...David Hrobochak Biology 1740 Kirstin Purcell Common Book Assignment 2 The reasons you can get more proteins from the genes are because each gene is individual, and each protein has a different function. Some proteins are responsible for structural support while others are responsible for defense against germs; others are involved in bodily movement. There are 4 levels of protein structure. The first is primary, which is the sequence of amino acids that make up protein. Different proteins will have different sequences of amino acids. Secondary structures are the coils or folds in the helix due to hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structures are just further folding of the polypeptide and quaternary structures are 2 or more polypeptide units folding together. The folding of all these amino acids causes the multiplication of proteins. I agree that nature plays a part of our development. Look at the scientific theory of evolution. Are we really descendents of apes? From a scientific perspective this is conceivable. The outbreak of Malaria is tolerated in most countries, but in Africa it is a widespread pandemic. This is an example of genetic variation. I believe 100 percent of us are genetic. We are created through genetic variation and the inheritance of variation. Natural selection is how we can cope with environmental changes. This is why certain individuals can deal with extreme temperatures better than others. The ability for each individual to go longer without water during times...
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...differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic have major differences such as the eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and some organelles that prokaryotic cells don’t have. Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus and they are only found in single celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria and prokaryotic cells don’t. If eukaryotic people did not have mitochondria than the organs in our bodies wouldn’t function properly because they aren’t receiving what they are supposed to from the mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells don’t have a cytoskeleton and eukaryotic cells do. Without the cytoskeleton we or the cells wouldn’t be able to survive because the structure of the cells would be messed up and it wouldn’t be able to perform any type of work or transport anything, and if it doesn’t transport things to other organelles the cell will die. Since the prokaryotic cell has no nucleus the DNA is not surrounded by a membrane like in the...
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...agree viruses aren’t living, but are complex organisms. Viruses are incapable of sustainment without help, therefore they are non-living. Viruses aren’t bacteria or cells. Viruses are just a string of genes protected by a layer of protein. Bacteria are classified as living things, while viruses are not. Viruses are so small, even most bacteria cannot see them. It would take an electron microscope for humans to see them. Viruses are also not classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, since they lack necessary organelles. They also are not made out of cells or many cell parts.“-viruses today are thought of as being in a gray area between living and nonliving: they cannot replicate on their own but can do so in truly living cells and can also affect the behavior of their hosts profoundly.” According to scientificamerican.com Therefore, it’s troubling to classify viruses as alive, and scientists may have to revise Cell Theory and the Animal...
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...fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...observed and that changes in response to the independent variable, and the control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for the on independent variable; 4 Observation and analysis of data, the data the scientist make detailed records of experimental observation, gathering information. 4. What is life? Life is cellular. 5. What are the characteristic of the living things? Living things are made of cells. Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. Living things respond to their environment. Living things adapt to their environment. 6. What are the three points of the cell theory states? All living thing are made up of cell, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells. 7. What are the two kinds of cells? Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 8. Look at the chard: Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Nucleus They have DNA Inside the nucleus Inside their cytoplasm Organelles They have Side 1-5µ 10- 100µ Cell Wall Only on the plants cells 9. What are the types of the biomolecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Protein . 10....
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...Characteristics of Living Organisms In order to identify living organisms, scientists listed 7 characteristics which all living organisms have: 1. Nutrition: Taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials and energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them. 2. Excretion: Removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess. 3. Respiration: Chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. 4. Sensitivity: The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment and to make responses. 5. Reproduction: Progresses that make more of the same kind of organism. 6. Growth: The permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in number of cells, cell size, or both. 7. Movement: An action by an organism or part of an organism that changes position or place. The seven characteristics could be memorized by the term “Mrs. Gren”. Definitions: Metabolism: Chemical reactions taking place in cells. Stimuli: Changes in the environment which organisms response to. Characteristics of living things There are seven activities which make organisms different from non-living things. These are the seven characteristics of living organisms. 1. Nutrition Living things take in materials from their surroundings that they use for growth or to provide energy. Nutrition is the process by which organisms...
