...Automation and Computerization in the Developing World Name Institution Contents Introduction 3 A review of the impacts of technological changes in the labor market 3 Demand for enhanced skills 5 Effects of computing and automated services on the job market 6 The rise of white collar jobs 6 Elimination of low-skilled workforce 6 New skills to match the new requirements 7 Alterations in the worker's relation to the job 8 Changes in the office workplace 9 Human factors in labor provision 9 Disparities in the wage income structure 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 Automation and Computerization in the Developing World Introduction The early 1990 marked a new era of technological advancement in most parts of the developing world. How automation and computerization has affected work in these countries has been a major topic in the learning of labor market trends and wage distribution in the countries that have so far embraced automated computerized technologies in their service industries (Artuc, Chaudhuri & McLaren, 2010, p. 1027). From a historical perspective, the use of calculators and typewriters in offices marked the beginning of computerization and automation of services in the world. This article provides an overview of research on various areas of concerns all that have shaped these paradigms. These considerations takes a keen attention, especially on how technological changes...
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...Elsevier Impacts of programmable manufacturing technology: A review of recent studies and contingency formulation Jeffrey K. Liker”, Ann Majchrzakb and Thomas Choi” “Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA bZnstitute for Safety and Systems Management and Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the social impacts of programmable manufacturing technology (PMT). Several perspectives on the social impact of technology are identified ranging from simple additive models that view technology as having a set of individual and independent causal impacts to a contingency perspective which views the impact of technology as dependent on technical and organizational characteristics. The paper statistically summarizes 30 empirical studies within the 1986-1990 period and finds common trends in findings as well as contradictory evidence. The common trends are that PMT tends to lead to more organic organizations, but also meets with negative employee attitudes, stress, and perceptions of reduced job security and mobility. The contradictory evidence is that most studies report simple, additive effects, while a substantial portion find that the impacts depend on a wide range of contingency variables. The authors argue that simplistic views of PMT as being a homogeneous set of technologies with unidirectional, non-contingent social impacts is neither...
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...package, which includes the configuration and implementation of software, after-sales service, and maintenance.1 ESs promise much, but are expensive, complex, and threaten the status quo of relationships in an organization. Hence implementation is frequently fraught with difficulties. Change management costs can mount as old systems are discarded or modified, staff is trained, old processes are set aside and new procedures adopted. Subsequently, organizations seek a rapid return on their investment by designing project plans that minimize risk. In the early years, few ES implementations lived up to their expectations and today many organizations continue to struggle to achieve the results expected and desired from ESs. How can companies reach a point where their expectations are met or exceeded? Far from offering a quick fix, or providing a fast track to an order of magnitude improvement, ESs are better understood through a slow and diligent learning process. They present employees with an opportunity to relearn daily tasks that they had hitherto thought routine as well as to forge new bonds and to share new insights in the process. Empirical studies reported here suggest that it can take up to six years from the adoption of an ES project to reach the point at which organizations report that they have...
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...New Product Development: Profiting from Innovation Business Value Research Series December 2005 The New Product Development Business Value Research Series Executive Summary eveloping a new technology or solution that fills a need for a customer is fulfilling. This feeling of accomplishment is not accompanied by the pleasant jingle of coins in the corporate pockets, however, unless the idea makes its way out of the innovator’s head, off of the planning board, and eventually off of the engineer’s harddrive. Product development teams and executives alike need to measure the success of innovation the way the corporation measures success – by the bottom line. Turning a concept into a profitable product or product platform is not an easy job, and requires people from multiple disciplines to work together. New product development (NPD) is a complex, collaborative process that requires coordinating the innovation efforts of many to meet a common goal. The following is a list of participating groups that may be required for a product to successfully come to market: • • • • • Marketing Engineering Procurement Regulatory Manufacturing • • • • • Design Suppliers Sales / Channels Finance Legal • Manufacturing Engineering D Different organizations and individuals are responsible for one or more aspects of the product, and few of these aspects can stand alone. Decisions made in one facet of a product impact many others. Aberdeen’s Product Innovation Agenda benchmark reported...
