...NSA Surveillance Source Summaries Summary number one Authors Katyal and Caplan (2008) wrote an article for the Stanford Law Review that strengthens the idea that National Security Agency surveillance programs operating independently of external authorization or even knowledge of the Executive branch has a surprising level of legality based upon the precedence set by former president Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The divulgence of information obtained without authorization from either the sender or receiver was expressly prohibited via the telecommunications act of 1934. The FDR administration interpreted that wiretapping was legal as long as the information was not divulged. Subsequently, many legal battles began and congress as well as the Supreme Court began inhibiting surveillance by the government in favor of constitutional protections and rights. This led to emergence of secretive surveillance by the FDR administration. The Foreign intelligence and surveillance act of 1978 sought to legaly reintroduce surveillance but in most cases required judiciary authorization. There are some exceptions written into the act that allows surveillance but for limited periods of time and/or requiring congress to formally declare an act of war. Previous precedence of the FDR administration and loopholes within the FISA act was basis for the Bush administration to carry on the legacy of unauthorized and unknown surveillance. Likewise, during this administration...
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...The Gulf of Tonkin incident has stirred controversies that have persisted for decades. Classified documents and tapes, that were once classified, have been released recently. These materials have paved the way to the possibility that distorted facts led to the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. There is no arguing the fact that a North Vietnamese patrol boat attacked the USS Maddox while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2nd, 1964. What is in contention are the subsequent actions of the United States officials in the coming days. The actions taken by the officials in Washington has been shrouded in mystery ever since that night. Hundreds of documents have been declassified and released to the public. These documents have helped show what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin. The papers include phone transcripts, interviews, radio messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by officials at the Department of Defense. These documents provide compelling evidence about the ensuing decisions that led to the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Raids in the Gulf of Tonkin...
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...Authority on cyber warfare As we approach a new generation of warfare, we face new problems. Each generation before us has shown that there are continued advancements in warfare technology and with new technology there are different guidelines and terms of use in concordance with international law. The art of war has not changed since the beginning of time. Yes, there are new weapons, but the content for the most part is the same. Defeat your enemy, rendering them unable to strike back, or attack them where it hurts so that they do not want to proceed in the war. Through the evolution of war, the United States has conquered and been defeated. We may not always be law abiding, but we do what we deem necessary to defend the nation. In the process of defending, we learned that technological advancements are not always a positive thing, and technology can become too powerful for any one nation alone. The creation of the nuclear bomb was just that. Now that there is this terrifying new advancement in warfare technology, how do we stop it from getting into the hands of the wrong people? Executive summary, In this paper, I will discuss how the Stuxnet virus was used to stop the use and development of nuclear weaponry in Iran. The laws on proper use will also be discussed, exploring whether it was lawful to deploy the virus, with relation to the use of Traditional Military Activities and presidential findings. In addition...
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...TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT Translation quality assessment has become one of the key issues in translation studies. This comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of translation evaluation makes explicit the grounds of judging the worth of a translation and emphasizes that translation is, at its core, a linguistic operation. Written by the author of the world’s best known model of translation quality assessment, Juliane House, this book provides an overview of relevant contemporary interdisciplinary research on translation, intercultural communication and globalization, and corpus and psycho- and neuro-linguistic studies. House acknowledges the importance of the socio-cultural and situational contexts in which texts are embedded, and which need to be analysed when they are transferred through space and time in acts of translation, at the same time highlighting the linguistic nature of translation. The text includes a newly revised and presented model of translation quality assessment which, like its predecessors, relies on detailed textual and culturally informed contextual analysis and comparison. The test cases also show that there are two steps in translation evaluation: firstly, analysis, description and explanation; secondly, judgements of value, socio-cultural relevance and appropriateness. The second is futile without the first: to judge is easy, to understand less so. Translation Quality Assessment is an invaluable resource for students and researchers...
