...impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers.” The concept of freedom of the press is often covered by the same laws as freedom of speech, thereby giving equal treatment to media and individuals. This philosophy of freedom is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES BANK SUPERVISION AND CORPORATE FINANCE Thorsten Beck Asli Demirgüç-Kunt Ross Levine Working Paper 9620 http://www.nber.org/papers/w9620 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 April 2003 This paper’s findings, interpretations, and conclusions are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. We thank J. Boyd, G. Caprio, C. Schenone, seminar participants at the University of Minnesota and the Banco Central de Chile for helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. ©2003 by Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and Ross Levine. All rights reserved. Short sections of text not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit including ©notice, is given to the source. Bank Supervision and Corporate Finance Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and Ross Levine NBER Working Paper No. 9620 April 2003 JEL No. G3, L51, O16, G21 ABSTRACT We examine the impact of bank supervision on the financing obstacles faced by almost 5,000 corporations across 49 countries. We find that firms in countries with strong official supervisory agencies that directly monitor banks tend to face greater financing obstacles. Moreover, powerful official supervision tends to...
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...Identify the methods used in the regulation and self-regulation of the media in the UK Regulation is a compulsory part of modern media. It sets clear instructions on the content and conduct of things that are being shown to the general public. Self-regulation is when the media are independent from the state in that they regulate their own material, and decide what viewers should see and not see. How is the media regulated? Here in the UK, the government has absolutely no power over what the media publish. From 1990 to 2014, media was regulated by the Press Complaints Commission, which was replaced by the Independent Press Standards Organisation. These bodies are entirely independent from the government. This is one of the messages on the homepage of the IPSO: "IPSO is committed to working with the newspaper and magazine industry to maintain and enhance the freedom and authority of the press through effective, independent regulation." When an independent organisation regulates the media, bias is not so much of an issue as it would be otherwise. Standards are set by the regulating body, and media outlets have the obligation as part of the media, to cooperate and follow them. When a company breaches the standards that have been set, the IPSO will conduct it's own independent investigation into whether the allegation is true. The IPSO works on democracy; the majority of newspapers and other media outlets support it, so therefore there is no resistance to it's successful...
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...that the goal of their communications is always to promote the research, so the focus of message content is often dependent on the topic at hand. The target audiences for most communication efforts are government officials, academics, advocates, stakeholders in topic space, and other interest groups for the issue. The Brookings Institution employs all methods of communication to reach their audiences, including traditional and social media, reaching out to news outlets, and hosting panel and public forum events. The success of their media efforts is measured by social media likes, retweets, shares, and views as well as analytics on the actual website. Brookings uses Google analytics, and their analytic software tools can monitor how many people visit the site, how long they stay on, and even how far they scroll. They also monitor success through media hits, how many articles written are written based on or about their research. I asked Melanie if they had seen any trend in some methods becoming unnecessary...
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...written and defined Web site, is "A woman who pays her own bills, buys her own things, and does not allow a man to affect her stability or self-confidence. She supports herself on her own entirely and is proud to be able to do so." Another depiction of independence is found in Tina Portis' video clip titled the "Deception of the Independent Woman" posted to YouTube in 2010. Portis, an entrepreneur and former single mother, offers her opinion on statistics showing 42% of U.S. black women have never been married and are "independent" because they focus on achievement, often waiting too long to compete for the small number of black men who are equal in status (Johnson, 2010). In the video, she asserts that independent women do not need a pat on the back for doing what grownups are supposed to do: pay their bills, buy houses and cars, etc. She adds that independence discourages relationships as people begin to believe they can do everything alone, so they do not need a mate. Mia Moody, PhD, is a professor of journalism at Baylor University. She is the author of Btack and Mainstream Press' Framing of Raciat Profiling: A Historical Perspective. She teaches courses in public relations, minorities and women in the media and reporting. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank students, Courtney Webb, Jessica Foumena, and Chelsea Quackenbush, for helping me research this important topic. 187 188 ETC • A PRIL 2011 Portis' depiction of...
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...Scotland’s independence Scotland is changing the “norms” by trying to get more leisure to their policies to eventually get more freedom in their state, and, if possible, become totally independent. The question to ask now is, what is England's response to this movement. Will they follow in somewhat of the same tracks, or take another path. I think that England will not follow in the same tracks as Scotland, but I do think that sometime in the near future, Scotland can become independent. On September 19th, scotland had polled a 55%45% vote, (which is not its first time trying to gain independence) keeping its connection and staying with the United Kingdom. In this, scotland wants to have the freedom to be able to create and or change its policies. The main two theories that will be addressed throughout this paper are; structuralism and culturalism. Scotland for many decades has been trying to gain its independence. February 1989 was arguably Scotland's biggest starting point for independence. There was a big outrage on if scotland was an independent country, would it be better off. While the optimistic bunch had thought that it would, it ended up losing a poll, 24% to 76%. In a Scottish poll on television, when the people were asked whether or not they wanted to stay with Europe or break away, the majority of them wanted to stay connected to Europe. But, when the poll asked the same people if they wanted to have an Independent Scotland country within Europe...