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...Journal of Information Systems Vol. 16, No. 2 Fall 2002 pp. 209–222 Impact of Information Technology on Public Accounting Firm Productivity Rajiv D. Banker Hsihui Chang The University of Texas at Dallas Yi-ching Kao University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee ABSTRACT: In recent years, information technology (IT) has played a critical role in the services provided by the public accounting industry. However, no empirical research has evaluated the impact of IT on public accounting firms. This study focuses on five offices of an international public accounting firm that recently made large IT investments, primarily in audit software and knowledge-sharing applications. Both qualitative and quantitative information from the research site are analyzed to estimate the change in productivity following the implementation of IT. The results from both regression analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) indicate significant productivity gains following IT implementation, documenting the value impact of IT in a public accounting firm. Keywords: public accounting; information technology (IT); IT productivity; IT adoption; data envelopment analysis. Data Availability: The confidentiality agreement with the firm that provided the data for this study precludes revealing its identity and disseminating detailed data without its written consent. I. INTRODUCTION dvances in information technology (IT) have transformed many firms in professional services industries, but perhaps none as much as those in...
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...Handbook of Management Accounting Research Edited by Christopher S. Chapman, Anthony G. Hopwood and Michael D. Shields r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Management Accounting and Operations Management: Understanding the Challenges from Integrated Manufacturing Allan Hansen and Jan Mouritsen Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Abstract: Innovations in operations management, like just-in-time, total quality management, automation, have produced a new manufacturing paradigm that challenges management accounting design and practices. The new manufacturing paradigm, which we conceptualise as integrated manufacturing, focuses upon the lateral flow of products and services, and thereby confronts management accounting ideals of hierarchical flows of information for planning and control. In this chapter, we take a closer look at management accounting research and the responses that have been made to the challenge from the new operational practices. We examine the extent to which changes in management accounting practices are observed, and the way in which design changes are recommended within organisations committed to the new manufacturing paradigm. Furthermore, we reflect upon the role of accounting as a management tool in integrated manufacturing, and on possible future research questions, so as to enrich our knowledge of the management accounting/operations management interface. Introduction Innovations in operations management (OM) have challenged management...
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...Journal of Information Systems Vol. 16, No. 2 Fall 2002 pp. 209–222 Impact of Information Technology on Public Accounting Firm Productivity Rajiv D. Banker Hsihui Chang The University of Texas at Dallas Yi-ching Kao University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee ABSTRACT: In recent years, information technology (IT) has played a critical role in the services provided by the public accounting industry. However, no empirical research has evaluated the impact of IT on public accounting firms. This study focuses on five offices of an international public accounting firm that recently made large IT investments, primarily in audit software and knowledge-sharing applications. Both qualitative and quantitative information from the research site are analyzed to estimate the change in productivity following the implementation of IT. The results from both regression analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) indicate significant productivity gains following IT implementation, documenting the value impact of IT in a public accounting firm. Keywords: public accounting; information technology (IT); IT productivity; IT adoption; data envelopment analysis. Data Availability: The confidentiality agreement with the firm that provided the data for this study precludes revealing its identity and disseminating detailed data without its written consent. I. INTRODUCTION dvances in information technology (IT) have transformed many firms in professional services industries, but perhaps...
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...through this task and bow to my Gurudev Shri Swami Vidyanand Ji for being the source of enlightenment in my life. I am indebted to my revered supervisors, Dr. R.K. Sharma, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor, School of Mathematics and Computer Applications, Thapar University, Patiala, and Dr. Ravi Kiran, Associate Professor School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for their pertinent guidance, prudent advice and encouragement in the accomplishment of this research work. Both supervisors have made the writing of this thesis the most rewarding experience of my life. I am thankful to Dr. D.S. Bawa for guiding me at the start of this research work. I express my regards to Dr. Santha Kumari, Associate Professor and Head, School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for providing inspiration and ingenuous suggestions. It‟s a pleasure to express my regards to Dr. Abhijit Mukherjee, Director, Thapar University, Patiala and Dr. Susheel Mittal, Dean, Research and Sponsored Projects, Thapar University, Patiala for providing the necessary facilities. On a personal note, I express my gratitude and respect to my mother Smt. Raksha Bhambi for being a source of motivation throughout this journey. Words fail to express the support that I have received from my wife, Sonika and I am thankful to her for love and care extended to me and my son...
