...(2008). Computation as grammaticalisation. Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/dept/linguistics/newsletter/v4/kadvany-abstract.html Kiparsky, P. (1994). Paninian linguistics. Retrieved from https://web.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/encycl.pdf Lyon, J. (1968). Comparative philology. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Retrieved from http://books.google.com Meera S. Sashital. (2015). Panini, the great grammarian. Retrieved from http://www.freepressjournal.in/panini-the-great-grammarian/608077 Panini. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.indianscriptures.com/gurus/rushi-scientists/panini Robertson, E.F. & O’Connor J.J. (2000). Panini. Retrieved from http://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Panini.html Rocher, R. (2014). Discovery of Sanskrit by Europeans. In E.F.K. Koerner & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Concise history of the language sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists (pp. 188-191). Retrieved from http://books.google.com Rogers, D.E. (1987). The influence of Panini on Leonard Bloomfield. Historiographia Linguistica, 14(1), pp. 89-138. doi: 10.1075/hl.14.1-2.11rog Wheeler, L.K. (2016). The Sanskrit connection: Keeping up with the Joneses. Retrieved from...
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...When discussing the ethics of consumerism, it is important to develop an- in depth understanding of the history of the subject before having the discussion of the moralistic opinions about. The video The Story of Stuff provided the background necessary to understand the reasons why there are so many issues with consumerism. The argument in the video is that the United States has become a consumerist society since the early 1900’s. A consumerist society is defined as one directed largely by the accumulation and consumption of material goods (O’Shaughnessy and O’Shaughnessy, 2002). This consumerism was said to have peaked during the 1950’s when it is said that happiness and contentment with life was at its greatest. Today, things have changed significantly. The adoption of modern marketing practices has led to the emergence of consumerist societies in the swelling middle classes (Chan and Cui, 2004). On one hand, this means that more people are earning enough money to spend. However, the increase in the spending power of the middle class had led to greater demand for consumer goods and thus the resources that are used to make them. The video discussed how much marketing has played a role in the way that people advocate for consumerism. Those who advocate against consumerism stated that social progress and economic development have caused contemporary marketing practice to contribute to a consumerist or materialistic society. The main issue with consumerism seems to be...
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...Living Beyond Your Means 4. Antecedents To The Unhealthy Consumption Pillars 4.1. Intrinsic/Personal Influences 4.1.1. Personality Characteristics: 4.1.1.1. 4.1.1.2. 4.1.1.3. Self-Monitoring Personality Trait Innovativeness, Fashion Orientation And Opinion Leadership Ethical orientation 4.1.2. Psychological characteristics 4.1.2.1. 4.1.2.2. 4.1.2.3. 4.1.2.4. Co-morbidity and the Joint cycle of compulsive consumption Obsessive thoughts and Risk Taking Propensity Low self esteem Dealing with Negative Emotions and life challenges 4.2. Societal Influences: "Keeping Up With The Joneses" 2 5. The Role Of Marketing In The Consumption Culture 5.1. Marketing And Materialism 5.2. Marketing, Capitalism and Democracy 5.3. Marketing Creates False Wants 5.4. Marketing Raises Expectations 5.5. Marketing Ethics And Advertising 5.6. Consumer Perceptions Of The Role Of Marketing: Case Studies 6. Research Gap 7. Research Question/...
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...Consumer Traits and Behaviors Paper Dorothy Mullan, Stephanie Marsh, Sean Phillps, Tony Singleton and Debbie Banks August 18, 2013 PSY/322 Psychology and Research Chancy Marsh IV We define consumer behavior as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs” (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2012). Each consumer has individual needs that the markets try to appeal to. Why do consumers buy, when do they buy, where do they buy it and how often are questions that are continually asked. Food, Clothing and shelter are necessary items that consumers need, but markets want to induce consumers into feeling that their products will satisfy their needs. “The key to a company’s survival, profitability, and growth in a highly competitive marketplace is its ability to identify and satisfy unfulfilled consumer needs better and sooner than the competition” (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2012). Each consumer has unique traits and behaviors we will be discussing in the following paragraphs Within the decision-making process there are two major parts psychological and social processes. Three examples of psychological process are, motivation that is a driving force within a person that influences them to take action. This driving force is a tense feel within the person because...