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... and intellectual ferment. It was during the mid-19th century (First War of Independence) and the 20th century freedom movement that the Indian newspapers played a powerful and prominent role in questioning the forces of authority, social prejudices and the suppression of personal liberty. During the late 19th and early 20th century, attempts to propagate the ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and freedom were made by political and social leaders. The journals started by them played a historical role in questioning old ideas and practices like casteism, communalism, superstitions, educational backwardness and women’s oppression. Modern rational and scientific ideas, secularism, tolerance, and economic empowerment of the people were propagated in the writings of national leaders. The newspapers, particularly, served in conscientizing literate and educated people about the need for social reforms and political independence. Until 1950, the newspapers no doubt, served in inspiring people of the country towards a change in their thinking about social transformation, economic empowerment and the establishment of a strong foundation for democracy. But in recent decades, a decline in the functioning of the press/media has set in. This paper attempts to present a glimpse of events through which the all types of media have passed. Reference is also made to the recent technological changes in our media world and the serious ethical questions they have raised about media’s performance...
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...For New Zealand’s democracy, the media plays a central role. Ideally, the media’s role is to inform the public with in-depth, accurate information about political decision-making, propose a forum for the exchange of opinions, experiences and perspectives, and act as a watchdog against the misuses of power. From both National to International level, these functions help the public to understand complex social and political issues. The media may act in a democratic role, but their ability to fulfil this role is affectedby many things such as laws protecting freedom of expression. The media had much greater freedom of expression in the 2000s. Though this was limited by a number of laws introduced to protect other rights like The Bill of Rights Act 1990 and the Human Rights Act 1993 had provisions designed to avert discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, age, gender or disability. Legal recognition of the media’s crucial watchdog role is found in the Evidence Act 2006, which banned the media from publishing anyone’s name who were granted name suppression in court. (McQuail, 1992,pg 123) The media is also affected by the media accessing government information. The Official Information Act 1982 is an essential tool for the media. This act allows all official informationto be made available upon request unless there is a genuine reason for withholding it. Journalists have complained that officials and ministers use a range of methods to delay or refuse such releases of information...
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...POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Case Report: Hungary Economic Crisis and a Shift to the Right Angula DiCaprio Business Economic Analysis (BEA910M) 6 August 2012 Contents Executive Summary 3 Problem Identification and Analysis 3 Floating of the Currency (Forint) 3 A shift to the Right 3 Feud with the IMF 4 Crisis Taxes 4 Renationalisation of Pensions 4 Governance 5 Monetary Policy and Central Bank Independence 5 The Media Law 5 Loophole Legislating 5 Statement of Key Problems 5 Hungary had two major problems, namely: 5 Political Climate 6 A Shift to the Right 6 Governance and Legislation 6 Economic Climate 7 Monetary Policy and Central Bank Independency 7 Crisis taxes, renationalisation of pension, and borrowing 7 Generation and Evaluation of a Range of Alternatives 7 Political climate 7 Economic climate 8 Recommendations 8 Implementation 9 Conclusion 9 References 10 Executive Summary Hungary government had gone through economic turmoil during 2008 and 2010 due to numerous political decisions, which were taken against accepted money policies and other economic performance standards. This partly happened because the government ignored the needs of the citizens, especially the minorities as well as the international entities such as Internal Monetary Fund (IMF) and European Union...
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...Judicial independence is concept that judges, in order to make fair decisions should be unaffected by government or any parliamentary pressures. They should be free from any influence from the executive and legislature. Similarly judicial neutrality is the idea that judges must put aside any personal bias in the courtroom and they must conduct themselves in an impartial way inside and outside the court. Judicial neutrality and independence are not only important to make fair and just decisions but they are also crucial to uphold democracy. There are many ways in which judges can be seen to uphold their judicial independence. The very fact that judges are unelected, are not members of political parties thus upholding law not politics and are not trained by the government show that as far as politics is concerned the judges are very much removed. On the other hand although they are not directly involved in politics this does not mean that judges cannot hold political views, in fact most judges tend to hold politically conservative views. Furthermore it is almost impossible for judges to stay out of politics in its broadest sense. Every judgement can be seen as a political statement, this can be seen clearly in the case of Gillick, which showed that it is difficult for them to stay out of politics when they poses the power to make new laws. Politically judges are as far removed as possible, it would be difficult to find any other alternatives without removing judges rights to...