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...August, 1987 ® The Academy of Management EXECUTIVE, pp. 207-219 1987, Vol. 1, No. 3, Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Management Practices Randall S. Schuler and Susan E. Jackson New York University ver the past several years there has been increased recognition that there is a need to match the characteristics of top managers with the nature of the business. According to Reginald H. Jones, former chairman and CEO of the General Electric Company, O The result of such human resource staffing practices has been rather significant: When we classified. . . [our] . . . businesses, and when we realized that they were going to have quite different missions, we also realized we had to have quite different people running them.^ Within academia there has been similar growing awareness of this need. Although this awareness is being articulated in several ways, one of the most frequent involves the conceptualization and investigation of the relationship between business strategy and the personal characteristics of top managers.^ Here, particular manager characteristics such as personality, skills, abilities, values, and perspectives are matched with particular types of business strategies. For example, a recently released study conducted by Hay Group Incorporated, in conjunction with the University of Michigan and the Strategic Planning Institute, reports that when a business is pursuing a growth strategy it needs top managers who are likely to abandon...
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...Healthcare E-Commerce: Connecting with Patients J. Scott Joslyn, PharmD, MBA ABSTRACT Electronically connecting with patients is a challenging frontier at which technical hurdles are probably exceeded by political, legal, and other barriers. The rise of consumerism, however, compels a response focused more on revenue and strategic advantage than on pure cost savings. Among the difficulties faced by providers is choosing among various models of connectivity and component function. Emerging models include “freefloating” personal medical records largely independent of the office-based physician, systems with compatible and intertwined physician and consumer relationships using an application services provider office practice system, and systems that connect patients and providers through e-mail, office triage, prescription refills, scheduling, and so on. This article discusses these and other combinations of technology that significantly overcome the barriers involved and that may be woven together to provide solutions uniquely suited to various competitive situations. KEYWORDS • Consumerism • Patient-provider relationship • Data ownership • Application service providers • Time and cost savings The Internet has created both opportunities and threats that providers of all stripes must eventually confront to remain viable businesses in the new economy. Although business-to-business (B2B) innovations offer great hope in reducing costs and providing other efficiencies, electronically connecting...
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...ESSAY PLAN – TIME Question: Clock time is but one construction of work and time. Consider alternative constructions. Buzz phrases: Introduction: - Lots of time, not just one (clock time) - Define clock time… o ‘We recognize time in a simple form: the past is gone, the present passing, and the future coming’ Lee and Liebenau o Natural and Taken-for-granted o Self-evident, Requires no explanation o Homogeneous and divisible in structure o Linear and uniform in its flow o Objective and absolute – existing of independent of objects and events o Measureable/quantifiable/mechanical (containing discrete moments subject to precise measurement o Divisible o Abstract o Unitary (subject to only one interpretation) o ‘The linear-quantitative tradition’, ‘even time’, or ‘the Newtonian conception’ ‘clocktime’, ‘chronological time’ or ‘even time’ o o Clark defines even time (clock time) – ‘it flows evenly and continuously; is free from contingent events and periodicities; and is completely quantifiable and so can be added, subtracted, divided, used in a variety of heuristic calculations and in complex formulae’ o This concept is the dominant one in our contemporary society, and is closely associated with the development of industrial society. It is also the basic assumption upon which our society relies for its operation and management. - Negatives of clock time… o Although time is so fundamental that people in any culture regard their conception of it as simply...
