...structures we know today would be impossible without the development of efficient cultivation techniques. For early humans, almost all time and energy was devoted to gathering plants for food and hunting animals. Once agriculture became the primary method for cultivating food, societies and governments began to form and the modern notion of the nation state (or city state in some cases) began. The development of agriculture also had a heavy hand in influencing early religions. Religion would go on to become one of the most dominant forces throughout human history; influencing everything from powerful governments to the day-to-day life of citizens the world over. This paper will discuss the importance of the development of agriculture among early humans with specific regard to the rise of Mesopotamian city-states and the ancient Egyptian nation state. These two early societies provide poignant examples of the profound influence of agriculture. In their respective eras, they...
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...When hearing the quote “All Roads Lead to Rome” what do you think of? This quote to me means of how present day traveling, technology, inventions were all influenced by the Ancient Romans. Have you ever wondered how we get clean water or who made up the fact you have to go to school early? If your history teacher never said anything about Ancient Rome you’re in luck because I will teach you. All the way back in 44 B.C a Roman emperor by the name of Julius Caesar changed what was just Rome to the Great empire we know now as the Roman Empire. Even throughout the Roman era many influences were made that we still use and improved. An important influence from the Romans was engineering such as our water and sewage systems. “The water...
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...The ancient Mesoamerica cities of Maya There are 10 annotated bibliographies about the development of ancient Maya sites and each article focuses on different development and origin of the Maya cities. The structure of the political and empire of ancient Maya and the climate atmosphere of the Maya sites were discussed within the articles. The understanding of Maya cities through public building structures along with changing political powers. There were articles about the religions significance of mosaic mirrors and jadeite are also examined throughout the paper. The origin of Maya sites was identified through textile and Nahuatl languages that were found on the architecture walls. The issues of collapse in Maya cities are also identified and discussed in the paper. Blainey, M. G., & Healy, P. S. (2011). Ancient Maya Mosaic Mirrors: Function, Symbolism, and Meaning. Ancient Mesoamerica, v 22, n 2, p 229-244. The article examines the meaning of the mosaic mirrors in ancient Maya through the process of how the mirrors are made and what it is made out of. As mentioned in other article, ancient Maya were creative at art and artifacts. Also, their community were hierarchically organized. Therefore, these well made lithic reflectors were used for ceremonial artifacts and mostly used by elite individuals. These mirrors were flat, shiny objects with highly polished plaques and it has been described as luxury goods which indicate high status for the owner. Furthermore, the...
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...Ancient Romans, while known for borrowing from the Greeks and the people they conquered, can be credited for many advancements and influences on other cultures. Consider not only their influence in later governments and lasting literature but also the advancements of architecture. This paper will explore the development of both Roman concrete and the arch, including the importance of each and the results of their use. Development. While the Ancient Romans did not invent the arch, they did improve upon the concept and create an arch that could support a much larger weight than previously allowed. Until the invention of Roman concrete, corbeled arches had been made of brick or stone which were laid closer to the center as they rose in height and functioned primarily to support or strengthen small buildings. These early arches were used in the Mediterranean and were primarily built underground where the earth could be used as a natural support, such as in drainage systems. The use of mortar, a mixture of lime, sand, and water was commonly used but it wasn’t until the early 2nd century BC when the Romans used pozzolana, a volcanic Italian sand in the mixture that concrete was invented. This simple change, from sand to pozzolana, allowed for additional strength and durability. Arches made of this new material could support a lot of weight....
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...Ancient Invention Essay INVENTION OF THE WHEEL INTRODUCTION: This assignment is about the wheel. I believe it is the most important to come out of Ancient history. The following are detail of when the wheel is invented, how it was invented, why it was invented, what it was used for in the past and today, and its importance. ARGUEMENTS: When your invention was first made and how it was invented? Wikipedia (2010) stated according to archaeologists, the wheel was probably invented in around 8,000 B.C. in Asia. The oldest wheel known was discovered in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Ricky David (2009) stated that the wheel was created by 2 young male adults. It was said that they were rolling stones down a hill to see which one went faster. Then they found out that the stones that were round went faster. ThinkQuest (2000) researched that wheel were made by the Sumerians. It was made of planks of wood joined together. Firstly, a man placed rollers beneath heavy objects so that they could be moved easily. Then they improved it so it would be easy to load and drag. This was the invention of the sledge. After that they soon discovered that these deep grooves actually allowed the sledge to advance a greater distance before the next roller was needed to come on. Thus the rollers were changed into wheels. The wheel was furthered improved on later by the Egyptians, who made wheels with spokes, which could...
