...The 1920s are a time known for cockamaime parties, flappers, and roaring jazz music. Although the decade seems like a collection of rowdy social festivities, grander complications lied at the surface. Author and Harvard American History professor, Joshua Zeitz underlines the conjuncture between innovation and tradition in his essay The Roaring Twenties. Although major religious conflicts erupted, giving the conservatives a win, the 1920’s were a decade of liberalism because of backlash from government control and advancements in media A major disagreement between church and education was the John Scopes trial (aka the monkey trial.) In 1925, the Butler Act was passed to end the teaching of anything that goes against biblical teachings. That same year, John Scopes was challenged by peers to violate the anti-evolution law and teach Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution to his class. A Duke University Article, by Christopher Armstrong and Grant Wacker, entitled The Scopes Trial states that “Resistance grew especially acute when such conservatives saw their sons and daughters going off to college and, faced with teachings that contradicted their parents' beliefs, seemed to lose their faith entirely.” This reveals the parent’s conservative fears of a radically different America where there would be diversity amongst religions. Adding on to conservative victory, Zeitz claims that the conservatives were nowhere near close to being beat. Zeits states in his essay that after their court...
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...The United States went through a massive change in nearly all aspects of life. The invention of the car, radio, and television gave even the most remote rural farm woman access to the outside world. This exposure changed the way America functioned. People in the United States no longer had limited access to information, and products and changed the way advertisements were created. Advertisements from 1920 unto 1959 changed dramatically in the way women were portrayed and how they were attempting to influence women to buy their products. The first major change in advertisement was in the way women were pictured. In the 1920’s it was the era of the flapper and the dresses got shorter and revealed more skin. The advertisements also changed in...
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...time and change was evident. The roaring twenties brought social change for women and youths, while, new technology helped to create a new economic boom. However, the change in politics would unite Americans that was looking for positive changes. Even though most Americans felt modernism was best for America they were meet with opposition from the traditionalist. The roaring twenties opened the door for women who began to enter the work force, gained the right to vote, and a freer lifestyle. In 1920 the 19th amendment passed which grants suffrage to women. Other social changes for women included the way they thought, dressed, and danced. Women began to wear shorter hair, shorter dresses, and some were known as flappers. Whereas, women had many social changes so did the younger generation (U.S History, Para 1). Moreover, the roaring twenties brought tremendous change to society as a whole. With the emergence of modern radio programs and motion pictures they entertained and influence the younger generation. As the new generation began to change there was a clash of values. Values changed from traditional to modern. As more motion pictures were made that depicted a more modern dress, thoughts, and style the younger generation formulated their style to match. Furthermore, while some Americans wanted to modernize others wanted to stay traditional, and the roaring twenties had a division of modernism and traditionalism. One way the traditionalist fought back was prohibition. Congress...
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...How far were the policies of the Republican Party the main reason for America’s economic success in the 1920’s [50 marks] Although America remained neutral and did not join World War One until 1917, they were already increasing their country’s profits by selling goods such as: weapons, food, equipment and other ammunition to both sides of the war. During World War One, as well as selling goods, America became ‘the banker’ to the rest of the world: loaning countries money at a very high interest. According to the First World War commissions “Britain, France and Italy owed the USA $22 billion plus interest”, this is showing that USA was at a very stable place financially even before the 1920s began. When the war ended Woodrow Wilson put forward his 14 Points which included a League of Nations. The League of Nations’ overall aim was to prevent war from breaking out again. America’s congress at the time decided that it would be best for America in the long run not to join the League of Nations because, congress believed that the USA should not interfere in any European or world affairs. Refusal to join the League of Nations made America an isolationist country. When Warren G. Harding won the presidential election and became president in 1921 a political party called the Republicans took over from the Democrats and the American government. 1920s America was known as the ‘Roaring twenties’ because of the entertainment and the crazes sweeping the country. There were lots of...
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...How far were the policies of the Republican Party the main reason for America’s economic success in the 1920’s [50 marks] Although America remained neutral and did not join World War One until 1917, they were already increasing their country’s profits by selling goods such as: weapons, food, equipment and other ammunition to both sides of the war. During World War One, as well as selling goods, America became ‘the banker’ to the rest of the world: loaning countries money at a very high interest. According to the First World War commissions “Britain, France and Italy owed the USA $22 billion plus interest”, this is showing that USA was at a very stable place financially even before the 1920s began. When the war ended Woodrow Wilson put forward his 14 Points which included a League of Nations. The League of Nations’ overall aim was to prevent war from breaking out again. America’s congress at the time decided that it would be best for America in the long run not to join the League of Nations because, congress believed that the USA should not interfere in any European or world affairs. Refusal to join the League of Nations made America an isolationist country. When Warren G. Harding won the presidential election and became president in 1921 a political party called the Republicans took over from the Democrats and the American government. 1920s America was known as the ‘Roaring twenties’ because of the entertainment and the crazes sweeping the country. There were lots of...
