...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Paper Presentation On “Artificial Intelligence(AI)” INDEX :1. ABSTRACT. 1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2. INTRODUCTION. 3. HISTORY OF AI. 4. CATEGORIES OF AI. A. CONVENTIONAL AI. B. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE (CI). 5. FIELDS OF AI. 6. AAAI. 7. APPLICATIONS. ABSTRACT This paper is the introduction to Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is exhibited by artificial entity, a system is generally assumed to be a computer. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. We tried to explain the brief ideas of AI and its application to various fields. It cleared the concept of computational and conventional categories. It includes various advanced systems such as Neural Network, Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary computation. AI is used in typical problems such as Pattern 2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE recognition, Natural language processing and more. This system is working throughout the world as an artificial brain. Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a task requires only mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs can give very impressive performances on these tasks. Such programs should...
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...encompasses areas of learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making (Galotti, 2014). It is defined as the scientific study of mental processing (Galotti, 2014). Cognitive psychology concentrates on how an individual stores, processes, acquires, and interprets the world around them. And it also tries to classify certain behaviors that are presented through different characteristics (Willingham, 2007). Once this area of psychology was introduced it brought back the importance of studying the mind. In the next following sections they will cover the key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology and the importance of behavioral observation in this field. Key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology There were four key milestones that had a hand in developing cognitive psychology. The milestones were: neuroscience, information processing model, artificial intelligence, and the criticism of behaviorism (Carley, 2012). The criticism that behaviorism received was a key milestone for the development of cognitive psychology because behaviorism could not explain the reasoning behind the different thinking processes that occurred (Galotti, 2014). Behaviorist were mainly focused on the behaviors that were observable and most of their experiments were conducted on animals not humans (Carley, 2012). This caused a problem because they could not answer the...
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...When it comes to the subject of the mind, it can be difficult for any one person to separate his or her own human experiences from the discussion at hand. The natural inclination of most people is to believe that there is something special, something uniquely human, about the processes of thinking, reasoning, and understanding. With advances in technology taking exponential leaps forward, however, the idea that science may one day – if it has not already – create an artificial intelligence equal to our own becomes ever more plausible. Searle’s piece in the course text tackles the issue head on, and it makes his case strongly and succinctly. Based on the arguments set forth by Searle, his Chinese Room Objection in particular, and my own take on the idea of understanding as a whole, I find myself in agreement with Searle on the subject of artificial intelligence. It can be tempting to believe that an advanced instance of artificial intelligence is capable of understanding when it is able to demonstrate behaviours that we typically associate with it. I refer here to the example of the storytelling computer mentioned early in the reading. The computers is able to answer questions about the hamburger story with responses that contain information not found in the story itself, because it possesses information on how human beings typically behave with regard to restaurants. This does not strike me as being equal – or even comparable – to real understanding as we humans know...
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...studies how individuals view and comprehend the world around him or her. Cognitive psychology also focuses on trying to identify behavior through characteristics other than its obvious properties (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology rose to the top due to top in response to the flaws in other methods of studying the mind. Key Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology developed primarily from the inability of the behaviorist approach to fully explain every form of behavior. While there were many things that drove its development, there were four main milestones in the development of cognitive psychology: the inadequacies of behaviorism, the information processing model and computer metaphor, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience. Each of these four milestones contributed significantly to the search for a better model and the development of the cognitive approach, which is currently used today. Neuroscience One key milestone was...
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...SCM Research paper | Shreerang Datar Supply Chain Management (SCHM 6210) Spring 2016 RESEARCH PAPER “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT” By Shreerang Datar (NUID 001649801) 04/14/2016 1 SCM Research paper | Shreerang Datar Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary……………………………………………………3 2. Introduction…………………………………………………………….4 3. Background…………………………………………………………….5 4. Findings………………………………………………………………...6 a. Artificial Intelligence Tools……………………………………..7 b. Business Examples…………………………………………….10 5. Future Trends and Challenges………………………………………...18 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………19 7. Bibliography…………………………………………………………..20 2 SCM Research paper | Shreerang Datar Executive Summary: Surpassing the limits of business intelligence, artificial intelligence (AI) focuses on developing an algorithmic approach in decision making. This technology has come so far that inculcating human competencies like logic, reasoning, simulation and analytical thinking in a machine seems to be in reach. In the field of Supply Chain Management this technology is placing a strong foot in achieving creative optimization and automation in different supply chain processes. AI has found its applications in various SCM aspects which include Inventory management, Network design optimization, Logistics strategy formulation, demand forecasting, etc. It is designed to generate a step-wise mechanism for problem solving in which it defines the problem...