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...ability to reproduce and evolve within truly ‘living’ cells. As a result the scientific community have been unable to determine whether a virus is a form of life or an organic structure that interacts with living organisms (Villarreal, 2004). Scientist also struggled with the concept of the term ‘living’, and what it may entail scientifically. Viruses are built from nuclear acids that come together to form either DNA or RNA molecules, which carries their genetic information (Reynolds, 2003). In addition to this, viruses are also built from proteins which form a protein coat to protect this genetic information (Reynolds, 2003). Viruses are non-cellular parasites that can infect all life i.e. bacteria, plants, fungi and animals (Ladiges, 2010). As a singular agent viruses are known as a viron (Witzany, 2012). Virons cannot replicate outside of a living cell, but can do so in living cells, which, as a result, affects the behaviour and health of the hosts profoundly (Reynolds, 2003). When a viron enters a cell it disassembles its structure, in order to release its own genetic information into the host (Ladiges, 2010). It takes over from the host own genes, and uses the cell’s own metabolic system to produce a range of viral proteins, which also may infect other cells (Ladiges, 2010). They also prevent the cell from producing and copying any of its own genetic material, this stops the cell sending out signals to warn neighbouring cells or...
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...Normal cell division meiosis and gamete production via meiosis. Explain why the process of mitosis and meiosis are both important to a living organism. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? What would happen if meiosis did not occur? Mitosis is the cell process of growth and division whereas meiosis is the process of developing reproductive cells. The sperm and egg are critical components for almost all living organisms. Every living organism begins with one cell that came from our father’s sperm fertilizing our mother’s egg. This beginning cell then divided by mitosis into two cells (called daughter cells) which then grow and divided into four cells. Mitosis continues through when we were born and continues again until we “fully” grown. Mitosis occurs regularly to replace old dead skin cells. “Mitosis has five stages which include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, which constitute the period in which the cell makes preparations for cell division.” (Sparknotes, 2009) Meiosis is a special form that is similar to mitosis. Meiosis occurs only in a special arrangement of our cells to create eggs and sperm. In meiosis, one cell is divided twice in a row to form four daughter cells from one cell. The divided cells are then tailored to become eggs or sperm. If meiosis did not occur there would be an elimination of reproduction and all living organism would die. Life would not exist as we know it today. Mitosis...
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...Characteristics of Living Things Objective: 1. Identify the characteristics of living things. 1. Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest. On the chemical level: atoms make up elements. Each element has a specific number of electrons that orbit the nucleus. In the center of the element, the nucleus has protons and neutrons. The number of protons in an element is always equal to the number the electrons. The number of neutrons may vary to make isotopes of that element. Elements come together to give up, accept or equally share electrons to make molecules. The smallest part of an organism is a cell. Some single-celled organisms are free-living and contain structures, called organelles that allow them to be self-sufficient. More complex organisms are multicellular. In the case of a human, cells are organized into tissues. These have a common function like a muscle. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart. Organs are organized into organ systems, like the cardiovascular system. Organ systems functioning together make up a living organism. A population is an organization of more than one individual. This is generally all of one species in a particular area. We could talk about the population of squirrels in our area or dogs or cats. Enlarging our view, next comes a community. An example of a community is the town or place we live. A more accurate biological description would include all the living things in that area. A community is composed...
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...What Is a Living Thing? Living things are systems or organisms that tend to respond to changes in their environment and inside themselves, in such a way as to promote their own continuation and longevity. These are the ones that have the ability to breathe or respire, can move or navigate and consequently have the ability to multiply. These living things include human beings, plants, insects, animals among others. A living thing is defined as using all of these qualities: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Only living things, and all living things, have these functions. A living thing is any organism that displays all the characteristics of life. These include being able to grow and use energy. They must also consist of at least one cell. You can find more information here: Theme #1 - Cells All living things are composed of one or more cells. Different types of cells have different "jobs" within the organism. Each life form begins from one cell, which then will split. These cells split, and so on. After this has happened several times, differentiation is undergone, when the cells change so that they are not the same thing anymore. Then they are used to begin to put together the final organism, some cells, for example, as the eyes, some as the heart, etc. The only arguable exception to this is viruses. They are not composed of cells, but are said to be "living." Theme#2 - Organization Complex organization patterns...
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...The World of the Cell Seventh Edition Wayne M. Becker Lewis J. Kleinsmith Jeff Hardin Gregory Paul Bertoni Chapter 1 A Preview of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 1--Cell The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms The smallest structure capable of performing the essential functions characteristic of life The study of cells •Began with the invention of microscopes in the 17th century •Using a microscope to look at cork, Robert Hooke described little box-like compartments and named them cellulae (little rooms) in 1665 (Micrographia) •Actually, the cellulae were dead plant cells •Limited by the microscope resolution Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Developed superior lenses that had 10-fold better resolution than Hooke’s. Looked at algae, protists, minerals, fossils, animals using a microscope. First to describe bacteria: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, "an unbelievably great there wereof living that in the said matter company many very animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. any Ibiggest sort. . . up to this time. The The had ever seen had a very strong and biggest sort. .and shot through into water (or swift motion, . bent their body the curves in going forwards. . . does through the water. The spittle) like a pike Moreover, the other animalcules were in suchspun round numbers, second sort. . . oft-times enormous like a top. that allthese were.far more in number...