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...view of the Broadway Musical, up to and including Show Boat. Early 1900’s New York City and the operetta was becoming quite popular; a mix of music and drama, it’s influences stretched back as far as Greek theatre and other types of European opera. No doubt at the time it held some sort of retro appeal. In London a similar movement was taking place, more influenced by a vaudevillian styling, it was more comedic; designed specifically for soldiers on leave (the idea was to bolster morale, hence why theatres stayed open during the course of World War One) This style of musical comedy was also characterised by the incorporation of popular song and dance styles. Fast forward to 1920’s/1930’s and, much like the emigration of disco in the 90’s in reverse, these styles combined to form the precursor to the known Musical. The Term ‘Musical’ itself was used in generality to describe the form and, obviously, stuck. This emerging form featured the use of contemporary song styles, primarily Jazz and Rag-Time, Jerome Kern’s incorporation of syncopation and Jazz-like progression into many of his songs. Popular Dance element in any production and thusly, dance bands influenced the traditional pit orchestra; jazz elements again more prominent with the use of muted brass and Jazz style piano. The rising popularity of radio broadcasting was instrumental in the expanding appeal of the musical from 1920’s-40’s. Probably the most important development of this new form was the co-existence...
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...early years of radio, it was dominated by amateur operators and the public generally built their own receivers. This changed as the industry experienced notable growth during the 1920’s and expanded from a “live” medium to include previously recorded works. Radio advertising grew, networks began to form, and the first round of regulation was welcomed in order to establish better frequencies, free speech protections, equality amongst broadcasting stations, and that radio waves were public property (Adams). Fueled by the rapid exploration of technological changes in recording, this growth was able to sustain itself throughout one of the most turbulent times in American history because it provided cheap entertainment. By the mid 1930’s, a period considered to be its Golden Age, a radio could be found in over half of American homes and in over a million cars (Scott, 2008). The 1940’s were plagued with battles in the recording industry as live artists felt threatened by “canned” music and recording disk speeds were not uniform. Eventually, the 45 would become the industry standard for singles and the 331/3 LP would rule in album sales (Dominick, 2013). The growth of radio had built large corporations and therefore the need for regulation reform was acknowledged through the Communications Act of 1934...
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...Americans began moving to northern cities to find employment and a better way of life. The musicians of this era were very influential in renewing the culture and history of the United States. Jazz, race, and class divided Harlem and New York cities. Some historians have said the best way to understand the Harlem Renaissance is by understanding the music (http://historyoftheharlemrenaissance.weebly.com/index.html; www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/Harlem-Renaissance-1920s.html). With the roots of jazz coming from slave songs, it is truly an African-American invention. This newly formed music utilized the dissonant “blue” note. This modification to the to the standard major scale allowed the musician to play the note flat; usually the third, fifth, or seventh note of the scale. Music critic Sidney Finkelstein stated, “It expresses the hope and struggle for freedom, the vitality which enables a people to wrest joy out of misery and to assert the triumph of human beings over the obstacles that would grind them down.” ("MindEdge," 2014) Jazz was the sound of the 1920’s; with the Roaring Twenties, individuality blossomed along with the pure jazz sounds from Harlem. Nightclubs began opening in New York. Many black musicians were employed to perform in these New York nightclubs, but none were allowed admittance (Hilliard, 2014). Per Ted Giogia, “Middle-class and upper-class black families were, at best, ambivalent about embracing vernacular...
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...Assignment Analyze how regionalism and nationalism are related to different modes of listening to the radio in the United States from 1920 to 1980. For long it has been discussed how the radio changed the American people – but this analysis is far too diverse and particular to each individual, since the United States have a wide arrange of ethnicity, religions, races, generations and other remarkable differences between different people. This essay will therefore focus on how the different modes of listening to the radio brought together different nation feelings to society in different timings and places. A Cornell scholar, Benedict Anderson, while reflecting about the emerge of nationalism in one country said one day that it had to be imagined, since all the nation elements and individuals may never meet one another and “yet in the mind of each lives the image of their communion”. The first notable change in general knowledge and feeling about a nation was conceived on the newspaper, that would allow several people to read the same stories about the nation and its people at the same time. The newspaper was the first proof of a country to a regular citizen that through it, would get to know people from distant lands with whom he would share his first sense of non-local community. The importance of the radio wasn’t shadowed by the newspaper’s prior timing. Radio added one more sense to the world of mass communication. The air around the device would tremble with ...
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...Phoenix Material Effects of Mass Media Worksheet Write brief 250-to 300-word answers to each of the following: |Questions |Answers | |What were the major developments in the |In the early 1900’s newspapers was the main form of mass media. Over the years there were | |evolution of mass media during the 20th |many developments in the evolution of mass media in the 20th century. The major | |century? |developments were the radio, television, and the internet. Radio came along in the early | | |decades of the 20th century. They were considered to less expensive than telephones and by| | |the 1920’s it was likely that most homes had a radio. Radio did something that newspapers | | |could not do. It allowed many people all over to listen to same thing at the same time. | | |Many people tuned in for updates on the war going on at this time. After radio the next | | |form of mass media was the television. In 1946, about 17,000 televisions existed in the | | |United States; within 7 years, two-thirds of American households owned at least one set. | | ...