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...could assist integration of different parts of the supply chain of an organisation * Evaluate how information technology has contributed to the management of the supply chain of an organisation * Assess the effectiveness of information technology in managing the supply chain of an organisation | 4 | * Explain the role of logistics in supply chain management in an organisation * Evaluate procurement practices in an organisation * Discuss the factors that must be considered when improving logistics and procurement practices in an organisation | 5 | * Plan a strategy to improve an organisation’s supply chain * Assess how a supply chain improvement strategy will benefit overall business performance in an organisation * Explain how barriers will be overcome in an organisation when implementing a supply chain improvement strategy | Introduction Supply chain management operates at three levels; strategic, tactical and operational. At the strategic level, company management makes high level strategic supply chain decisions that are relevant to whole organization. The decisions that are made with regards to the supply chain should reflect the overall corporate...
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...Standard Chartered Bank Abstract According to the universalistic perspective, organizations from different sectors, across industries, and through different time periods should use a series of select human resource management practices (HRMP). The main principle of this paper is to investgate whether i there is any relationship between HRMPs and organizational performance, regarding Standard Chartered Bank in Bangladesh. This study aims to investigate the relationship of training, employee participation, and selection with perceived organiz ational performance in the context of Standard Chartered Bank in Bangladesh. This study is co -relational in nature and it will examine the correlation among these variables. A single set of sample will be considered for this study and that will be the employees of Standard Chartered Bank. A set of structured questionnaire will be distributed among 200 respondents. Regression analysis will be conducted for the purpose of data analysis. -1- Internship Report: HRMP in Standard Chartered Bank Origin of the Report The BBA internship program is a mandatory requirement for the students who are graduating from the BBA program under the School of Business of North South University, Bangladesh. In the internship program, I was attached to a host organization named µStandard Chartered Bank¶ for 12 weeks. During this period I learned how the host organization works with the help of the internal supervisor. As a result I have decided to write...
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...PA R T The Strategic Human Resource Management Model A human resource department helps organizations and their employees attain their goals. But it faces many challenges along the way. This chapter explores some of these challenges and outlines a strategic human resource management model upon which the rest of this book builds. The Strategic Human Resource Management Model Environmental Analysis Organizational Mission and Goals Analysis Analysis of Organizational Strengths and Culture Analysis of Organizational Strategies Choice and Implementation of Human Resource Strategies Planning Human Resources Attracting Human Resources Human Resource Tactical Plans Placing, Developing, and Evaluating Human Resources Maintaining High Performance Motivating and Rewarding Human Resources Human Resource Systems and Procedures Review and Evaluation of Human Resource Strategies CHAPTER ONE Strategic Importance of Human Resource Management The successful 21st-century organization will not take the loyalty of talented people for granted. It will constantly try to recruit and keep them. … The mutual commitment of an employer and an employee will be one of the most important factors for a 21st-century organization. Subhir Chowdhury1 One CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • List challenges facing Canadian organizations in the context of managing their workforce. • Discuss the objectives of human resource management...
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...Chapter- 1 Introduction and Design of the chapter ▪ Introduction ▪ Scope of the study ▪ Objectives of the study ▪ Methodology ▪ Limitation of the study 1.1 Introduction: A bank is a financial institution, where people secure their money and use this institution as a source of possible finance. Banking in the form in which it exists nowadays is comparatively of recent origin. Before the advent of modern banking, direct finance, where the owner of capital deals directly with the user of capital, was the customary mode of transference of funds from savers to investors. Now, banks are engaged in various functions i.e., receiving, collecting, transferring, paying, lending, investing, dealing, exchanging, and servicing money and claims to money both locally and internationally. Bangladesh is a country suffering from immense social, political, economic and environmental issues and these issues need to be addressed for the overall development of this country. However, we all know that the people of the whole world are concerned about the environmental degradation, especially the rising of global temperature and thereby melting of glaciers and ice-berg in the polar region and consequently rising of sea level, which will directly affect the low lying countries...
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