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...Differentiate Living things from non-living things according to: Organization All living organisms have a definite shape and size as well as physical and chemical composition inherited from their parents. This is possible because of a high degree of organization. The molecules of which an organism is made up are organized into cells, which in turn are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems making the whole individual. This kind of complex organization is not found in non-living things. Metabolism Green plants obtain their nourishment from the environment in the form of water, carbon dioxide, and certain minerals which are utilized to synthesize carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are in turn broken down during respiration and the energy thus released is used to synthesize other organic compounds like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. which make up the body. Animals, bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, obtain nourishment in the form of organic compounds and utilize them to synthesize compounds they need. Such reactions do not occur in non-living objects. Growth and Development Living organisms often arise from a single cell which divides and re-divides to form a large number of cells that differentiate into the various organs of the body. These kind of phenomena are not known in the non-living world. Reproduction Living organisms, unlike non-living, are universally recognized by their capacity to multiply their own types by means of asexual or...
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...MICHAEL AWUAH DENKYIRAH BIO/101-PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY NOVEMBER 16TH, 2013. JEBA INBARASU 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. Answer: The scientific method is the best way yet discovered for distinguioshing the truth from lies and delusions. The scientific method is just a list of steps that one needs to follow when solving a problem. The procedures for scientific methods are: a. Questions and Observation: One must observe some aspect of the universe and ask questions about it. Do research about the observation. b. Experiment and Evidence: Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis that is consistent with what you have observed .Use the hypothesis to make guesses or predictions .Test those predictions by experiments or further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results. c. Analyzing the date and draw conclusions from the experiments d. Publishing our final results into journals or a display board for other professionals to examine our scientific work. When consistency is obtained the hypothesis becomes a theory and provides a...
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...plant cells, they use photosynthesis Mitochondrion are found in both, the use chemicals to breakdown food and convert it into usable compounds They both convert things into energy Cell wall vs plasma membrane: Cell wall is only found in plants, it is rigid and protects the plant cell Cell membrane are in. Oth,bit is semipermeable and flexible Both protect cell and both regulate what goes in and out of the cell Rough vs smooth er: Rough er is speckled with ribosomes and assembles proteins Smooth er makes lipids, detoxifies drugs and makes membranes Both transport and produce domppunds important to the cell Cytosol vs cytoplasm: Cytosol is only the liquid part of the cytoplasm Cytoplasm includes cytosol but is also the organelles and dissolved nutrients They are both part of the cytoplasm and both are the liquid part Nucleus vs. nucleolus: Nucleolus does not contain DNA or chromosomes and only makes ribosomes Nucleus contains the nucleolus and the DNA also gives instructions to the cell Both part of the nucleus Lysosomes vs food vacuoles: Lysosomes breakdown food and unusable organelles Food vacuoles store food before the lysosomes start to break it down Both do something with food Cytoskeleton vs micro tubules: Micro tubules are the hollow like structures that are part of the cytoskeleton, they are important for cell division The cytoskeleton as a whole supports the cells structure and holds the organelles in place helps move cell and parts...
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...Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1683) Invent a primitive microscope (magnification = 266 x) Looked at everything from rainwater to tears saw swimming living cells (microbes) He called as “animalcules” MICROSCOPE INVENTORS Robert Hooke (1665) See non-living particles invents the term “cell” after viewing slices of cork through a very primitive microscope MICROSCOPE INVENTORS The discovery and early study of cells progressed with the invention and improvement of microscopes in the 17th century Light microscopy LIGHT MICROSCOPE Compound or light microscope Visible light rays passes through specimens and uses glass lenses to view objects Different magnification of objective lense range from 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x The lenses refract light such that the image is magnified into the eye LIGHT MICROSCOPE Magnification Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image to its real size. Resolving power is a measure of image clarity. It is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still viewed as two separate points. Resolution is limited by the wavelength of the source, in this case light. LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light microscopes can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen At higher magnifications, the image blurs. Light microscope can resolve individual cells, it cannot resolve much of the internal anatomy, especially the organelles. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE To resolve smaller structures we use an electron...
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