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...lovers of all kinds. The phonograph was portable which made it possible for people to listen to all types of music anytime and anywhere. According to Katz (1998), author of Making America More Musical, “today we common people make up the audience. And for all this the talking machine largely has been responsible.” The phonograph was also affordable. In the 1890s, the Edison phonograph could be purchased for $40, however by 1905, Sears was selling the phonograph for a mere $5. The player piano gained popular attention in the early 1900s-1920s, and it still around today. This invention relies on pneumatics (compressed air) or electricity in order to perform. The player piano operates on music that has been pre-programmed within. The pre-programmed music was recorded on perforated paper or in some instances on metallic rolls. One of the first Silvers 2 successful pneumatic piano players was invented by Edwin S. Votey, which was marketed by a company known as the Aeolian Company, however as the piano became more and more...
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...QUESTION 1 CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY The field of Consumer Psychology grew as consumer society grew. An increased interest in understanding consumers was driven by: * Increased production and adoption of consumer goods (ranging from Coca-Cola to household appliances and automobiles) in the 1920’s and 1930’s. * The advent of advertising via radio (1920) and television (1941). After World War II, governments around the world sought to strengthen their economies in part through increased consumer spending, further bolstering interest in this area. The Division of Consumer Psychology of the APA was formed in 1960 to represent psychologists whose interests lie in consumer-related topics. The name was changed in 1988 to The Society for Consumer Psychology. Consumer psychology is a specialty area that studies how our thoughts, beliefs, feelings and perceptions influence how people buy and relate to goods and services. One formal definition of the field describes it as "the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society"." According to the Society for Consumer Psychology, division 23 of the American Psychological Association, consumer psychology "employs theoretical psychological approaches to understanding consumers." This field is often considered a sub-specialty of industrial-organizational...
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...or the Roaring Twenties as the 1920’s has been known to be called; when everybody seemed to have had money to party. The nightmare of the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 was inconceivable right up until it happened. While looking backward in time, when we hear “The Roaring Twenties” we tend to think almost automatically: mobsters, flappers, the Charleston (dance), a nightlife that seemingly was the highlight of the day, and that is what Hollywood would have you believe. Actually Hollywood has its beginnings in the twenties and celebrated the culture. The new fad was a new music form called Jazz; a culture for a new generation, a passion for the young adult, a crossover appeal that rocked the urbanites of America and a passionate people who were not just fascinated by jazz but supported it. Langston Hughes described jazz as, “The music from the trumpet at the Negroes lips is honey mixed with liquid fire.” At first the art form was not accepted by black intellectuals. Most blacks distanced themselves from a music that seems to draw white attention to black culture; criticized and called it folk art. Jazz was born in brothels, performed in speakeasies which were illegal, actually brought together music lovers of all races in some clubs. Jazz went from being played only in New Orleans to becoming a staple of the American airwaves, dance halls, and homes. African Americans seeking to improve their situations began to migrate northward in the 1920s, bringing jazz and blues to northern...
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...The golden era of radio was one that made a long lasting impression on the entire world. It created a wireless connection throughout countries. Radio made its big splash into communications in the 1920’s. “In the early day radio had three patterns to the day, news and commentary, daytime serial drama, and quiz and audience participation programs (Sterling, p. 201).” The golden era of radio created a social revolution along with a shared American culture. “American boys and men connected themselves umbilically by headphones to a small black box powered by batteries (Douglas, p.195).” The golden era of radio was actually a cultural and social revolution coming from the power of wireless communication. In many ways the radio was to culture and society what mass production had been to commerce and industry. When public radio was introduced the world began to shrink and geographical and social boundaries began to disappear, in short the seeds of globalization were sown. Cultural integration occurred and the information age began. However, such revolutionary takeover did not occur overnight, public radio had to stray from military influence, fight a war with print media, fight FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulations, find sources of finance, then remove itself from the control of advertisers and finally triumph with instant news reporting during World War II. “The Broadcasting House, considered by Germany a military target, was bombed several times, and destroyed the...
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...|too 500 pages an hour. By the start of the evolution of mass media in the 20th century, | | |most printing presses could produce up to 3,000 pages an hour. The media age may have been| | |very well started by the telegraph in 1837, but the mass media age did not boom till the | | |radio was found in homes across the country in the 1920’s. Radios were easily obtainable | | |by most Americans and were even less expensive than phones at the time. Radios were so | | |largely popular at the time that a broad cast could reach the ears of more than 20 million| | |listeners. The radio was the most popular form of mass media until the mid 1950’s. The | | |next big jump in the evolution of mass media was the television. Televisions were rare in | | |the late 1940’s. Only 17000 on average could be found in America, but then by the mid | |...
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