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...The Five Generations Of Computers The 21st century is the age of computer technology and it has brought about a major change in every aspect of our life. “It has largely changed the way we communicate and the way information exchange is used in today's world. The computer is a growing creation that is a result of advances of many other generations of computers, for example, the common personal computer, personal tablets, and even our smartphones, all came from the concepts of the previous 4 generations of computers” according to (Duncan, Becky) in her article over the importance of computers. This time and age we are now using the fifth generation of computers. Computers are so beneficial to the world today because, Computers are now a part of everyone's existence, including work, school, learning and play. Many modern activities, such as social media, information sharing and business applications require computers, and people cannot complete these actions without one. “The computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc. comes under the hardware while all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software.” (Trigg, Paula). These days’ computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. First Generation...
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...Business Information Systems Learning Outcomes Week 5 DECISION-MAKING SYSTEMS 1. Explain the importance of decision making for managers at each of the three primary organisation levels, along with the associated decision characteristics. * Meaning of decision making * Decision making is a process of selecting the best among the different alternatives. It is the act of making a choice. There are so many alternatives found in the organization and departments. Decision making is defined as the selection of choice of one best alternative. Before making decisions all alternatives should be evaluated from which advantages and disadvantages are known. It helps to make the best decisions. It is also one of the important functions of management. Without other management functions such as planning, Organizing, directing, controlling, staffing can’t be conducted because in this managerial function decision is very important. According to Stephen P. Robbins, “decision making is defines as the selection of a preferred course of action from two or more alternatives.” * Importance of decision making * Implementation of managerial function: Without decision making different managerial function such as planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing can’t be conducted. In other words, when an employee does, s/he does the work through decision making function. Therefore, we can say that decision is important element...
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...http://www.slideshare.net/ajaysuman/artificial-intelligence-in-business ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS Introduction Business applications utilize the specific technologies mentioned earlier to try and make better sense of potentially enormous variability (for example, unknown patterns/relationships in sales data, customer buying habits, and so on). However, within the corporate world, AI is widely used for complex problem-solving and decision-support techniques in real-time business applications. The business applicability of AI techniques is spread across functions ranging from finance management to forecasting and production. In the fiercely competitive and dynamic market scenario, decision-making has become fairly complex and latency is inherent in many processes. In addition, the amount of data to be analyzed has increased substantially. AI technologies help enterprises reduce latency in making business decisions, minimize fraud and enhance revenue opportunities. Definition of AI AI is a broad discipline that promises to simulate numerous innate human skills such as automatic programming, case-based reasoning, neural networks, decision-making, expert systems, natural language processing, pattern recognition and speech recognition etc. AI technologies bring more complex data-analysis features to existing applications. There are many definitions that attempt to explain what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is. I like to think of AI as a science that investigates...
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...Introduction Imagine a world, a possibility, humans stopped controlling Artificial intelligence or AI. Four researchers have explored this idea, they have brought four hypotheses on the table on how this would happen and how to prevent it from happening. The authors Stuart Russel, Sabine Hauert, Russ Altman, and Manuela Veloso of the article Ethics of Artificial intelligence give ideas that are very intriguing and worth taking a more critical look at the rhetorical devices they use in their article. In a nutshell on Ward and Vander Lei text there are seven main rhetorical devices, they are purpose, point, author, audience, organization, and research and evidence this essay will look at the article Ethics of artificial intelligence in this light....
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...Based on her generation’s inflated self-esteem encouraged by school curriculums, popular culture, parents and a society that promotes narcissism, Jean Twenge, a psychologist, and professor at San Diego State University wrote an article titled, “An Army of One: Me”. She identifies this generation as “Generation Me” because she believes that they are primarily focused on themselves and they are under the “assumption that the world owes them happiness and recognition” (486). Twenge also argues how the Baby Boomers, post-World War II members born between 1946 and 1964, saw “selfhood”, or individual identity, as a difficult goal worth pursuing (486), thus, the idea of developing oneself and recognizing one’s importance became popular for Generation...