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...Abstract Businesses must always market their products and services to those they think will purchase them. But do one’s social characteristics such as their social class, gender, race, or age affect how businesses market to them? How does targeted marketing affect consumer consumption? The purpose of this paper is to introduce the field of conspicuous consumption and how certain social characteristics influences buying behavior and how businesses target consumers based on these differences. Social Characteristics, Business and Consuming How do social characteristics such as race, gender and class impact businesses? How do these social characteristics influence consumer choice? Businesses are a part of society so it makes sense that that one can influence the other. Businesses market to their key demographic all the time in order to specifically cater their products or services to their intended customer base but there is a relatively new phenomenon that shows some individuals in a lower socioeconomic class artificially try to portray themselves as being in a higher class than they really are. This type of “show boating” of certain status symbols can influence a business and their decision to expand their marketing efforts to groups outside their originally intended customer base. This phenomenon is called “conspicuous consumption” and is defined by Patsiaouras and Fitchett (2012, p. 154) as the “competitive and extravagant consumption practices and leisure...
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...Replicas and Forgeries Chris Rohr Western Governors University Replicas and Forgeries Fakes, forgeries and replicas have been created for centuries. Determining the difference between them has been an issue of growing importance. Hundreds of books have been written on the subject and there are professions and organizations built around determining the true nature of an object. For the purposes of this paper and object may be a work of art, a document or an artifact. A replica is a copy of an original object that is not presented as the original. The replica is not considered the original even if it is made of the same materials and constructed in the same fashion as the original object. A forgery or a fake is a copy of an object that is represented as the original object. The forgery or a fake is not considered the original even if it is made of the same materials and constructed in the same fashion as the original object. According to some experts determining the authenticity and originality of an object is becoming more and difficult “...we have become so immersed in the world of mediated representations that we can no longer tell the difference between authentic and the artificial” (Knight & Long, 2004, p. 2). The differences which separate replicas from forgeries or fakes are deception in representing the object, altering the value of the object and the intent in the creation of the object. The intent to deceive the true representative nature of an object is...
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...When guests became migrants and workers pensioners Term paper for “International Culture Management” Winter Semester 2012 Introduction This paper is divided into three parts. The first section of the paper reports about the personal experience of different cultural backgrounds from the perspective of turkish and German people. It refers to the different cognition of both parties during the first migration wave. Further it deals with the issues of integration into German society and the failure which caused isolation into turkish community districts like Koeln-Mühlheim. Today, Turks represent about 4-5% of Germany’s total population. What does the word “guest workers” exactly mean? A guest worker is defined as “An individual with special permission to work on a temporary basis in another country when a shortage of labor is an issue” (Business dictionary, 2012). Everything started when the recruiting agreement was signed on the 31th of October in 1961 by Turkey and Germany. By this time, Germany faced the highest demand on labour in history. The ”economic miracle”, the rapid reconstruction and development of the economy of West Germany after World War II, lead to the highest demand on the labour market in german history. To the same time Turkey suffered under mass unemployment and a constant growth in population. The recruiting agreement between Turkey and Germany was the start for a large-scale immigration of guestworkers. The requirements for acceptance...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRICING TO HABITS AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE Morten Ravn Stephanie Schmitt-Grohe Martin Uribe Working Paper 12731 http://www.nber.org/papers/w12731 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2006 The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2006 by Morten Ravn, Stephanie Schmitt-Grohe, and Martin Uribe. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Pricing to Habits and the Law of One Price Morten Ravn, Stephanie Schmitt-Grohe, and Martin Uribe NBER Working Paper No. 12731 December 2006 JEL No. E3,F4 ABSTRACT This paper proposes a novel international transmission mechanism based on the assumption of deep habits. The term deep habits stands for a preference specification according to which consumers form habits on a good-by-good basis. Under deep habits, firms face more elastic demand functions in markets where nonhabitual demand is high relative to habitual demand, creating an incentive to price discriminate. We refer to this type of price discrimination as pricing to habits. In the presence of pricing to habits, innovations to domestic aggregate demand induce a decline in markups in the domestic country but not abroad, leading to a departure from the law of...