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...and Importance of Media in Pakistan Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. Media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the sense intended. Before discussing the importance and drawbacks of media we should go through the History of Media in Pakistan. Print is the oldest media of mass communication. Newspapers can reach greater masses of public. They allow readers to control exposure. This not only gives us the facts about an event or issue but also explains and interprets them. In 1947, Pakistan inherited a weak press with very little law for controlling and regulating the press. Very few news were published in the newly born Pakistan. In East Pakistan and Baluchistan not a single newspaper was published. The NWFP had two daily papers. Newspapers owned by Muslims came to Pakistan. These include Daily Azad and morning news (shifted to Dhaka), Dawn, jang and anjam (set up in Karachi). After independence, a number of newspapers were published but due to financial constraint and many other reasons, their publication did not continue i.e. Roshni, inqallqb, musalman. There were only three radio stations in Lahore, Peshawar and Dhaka. English press was not so healthy at the time of independence due to educational...
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...Boundaries in the Media “But we do not live in a perfect world. We live in a world where gossip passes for news, and sensationalism passes for journalism” (Bernhardt, Naked Justice). This quote shows that not because the media publishes something does it mean that it is important or relevant to current events since the media manipulates and publishes what it wants for selfish purposes. The media is also a business, and like any business, its goal is to make profits, and sometimes it uses questionable tactics to do it, for instance, publishing inappropriate content, intentionally omitting facts, and including insignificant and irrelevant information. There are situations in which the media publishes obscene, harmful, vulgar, and offensive...
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...Media in Mexican National Identity: The use of Mexican national symbol “La Virgen de Guadalupe” to unite the country. Nowadays, Mexico is facing one of its hardest periods of all times. As the drug war is taking control over the whole country, other major problems such as insecurity, unemployment and poverty are taking part of Mexicans lifestyle. This had lead to a series of internal problems that have caused the population to distrust the government and try to find a solution to all these problems from a different source: faith. Mexico’s national identity has always been recognized as being one of the strongest and most distinguished identities in the world, with a united and rich culture, full of beliefs, memories, history and symbols; Mexican culture was something Mexicans always felt very proud about. But with such problems affecting the country, Mexico needs more than ever maintain this feeling of feeling proud about being Mexicans, to start being positive about things getting better and continue improving in order grow and share their culture they are very proud about. The media is always playing an important role in Mexican’s lifestyle. In this case, we choose to make the example of Mexican Television and how it has played an important role reinforcing national identity with a known Mexican symbol “ The Virgin of Guadalupe”, a symbol that is full of history and which has united Mexicans before. We will analyze the way that the media in Mexico has taken this religious...
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...Law and Media. QUESTIONS: 1.) Discuss how the Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 of the laws of Kenya are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. 2.) Justify the basis for which some works may not be eligible for copyright. Q.1) Discuss how the Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 of the laws of Kenya are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. The Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act 2013 and the Media Council Act 2013 are a threat to the freedom of the media enshrined in the constitution of Kenya. This is because it contravenes Article 34 of the constitution on media freedom that stipulates: 1.) Freedom and independence of electronic, print and all other types of media is guaranteed, but does not extend to any expression specified in article 33(2) 2.) The state may not a) Exercise control over or interfere with any person engaged in broadcasting, the production or circulation of any publication or the dissemination of information by any medium; or b) Penalize any person for any opinion or view or the content of any broadcast, publication or dissemination. 3.) b) Are independent of control by government, political interests or commercial interests. This two Acts ,The Kenya Information Communication (Amendment) Act and...
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...In the beginning Nigeria was controlled and influenced by the British through the 19th century; Nigeria finally earned its independence in 1960. Nigeria is the largest most populated country in Africa. After 16 years of military rule Nigeria’s independence came in 1960. Today Nigeria is by far Africa’s leader in economic power. Nigeria earned its independence from Great Britain on the first of October 1960. The constitution of Nigeria was not written until the May 5, 1999 and it was not effective until May 29th, 1999. Nigeria has a Federal Republic government system. Nigeria has mixed legal system made up of English common law and Islamic in 12 northern states and Traditional law. Nigeria’s Administrative divisions are broken up in 36 states and 1 territory. Nigeria has a bicameral legislative branch consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate has 109 seats each member holding the seat for four years, and the House of Representatives have 360 seats with each member also hold the seats for four years. Nigeria has the world’s eighth largest population; according to ww.cia.gov Nigeria has approximately 174,507,539 as of July 2013. Nigeria is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups. The most prevalent being Hausa and Fulani making up 29% of the population, followed closely behind by Yoruba 21%. Muslim is by far the most popular Religious choice; Christianity is a close second. Nigeria has an average life expectancy of 52 years; this is boosted mostly by...
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