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...Business Information Systems Learning Outcomes Week 5 1.Explain the importance of decision making for managers at each of the three primary organizational levels along with associated decision characteristics. Ans. The structure of a typical organization is similar to a pyramid and different levels require different information to assist in decision making, problem solving and opportunity capturing. 1.Operational-At the operational level employees develop , control and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations.Operational decisions are considered structured decisions , which arises in situations where established processes offer potential solutions.Structured decisions are made frequently and are almost repetitive in nature, they affect short-term business strategies .Recording inventory and creating weekly production schedules are examples of routine structured decisions. 2.Managerial – At the managerial level employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm’s abilities to identify and adapt to change.Managerial decisions cover short and medium range plans ,schedules and budgets alongwith policies,procedures and business objectives of the firm .These types of decisions are considered semi-stuctured decisions ,they occur in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision.Eg,decisions about producing a new product. 3.Strategic...
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...Artificial intelligence From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "AI" redirects here. For other uses, see Ai. For other uses, see Artificial intelligence (disambiguation). Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4] AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focussed on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical...
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...that addresses mental processes. This includes thinking, remembering, and problem solving. It also involves perceiving, speaking, and believing. This form of psychology seeks to find the purpose of behavior by characteristics that a human cannot see (Cacioppo, 2002). This implicates the human brain function, and structure (Willingham, 2007). Four Key Milestones There are four vital developments in cognitive psychology. These are known as neuroscience, artificial intelligence, the fall of behaviorism, and the information process. These key milestones played a crucial role in cognitive psychology. First is the study of the human mind through abstract concepts to show definite links among brain structure, and function. This is better known as neuroscience (Willingham, 2007). Neuroscientist studied brain-damaged people. They associated these studies with cognitive issues. This helped to further the meaning, and reasoning of the brain’s structure. The second source that was used is artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence came up with programs that stimulated thought, and behavior this supported the hypothesis that abstract contrast could be...
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...thinking, problem solving, remembering, believing, and speaking, and seeks to identify behavior by characteristics other than its obvious properties (Defining Cognitive Psychology 2011). It includes mental representation and the use of abstract constructs to find relationships between brain structure and their functions (Willingham, 2007).This area of psychology is important in order to acquire knowledge and gain an understanding on how a person’s mental process works. Four Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology There are at least four key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline and they are as follows: the failure of behaviorism, the computer metaphor and information processing, abstract constructs of artificial intelligence and neuroscience. Behaviorism was similar to cognitive psychology but it failed to identify mental processes. Freud’s psychoanalysis required that mental processes be identified in the study of cognitive psychology but behaviorism failed to meet this need. All aspects of the human psyche needed to be accommodated especially in the area of language and memory. This lead psychologists to really rethink behaviorism and gave support for the development of another area of science that would focus attention on the processes that could be observed in a person’s behavior thus giving birth to cognitive psychology. The human mind was seen as a processor in the beginning and this was a major contributor to the belief of cognitive...
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...The computer is the most wonderful gift of science to the modern man. The computer can do all the works of man. Thus, after the invention of computer, the gap between man and machine has been bridged up. The dictionary meaning of the word "Computer" is an electronic calculating machine. It is derived from the word compute which means to reckon. But the function of the computer has expanded beyond the act of reckoning. Though a machine, it contains and provides innumerable information's and artificial intelligence of a very high order. It may seem strange, but it is true that the memory and intelligence of a computer can surpass those of a living human being. The mechanism of the computer is very simple. Information processing is the essence of computing. It is a data based machine. The data is fed into the machine. The machine is manipulated and then the due information is retrieved. Computer was invented due to the pressures of World War-II which witnessed the use of such sophisticated weapons as night bombers, submarines, and long range guns on ships and tanks, etc. The defenders have to fight back by shooting at targets and those targets of the enemy can be located by radar. Radar can inform not only about the location of the enemy but also about the direction and the speed of the enemy weapons. Detailed mathematical calculations are necessary to find out these things accurately. Firing tables are required by the front line soldiers. Thus the necessity of calculations...
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