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...THE RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY EDUCATION PRINCIPLES IN THE FORMULATION OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION POLICY BOAZ Paper presented at the Fourth International Special Education Congress, Birmingham, 10-13 April 1995 University of Manchester School of Education April 1995 THE RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY EDUCATION PRINCIPLES IN THE FORMULATION OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION POLICY Joseph Kisanji INTRODUCTION The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education adopted at the World Conference on Special Needs Education in June 1994 reaffirmed commitment of the world community to “Education for All” and urged governments to “give the highest policy and budgetary priority to improve their education systems to enable them to include all children regardless of individual differences and difficulties”. The United Nations (1994) in its “Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities” urges Member States in Rule Number 6 to ensure special needs education “is an integral part of the education system”. These statements in support of the “Education for All” campaign which was given the blessing of the international community at the 1990 Jomtien Conference provide broad guidelines for national and local action. However, national governments have to unpack the guidelines to make "Education for All" a...
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...17.3.2011 ABSTRACT The purpose of this analysis is to determine some of the primary issues concerning the influence of the media and technology in post-modern American society. We know that the media is a prevalent and powerful force in contemporary society and that technology has infiltrated the everyday lives of most Americans. In this analysis I will examine the impacts of media and technological saturation through an exploration of my own media usage habits. After a 72-hour period in which I will not use my media/technological electronics, I will define what I see as the prevalent issues surrounding present-day American reliance on media and technology as a source of information, as well as a method of understanding the world. Included is a discussion of the conflict theory and its perception of the ways in which the bourgeoisie and elite politicians control and oppress the proletariat through utilization of media and technology as well as a brief overview of the class-dominance theory of the social media. I will explore some of the methods by which this is done, as well as investigate some of the impacts that the media/technology have on the public, especially Narcotizing Dysfunction. I will explain in detail precisely how the media shape and influence people and society, and I will address the controversial use of electronic devices as communication tools, particularly their overuse. I shall discuss the possibility that these kinds of technologies are addictive...
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...Does the "New Economy" Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past? Robert J. Gordon Stanley G. Harris Professor in the Social Sciences, Northwestern University Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research April 28, 2000 draft of a paper for the Journal of Economic Perspectives _____________________ This research is supported by the National Science Foundation. I have benefitted from discussions on these topics with many people, especially Erik Brynjolfsson, Joel Mokyr, Jack Triplett, and the late Zvi Griliches. "The invention of the semiconductor transistor set in motion a technological revolution that is arguably even more impressive and pervasive than that of the Great Industrial Revolution of the last century." -- Flamm (1997, p. 1) "The chip has transformed us at least as pervasively as the internal-combustion engine or electric motor" -- Fortune magazine, June 8, 1998, pp. 86-87. The miracle of U. S. economic performance in the late 1990s was a source of pride at home, of envy abroad, and of puzzlement among economists and policymakers. 1 The Federal Reserve presided over rates of output growth believed only a few years earlier to be unachievable even for a few quarters, much less over the four glowing years 1996-99. As the unemployment rate inched ever lower, the Fed reacted with benign neglect, so that early in the year 2000 short-term interest rates were no higher than they had been five years earlier and long-term interest rates were considerably...
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...THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LVI, NO. 4 • AUGUST 2001 Investor Psychology and Asset Pricing DAVID HIRSHLEIFER* ABSTRACT The basic paradigm of asset pricing is in vibrant f lux. The purely rational approach is being subsumed by a broader approach based upon the psychology of investors. In this approach, security expected returns are determined by both risk and misvaluation. This survey sketches a framework for understanding decision biases, evaluates the a priori arguments and the capital market evidence bearing on the importance of investor psychology for security prices, and reviews recent models. The best plan is . . . to profit by the folly of others. — Pliny the Elder, from John Bartlett, comp. Familiar Quotations, 9th ed. 1901. IN THE MUDDLED DAYS BEFORE THE RISE of modern finance, some otherwisereputable economists, such as Adam Smith, Irving Fisher, John Maynard Keynes, and Harry Markowitz, thought that individual psychology affects prices.1 What if the creators of asset-pricing theory had followed this thread? Picture a school of sociologists at the University of Chicago proposing the Deficient Markets Hypothesis: that prices inaccurately ref lect all available information. A brilliant Stanford psychologist, call him Bill Blunte, invents the Deranged Anticipation and Perception Model ~or DAPM!, in which proxies for market misvaluation are used to predict security returns. Imagine the euphoria when researchers discovered that these mispricing proxies...