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...going on in today’s society as it appears if more and more children are committing delinquent crimes. Based upon my readings, juveniles are committing repetitive crimes because of their family structure. When the juvenile is released from jail and they return home, if their family structure is the same when they left then the same behavioral problems will continue. In other words, it’s going to be hard for children to stay out of trouble if nothing has changed at home. There definitely needs to remain a focus on rehabilitation and not just punishment. A child needs care and a positive outlook on life. I wish that our society would consider adding a general criminal justice curriculum in junior and high schools to impress upon students the importance of abiding by the law and being productive citizens. This way it will be more involvement, in terms of finding out from youth what will really work and help. For examples, what would prevent the juveniles from getting involved in delinquent act? There could also be parental involvement in these classes because parents usually exert a greater influence on their children than any other single factor. Parents should serve as role models; communicate proper morals and values as well as shaping the child’s behavior. Literature review According Doggett, there has been a long-standing interest in the relationship between the family and delinquency in the social sciences. This literature has assisted by increasing my knowledge in...
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...P1: Explain concepts of equality, diversity and rights in relation to health and social care Equality, diversity and rights are the core elements in health and social care. It affects every single person using the health and social care sector as well as those working within them. It is important for health and social care workers to understand the importance of treating all individuals equally no matter their ethnicity, gender, race, beliefs, sexuality, education, language, background or skin colour. Individuals must all be treated equally; Equality in terms of rights, status or opportunities. This has become an important focus as there are laws and policies in all organisations regarding it to ensure that everyone in the organisation has same opportunities and choices, and no one is discriminated. The new equality act came into force in 2010; it consists of over 116 separate pieces of legislation into one act to protect the rights of individuals and to advance a fair and more equal opportunity for all. In health and social care sector this means everyone using or working within it should have equal opportunities, this can range from job opportunities to getting medical treatment options and that all individuals must receive same high-quality service. Diversity is the term used to describe the differences between individuals. It is important that individual and group diversities are recognised to ensure that everybody’s needs and requirements are understood and responded...
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...internal use within the centre. REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – A-level Sociology – SCLY2 – June 2013 SCLY2 General Most students appeared to have sufficient time to answer all questions to the best of their ability and very few committed rubric errors such as answering questions from both sections of the paper. There were some outstandingly good answers from well-prepared students; more generally, students seem to have found the set questions accessible. However, it is worth reiterating two points made in previous examination series in relation to AO2 skills. Firstly, students continue to fall short when it comes to evaluating knowledge of sociological material. Secondly, some schools and colleges appear not to be focusing sufficiently on the importance of the skill of Application in answering the Methods in Context questions 05 and 14. The legibility of handwriting continues to be a problem for a significant minority of students and for the examiners who have to try to decipher their answers. Clearly, answers that cannot be read cannot be credited, and teachers and centres are therefore strongly advised to identify such students and take appropriate steps in advance of the examination. There is information on the Exams Administration tab of the...
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...Interactionism: Balinese Cockfighting Observable behavior is the pivot upon which symbolic interactionism revolves around. However, it is not the behavior per se but the covert and overt aspects and the interactions that utilize these behaviors that carry the symbolisms and meanings. In the article, cockfighting is the observed behavior and through it, a whole cultural identity is revealed. Cockfighting could very much be the physical manifestation of an otherwise subdued strain of culture which glorifies men and their masculinity in the Balinese society. The interaction of the men with their cocks highlights the cock as the physical object as the center of a dynamic display of symbolic interactionism. For example, as foreshadowed by the obvious double entendre, the cocks in Bali villages are masculine symbols. Moreover, its metaphorical uses run in the lines of “hero” and “tough guy”. The big event that is cockfighting shows the importance that the society places upon these masculine concepts. Therefore, the Balinese men show utmost reverence for their cocks not only because they are pried fighters, but also because of the symbolism it carries for them. This, in turn, reflects a core principle of the theory wherein behavior is based on the meaning given to the object receiving the behavior and action. With the object being the cocks and the symbolism being their masculinity and ego, there have been practices as frequent grooming, bathing and even hand-feeding of the animals...