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...it available to others, they began to farm and tend to their lands. It became of great cultural importance to hunter-gathers, which made the substance well known among communities after just a relatively short period of time. Beer was a secure form of liquid that gave beer drinkers many health advantages, which helped shape the minds and bodies of their future generations and aided in the growth of the first establishments. 2. What does...
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...and for each other to communicate, reassure, share, and make sense of his or her realities. Myths enact and present a narrative of how a character lives out or goes through an event or a set of events. Myths have come to symbolize a particular genre of fiction along the lines of legends and folktales - important aspects of meaning-making and identity-creation in cultures all over the world. Mary Magoulick (2009) defines myths as such, "Myths are symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), may be connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values." In this paper I will discuss three theories, compare two creation myths, and finish with a summary and conclusion of my reflection towards the theories. Myths are important areas and source of sociological, psychological, and even historiographical discourse in our attempt at understanding and learning of the world of our ancestors and the people and civilizations that came before us. From these myths we learn their world views, how they made sense of their realities and how they reacted to and processed natural and social phenomenon. Theories of myths explain the nature, purpose, and origins of myths. According to Csapo (2005), all myths can be explained by the Andrew Lang's Aetiology, Max Muller’s Nature Myths, and Branislow Malinowski's Myth as Charter theories and in doing so explain and express the...
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...The ancient Greek medicine is considered the foundation of modern medicine, and rightfully so, as many theories and concepts invented then are still used today. The Greeks invented the notion of a healthy lifestyle that people had to do more than prevent sickness to lead a healthy lifestyle. The Greeks also saw the growth of two medical geniuses, Hippocrates and Galen whose work inspired many doctors and is continuing many doctors today. While Greek medical advancements might seem antiquated and old-fashioned, the Greeks laid the foundation for modern medicine and the effects of the ancient discoveries can be felt from medical symbols, equipment, theories and similarities in lifestyles. Many of the theories, concepts and medicinal practices...
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...flight to the moon explains the creation of the Moon Goddess and this offers a great representation of the Queen Mothers’ involvement in a well-known Chinese lunar myth. This ancient tale is still shared in comic form during the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival (Lai, 1987. P. 153). The story expresses Chang’e cunning desire and craving for immortality. She steals and ingests an immortality herb that was originally given to her husband by the Queen Mother of the West (Lai, 1987, p. 154). This herb made Chang’e float to moon that forever gave her the title of Moon Goddess (Lai, 1987, p. 153). This fascinating story reveals the symbolic power and influence of the myths related to the Queen Mother of the West....
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...ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN THOUGHT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT BOOK SUMMARY by JOE VALENTI Old Testament Introduction OBST 590 B06 Dr. Randy Haney March 1, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1 CHAPTER 2 2 CHAPTER 3 3 CHAPTER 4 5 CHAPTER 5 7 CHAPTER 6 9 CHAPTER 7 11 CHAPTER 8 12 CHAPTER 9 14 CHAPTER 10 15 CHAPTER 11 17 CHAPTER 12 19 CHAPTER 13 20 CHAPTER 14 22 POSTSCRIPT 23 WORKS CITED i CHAPTER 1 The opening chapter begins by orienting the reader to the idea of "comparative study," or the area of study that strives to understand things within their broader cultural context. In the case of this book, the goal is to understand the Old Testament within the context of the Ancient Near Eastern milieu. Walton explains that over the years there has been much debate on the issue of comparative study and the way in which it is to be exercised. Scholars, always biased by their presuppositions, tend to enter the argument negating the importance of the Old Testament on the one side, or defending the inerrancy of Scripture so vehemently that the cultural context is lost. Walton poses a better way, namely, accepting the study of the Ancient Near Eastern cultures as important and academic in their own right while attempting to comprehend the Old Testament in light of what modern scholarship is learning about the ancient world...