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...Credit Cards, Excess Debt, and the Time Value of Money: The Parable of the Debt Banana Timothy Falcon Crack and Helen Roberts University of Otago, New Zealand The parable of the debt banana is an analogy between the accumulation of excess personal debt and the accumulation of excess body weight. We created this parable to grab student attention and to then serve as a springboard for discussion of personal debt, time value of money mathematics, the mechanics of credit cards, personal bankruptcy, moral hazard, ethics, and credit card reform. A follow-up survey in a large class (453 students; 84% response rate) showed that 92% of students seeing the parable alongside the underlying finance principles said that it grabbed their attention more than if the underlying finance principles alone were presented, and 87% of students said it made an impression upon them that will make them more careful in their future credit card spending habits. We provide worked examples of credit card use as well as a spreadsheet that lets readers explore these examples and perform sensitivity analysis. INTRODUCTION The parable of the debt banana is an analogy between the accumulation of excess personal debt and the accumulation of excess body weight. We created and presented our parable in a compulsory Finance 101 course taken by all business majors. Most students had little or no exposure to the world of finance and many had poor mathematical skills. Both their lack of financial...
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...[pic] MONEY Income – доход Earned income – заработок Unearned income – рента, нетрудовые доходы Private income – частные доходы To live on one’s income – жить на свои средства To live within/ up to one’s income – жить по средствам Exceed/ live beyond one’s income - жить по средствам Income tax – подоходный налог Salary – оклад, зарплата To gross (coll) – we grossed 1,000$ - мы получили общую прибыль в … Payment – оплата, платеж, уплата Overtime payment – плата за сверхурочную работу He made a cash payment of 50$ - он уплатил наличными 50$ Pay – плата, зарплата, жалование; платить A pay cut – снижение зарплаты A pay increase – повышение зарплаты On half pay – на полставки They are paid by the hour - они получают почасовую оплату He paid his way through college – он сам зарабатывал себе на обучение To pay off one’s debts – рассчитываться с долгами Pay-day – день зарплаты Bonus – премия, премиальные A bonus job – работа с премиальным вознаграждением Royalties – авторский гонорар, отчисления автору пьесы Wages – заработная плата He gets good wages - он хорошо зарабатывает A living wages – прожиточный минимум Tips – деньги на «чай» Commission – комиссионные Basic earnings – основной доход, заработок Extras – дополнительный доход College grant - стипендия Scholarship - стипендия Child benefit – детское пособие Maternity benefit – пособие по беременности и родам Pension - пенсия Dole money...
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...Pablo Fernandez IESE Business School, University of Navarra Ch 12 Equity Premium: Historical, Expected, Required and Implied Equity Premium: Historical, Expected, Required and Implied Pablo Fernandez Professor of Finance. IESE Business School, University of Navarra Camino del Cerro del Aguila 3. 28023 Madrid, Spain e-mail: fernandezpa@iese.edu January 29, 2013 The equity premium designates four different concepts: Historical Equity Premium (HEP); Expected Equity Premium (EEP); Required Equity Premium (REP); and Implied Equity Premium (IEP). We highlight the confusing message in the literature regarding the equity premium and its evolution. The confusion arises from not distinguishing among the four concepts and from not recognizing that although the HEP is equal for all investors, the REP, the EEP and the IEP differ for different investors. A unique IEP requires assuming homogeneous expectations for the expected growth (g), but we show that there are several pairs (IEP, g) that satisfy current prices. We claim that different investors have different REPs and that it is impossible to determine the REP for the market as a whole, because it does not exist. We also investigate the relationship between (IEP – g) and the risk free rate. There is a kind of schizophrenic approach to valuation: while all authors admit different expectations of equity cash flows, most authors look for a unique discount rate. It seems as if the expectations of equity cash flows are formed in a...
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