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...| Importance of Psychology in Nursing Practice | Roles & Perspectives | | Author Name | | University Name | It is very important to understand the psyche and thought process of the individuals for the people in Health related profession. That’s why Psychology plays a major role in the professional development of the nurses. This document is a study of the important perspectives of Psychology which are incorporated in Nursing practices. | Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Psychology 2 Nursing 2 The Relationship 2 Significance 3 References 5 Importance of Psychology in Nursing Practice Although both fields differ from each other apparently but still Psychology is interlinked with nursing practices, to a great extent. Before believing the stance of similarity or difference, it is very important to understand both fields separately. Psychology According to Pastorino & Portillo(2012), Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. Ciccarelli& Meyer (2006) further explain that behaviour incorporates all our overt actions and reactions and mental processes refer to our covert activity of mind (cited Barker 2007). Nursing Nursing as profession is considered to assist the individual (usually patient) in performance of activities contributing towards the recovery of their health(Barker, 2007). The Relationship Working in the health related profession provides the opportunity to work with other people and...
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...Technologies Used In Internet Censorship and Control Murdoch (2013) opines the Internet as an entity where control is always fought over for by those that use it. He further demystifies the internet, breaking it down to the two protocols that define it. These are the transmission control protocol – TCP- and the Internet Protocol –Ip. It is these protocols that enable the connection of two separate networks to each other. The protocols enable the easy connection of separate networks, without the need to make the hardware in the networks the same. It also enables restriction abstraction, where networks can be interoperable irrespective of the underlying architecture. It is important to note that the protocols are not the product of a bug; instead they are a deliberate effort to make internet connectivity seamless. The nature of the internet (which unlike other services and goods doesn’t have a single straight forward owner) raises some logical implementation queries related to its restriction. In the beginning, there were some mechanisms of control which were fronted by the members that make up the larger internet community. There existed as norms, that lacked any legal backing form the courts and law enforcement. To ensure adherence to these laws, the internet community leaders (in this case the administrators) would threaten to disconnect the perpetrators and then further block them if they persisted. At the time, it was the hope of many users and administrators that this...
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...Empowerment and Community Planning Chapter 1 Theories of Power A Survey Towards the Development of a Theory of Power Before beginning the discussion of empowerment and the development of a theory connected with it, I want to deal with a concept that is prior to empowerment—power. Power is a key concept for an understanding of processes of empowerment. The theory of empowerment that will be developed further on will draw its inspiration from an integration of two domains: from an understanding of theories of power and the use of insights drawn from these for the purposes of developing a theory of empowerment, and from an analysis of processes of empowerment. Hence, this deeper study of it will also make possible a better understanding of states of powerlessness, practices of disempowerment, and processes by which people and communities struggle for control over their lives and environments. A Brief History of Theories of Power This chapter makes no pretension to survey all the existing literature in the field of the theories of power. It begins with a historical survey of thought about power in the social sciences, relating only to the most prominent theories. Further on, a number of theories that contain elements suitable to the development of a theory of empowerment are presented in more detail. Modern thinking about power begins in the writings of Nicollò Machiavelli (The Prince, early 16th century) and Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, mid-17th century). Their books are...
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...perceived idealism of a social norm (Butler, 1999). Public space as both a spatial and social entity has constructed societal ideologies of a supposed desirable and idealistic physique, which others any who are unable to or simply do not conform with this constructed norm (Butler, 1999). Furthermore, physical structures act to embody social boundaries reinforcing the naturalisation of such social constructs. The concepts of self and other are key to interpreting the construction of social boundaries and innate prejudices of both an overt and covert nature. Self refers to the dominant social group, the norm of a particular spatial and temporal location (Cloke, 2005). Other refers to anyone else, a consolidation of binary logic, classifying an individual’s identity as either a member of the designated ‘desirable’ or something else (Cloke, 2005). One either conforms with the socially constructed norm, or is othered in society through both overt, covert and innate practices, engraved into individuals through their experiences (Cloke, 2005). Often othering not only separates societal groups; it implements oppressive and socially constructed negative connotations to those who are othered. For instance stereotypical associations between fat and lazy, ugly and immoral, and disabled and helpless (Butler, 1999). Thus constructing ideologies which stereotype an entire group of diverse people as a set of standardised characteristics and limitations. A key example of these socially constructed...