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...Zeph Geyer Ancient World History Rough Draft 11/8/2014 In most civilizations in the ancient world, there were vast differences between the lives of men and women. For example, women could not serve in the Roman Senate, own property in ancient Greece, or ask for divorce. All of these rules existed while men had the ability to do all of these things. The life of a woman in the ancient world was in no way equal to men in most societies. The Egyptians believed that joy and happiness were of the utmost importance in life, and regarded the home and family as a major source of happiness. This meant that the Egyptian’s thought better of women who did not work, and took care of the home and family. All other ancient civilizations had one thing in common. Mesopotamia, Rome, Greece, and Israel were all surrounded by other sets of people. This meant that these other civilizations had to be warlike societies, and this meant women would have less of a role because men believed women could not fight as well in battle. Egypt developed under unique circumstances. The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea separated the Egyptians from everyone else in the ancient world. In other words, the Egyptians did not have a warlike society because training like that was unnecessary. Since there was no need for a warlike society in Egypt, women had a more established role in society. Women’s rights in Egypt were more equal to men than other civilizations because of the unique circumstances under which...
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...The invention and advancement of concrete shaped the world to what it is today. Without concrete nothing today would be possible and it is the most facilitated invention in Earth’s history. The Roman’s developed cement that produced structures of remarkable durability. Most government buildings in America are based on the building styles of Rome. Concrete made transportation a possibility and reshaped the world to what it is today. Usually when there is a need for a solution, someone invents the fix. The Roman’s had many issues and many needs for concrete. Some issues were water purification, transportation, and trade. In Roman time, there was no water purification or storage to distribute from house to house. The Roman’s needed a structure that could transports, filter, and store fresh water. “Just like they conquered other people, they would conquer nature with their engineering. In the end, for this city of a million people, they had 11 aqueducts, 11 channels of over 300 miles, delivering perhaps 150 to 200 gallons per person per day, an amazing amount for the ancient world.”. Before the introduction of aqueducts, water was transported on dirt roads by horse and carriage. People would wait and wait for water and some would die because of the delay. Concrete made a water supply readily available to the roman’s and is the basis for water storage in today’s times. (Herring, Benjamin) Trade and commerce is necessary to gather resources that one country could...
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...The Nile served as a form of transportation and trade along the coast of country. Areas along the Nile also served as a division between two halves of the country. The Nile Valley was also known as Upper Egypt while the Nile Delta served as Lower Egypt. In addition, Nile allowed access for trade with foreign countries. The Nile also provided the Egyptians with irrigation as it flooded annually. Floodwaters would begin to slowly rise in early June, gradually covering the whole of the broad farmland, which would remain under water for fourth to six weeks to a depth of three to five feet. The grain was sown as the waters receded between October and November. Crops then grew and ripened over the wintertime and were harvested in March or April. Thus, the artefact provides historians with a good understanding of the importance of the Nile...
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...Table of Contents Section A – Ancient India Timeline of History The Importance of the Gupta Dynasty The Importance of the Mughal Dynasty The Taj Mahal and its Importance The Importance of the Ganges River The Caste System Section B – Contributions from India to Trinidad and Tobago Why did the Indians come to Trinidad How did they come to Trinidad The Legacies they left behind Timeline of History 400 BC Gautama 'Buddha' founds Buddhism 333 BC Persian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great. Alexander had established the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire. 326 BC Ambhi, king of Taxila surrenders to Alexander. Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. 321 BC Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire. Mauryan capital city is Patliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar) 305 BC Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire. 304 BC Seleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers to marry his daughter to Chandragupta to seal their friendship. 273 BC Ashoka the Great, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Mauryan Empire. 266 BC Ashoka conquers and unifies most of South Asia, along with Afghanistan and eastern Iran...
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...WORLD ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Assignment I – CIA 1- 2013 is the International Year of water cooperation. Discuss the socio-political significance of water cooperation in India. INTRODUCTION “Water is a key foundation, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. It is a common denominator of the leading global challenges of our time - energy, food, health, peace and security. Water management can reduce the risk of disasters, such as droughts and floods. With trans boundary river basins and aquifer systems representing almost half the earth's surface, water cooperation is vital for peace.” - Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director-General. The fulfillment of basic human needs, our environment, socio-economic development and poverty reduction are all heavily dependent on water. Good management of water is especially challenging due to some of its unique characteristics: it is unevenly distributed in time and space, the hydrological cycle is highly complex and perturbations have multiple effects. Rapid urbanization, pollution and climate change threaten the resource while demands for water are increasing in order to satisfy the needs of a growing world population, now at over seven billion people, for food production, energy, industrial and domestic uses. Water is a shared resource and its management needs to take into account a wide variety of conflicting interests. This provides opportunities for cooperation among users at all levels. Water, a vital resource unlike any other knows...
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