parental rights to genetic parents of a child under the age of two, where a clinic mix up resulted in the genetic parents’ embryo being implanted in the gestational parents, who did not intend to create the child, and where failure to allow the child to know his genetic parents would be detrimental to his well-being and none of the parties involved dispute the facts presented? STATEMENT OF FACTS The Petitioners request that the court grant their motion for summary judgment. They seek parental rights of their 12-month old genetic child referred to hereafter as Baby E. Mr. and Mrs. Austero tried unsuccessfully for 5 years to have a baby. Transcr. Depo. Lucila Austero 6:15-16, (Dec. 14, 2013). In August of 2008 they tried In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) despite the expense because they desired to create and raise a biological. Id at 6; Transcr. Depo. Julio Austero...
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...Shelley Gouin November 10th, 2015 Persuasive Speech/ Stem cell research I. Introduction A.Attention: Did you ever wonder if our generation could ever cure cancer or even give a paraplegic a chance to walk again? Stem cells could be the real answer to these questions. Stem cells are reproductive cells that adopt the qualities of the tissue that it is surrounded by, therefore becoming a part of the tissue itself. B. Thesis statement: Stem cell research has generated new information about basic cell system that is critical to understanding the causes of disease, such as cancer. C. Preview: The state of California has become a world leader in stem cell research. According to the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, stem cell research has the potential to also treat diseases that are currently burdened with high health care costs. These specific diseases include heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or diabetes. II. Body A. If stem cell therapy becomes a cure for these diseases it would cripple the healthcare system. Even if stem cell therapy doesn’t entirely cure a disease, reducing its impact would be a massive economic benefit. 1. Most therapies would allow individuals to go back to work. a. This would also allow the caregivers for these individuals to go back to work again. 2. Stem cell research is expected to boom in the biotech industry, bringing new companies to the state of California and creating high paying jobs. a. Individuals states have passed...
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...Skinner v. Oklahoma 1. Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942) This case touches a sensitive and important area of human rights. Oklahoma deprives certain individuals of a right that is basic to the perpetuation of a race-the right to have offspring. Oklahoma has decreed the enforcement of its law against petitioner, overruling his claim that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Because that decision raised grave and substantial constitutional questions, we granted the petition for certiorari. The statute involved is Oklahoma’s Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act.Petitioner was convicted in 1926 of the crime of stealing chickens and was sentenced to the Oklahoma State Reformatory. In 1929 hewas convicted of the crime of robbery with firearms and was sentenced to the reformatory. In 1934 he was convicted again of robbery with firearms and was sentenced to the penitentiary. He was confined there in 1935 when the Act was passed. In 1936 the Attorney General instituted proceedings against him. Petitioner in his answer challenged the Act as unconstitutional by reason of the Fourteenth Amendment. It is true that the Act has a broad severability clause. But we will not endeavor to determine whether its application would solve the equal protection difficulty. The Supreme Court of Oklahoma sustained the Act without reference to the severability clause. We have therefore a situation where the Act as construed and applied to petitioner is allowed to perpetuate the discrimination...
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...AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes AQA GCSE Biology Summary Notes For Unit B2 Exam Tuesday th May 13 2014 Page 1 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes B2.1 Cells and Cell Structures Summary All living things are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their functions. To get into or out of cells, dissolved substances have to cross the cell membranes. Cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made of cells. Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes Plant and algal cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm – where most of the chemical reactions take place. Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. Page 2 AQA GCSE Biology – Unit 2 summary notes Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. Cell wall – made of cellulose and strengthens plant cells. Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Yeast Yeast is a single-celled organism. The cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall. Bacteria Bacterium is a single-celled organism. A bacterial cell consists of cytoplasm and a membrane...
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