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...Week1 Problemk, Behind every decision you make there’s a problem you’re trying to solve. Objectives, After you have a better definition of your problem, now it’s time to get crystal-clear aboutwhat you’re trying to accomplish with your decision Alternatives, u have a well-defined problem and clear objectives, it’s time to finally assess your alternatives and decide, right? Not so fast! First, we should generate alternatives — expand and explore possibilities Consequences, Now comes the time to finally start assessing the merits of each of the alternatives you considered. And the primary way of doing this is by evaluating the consequences of each choice. Tradeoffs If you got this far without a solution, it’s probably because your decision is really tricky. It also means that it has conflicting objectives — and that you’ll need to consider some hard tradeoffs between them. Week 3 Data Quality Issues When transferring data from one program to another (ie from Excel to Access), you need to consider the following: * Uniformity (data has transferred in the same manner for all records in a file). * Version (ensure format of original data and variables has not changed when data was transformed). * Completeness check (all records are transferred in the file). * Conformity check (does data look right?). * Spot check (trace some records back to their source file eg. 10 random records to see they have transferred correctly). Cleaning Data One of first and...
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...people have been conditioned to be racist by the social construct of society. (4) Whites are often unaware of their privilege, and may not necessarily hold racist beliefs or prejudices; therefore, racism occurs both overtly and covertly. (4) The realism of covert racism stems from ‘race-blindness’, a sociological term that allows white people to ignore the disadvantages of the non-white population. Today’s society is governed by the fact that racial privilege no longer exists, though behaviours maintain a racialized social order. Race-blindness grants the white population the ability to eliminate any personal responsibility, though racism is present. (12) “Being white means never having to think about it” (James Baldwin, nd). White privilege is being able to walk into a shopping centre; pick up a pair of ‘nude’ coloured stockings and having this pair appear ‘nude’ on white skin. (12) This could very simply be explained as adhering to the ‘supply and demand’ of Australia today, as white skinned people are the majority of the population. Though, if the roles were reversed, and ‘nude’ was suddenly to not appear ‘nude’ on white skin, would it be seen as ‘unfair’? This entitlement is what maintains white privilege and covert racism. This privilege is the ability to not see race in one’s self, yet the right to be angry at those who do. (4) White privilege is the power to decide when to listen to others, when to hear them, and when to do neither. Unbeknownst to white people...
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...5 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Introduction Ethical principles Harm to participants Lack of informed consent Invasion of privacy Deception 122 128 128 132 136 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 Other ethical and legal considerations Data management Copyright Reciprocity and trust Affiliation and conflicts of interest The difficulties of ethical decision-making Checklist Key points Questions for review © Oxford University Press 2011. Alan Bryman and Emma Bell. Business Research Methods 3e 122 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Ethical issues arise at a variety of stages in business and management research. This chapter is concerned with the concerns about ethics that might arise in the course of conducting research. The professional bodies concerned with the social sciences have been keen to spell out the ethical issues that can arise, and some of their statements will be reviewed in this chapter. Ethical issues cannot be ignored, in that they relate directly to the integrity of a piece of research and of the disciplines that are involved. This chapter explores: • • • • some famous, even infamous, cases in which transgressions of ethical principles have occurred, though it is important not to take the view that ethical concerns arise only in relation to these extreme cases; different stances that can be and have been taken on ethics in business research; the significance and operation of four areas in which ethical concerns...
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