...One medical issue that has always made me ponder is polio. This virus struck America in 1916, causing many U.S. citizens fall ill. This disease has flu-like symptoms and paralyzes your body in certain areas depending on where the virus strikes. One of the most famous presidents, Franklin Roosevelt got polio in the late 1920’s. There is no such thing as a cure for polio, just vaccines and treatments, and I want to dive deeper into these specifics that could potentially benefit Americans. Although polio is no longer affecting Americans, I would like to learn more about the causes of this deadly virus such as where it came from. One thing that has helped people with polio is the Iron Lung. The Iron Lung came into play when physicians first...
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...In the book, Polio: An American Story, author David Oshinsky reexamines the steps of researchers in their search for the treatment and cure of polio. The first recorded polio epidemic in the Unites States of America occurred in 1894 in the rural country of Vermont. In the late spring of 1908, Karl Landsteiner, a researcher from Vienna who later in his career discovered the different types of human blood, isolated the virus by injecting an emulsion of spinal fluid from a young boy who had just died from the polio virus into monkeys. This experiment was a huge breakthrough for prevention of polio during the early twentieth century because it not only helped the fight of polio but tremendously helped in the battle against many deadly infectious...
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...Reservoir : Rabies outbreaks are related to concurrent increased human activity that contact with animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. 4.Vectors : Japanese encephalitis is a disease transmitted via mosquitoes from Domestic pigs and wild birds. The outbreak occurred when the vector mosquitoes proliferated in rustic countries in summer. The widespread use of vaccine and cleaning living environment can control of the disease. Public Health Biology 2. Compare and contrast the Salk killed polio vaccine (IPV) and the Sabin live, attenuated polio vaccine (OPV) in terms of effectiveness, duration of immunity, safety, and ease of distribution. State under what conditions the use of one is preferable over the other....
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...virus that has paralyzed millions of people throughout the years. Although some cases of polio virus infections still occur (mostly in third-world countries), the mainstream spread of the virus was eradicated in 1988, when 99.9% of annual diagnosed cases were reduced. Now, 80% of the world’s population live in polio-free zones (Our Progress Against Polio, 2014). This vaccine is now considered to be one of the most successful vaccines ever discovered. Currently, there are four different types of polio vaccines: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), Monovalent Oral Polio Vaccines (mOPV1 and mOPV3), Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (bOPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) (Inactivated Polio Vaccine, 2014). The OPV vaccine was created to have a unique ability to produce unmatched gastrointestinal immunity, thereby preventing infection with wild-type virus (Jesus, 2007). The OPV is composed of att strains of all three PV serotypes, grown in vitro. When creating the vaccine, scientists were looking for strains that would be able to replicate efficiently in the GI tract and central nervous system, as well as have the genetic stability to survive replication within the human host (Jesus, 2007). However, the temperature sensitive phenotype of the strains is thought to be the most efficient and important part of the vaccine, that lead to this medical phenomena (Jesus, 2007). Thus, the OPV became the preferred polio vaccine in most countries. The fact that the vaccine was able to produce antibodies...
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...children died before the age 5 25% • How effective was Edward Jenner’s Vaccination. 500,000 cases to 0 worldwide. It was effective • Why do we vaccinate kids when they are so young? Protect them against diseases and prevent. • In the industrialized world, how many of the childhood epidemics still exist? 0 • Why didn’t the Measles epidemic of 2013 spread to areas outside of Brooklyn? Explain herd immunity. • What is the required percentage of people who need to be vaccinated to ensure that a major measles epidemic does not occur? What was the percentage in France in 2007 -2008? How big was the epidemic that followed? 95%, 89%, 15,000 cases in 2011 • What caused Luke Filben’s neurological disorder? A gene mutation causes Dravet syndrome • damaged by traumas, infections, heredity and tumors, among other things. Some pediatric neurological disorders are caused by exposure to toxic chemicals and development delays. • What is the difference between a cause of a disease and a trigger for a disease? A cause of disease its what actually makes it into the disease and a trigger for a disease it’s what spreads it and starts the disease. • Can today’s polio vaccine cause polio? yes • Why do some people think that vaccines cause autism? Autism symptoms are usually noticed around the same time that many vaccinations are given • Who was Andrew Wakefield and what did he have to do with the way many people see vaccines? Andrew Jeremy Wakefield is a British...
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...infectious diseases. An example of a disease that is currently being combated and near eradication is poliomyelitis. Surveillance is the primary method of data collection used by epidemiologists to identify outbreaks, track the origin of the virus, and target vaccination efforts. The World Health Organization has identified the need and more importantly the medical ability to eradicate polio. Subsequently the World Health Organization launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative with the goal of polio eradication in mind ("Progress towards global," 2012). When wild poliovirus is suspected the medical personal will have the samples tested at accredited facilities that identifies if wild poliovirus is present in the sample being tested. If wild poliovirus is present then further testing is conducted. Once a sample has tested positive for wild poliovirus genetic screening is used to identify which strain of wild poliovirus is present in the sample ("Progress towards global," 2012). Making use of the genetic profile of the sample and current medical knowledge the Global Polio Eradication Initiative can identify the origin of the wild poliovirus in the sample. Obviously this can be useful in tracking the movement of wild poliovirus which can aid in containing the disease. Surveillance is used if many ways to identify areas to target...
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...1 Define solar system ? Ans The region of the universe near the sun that includes the sun, the nine known major planets and their moons or satellites, and objects such as asteroids and comets that travel in independent orbits. The major planets, in order of their average distance from the sun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. 2 What are epidemics? Ans An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less. For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic. Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g. increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded. 3 what are geo science? The earth is in continuous change. Scientists from many branches of science are required in order to understand the large range of variations occurring in the planet. The different disciplines...
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...Physical Therapy Physical Therapy dates back to Greek culture and Hippocrates’ influence as the father of Western medicine. In Europe starting in the 1500s to the 1700s exercising to treat muscle and bone disorders and disabilities continued to progress. In the United States in 1916 there was an outbreak of polio this epidemic became widespread causing a need for muscle testing and re-education to restore function. In 1917, the United States entered World War 1 and the need for rehabilitation for injured soldiers grew, so they established a team of “reconstruction aides” to respond to the need for medical workers with expertise in rehabilitation. This was when physical therapy began. In the 1950s physical therapy practice continued to be influenced by war and the polio epidemic, even though a vaccine was now available for polio, people who had it prior to still needed physical therapy treatment. Also in the 1950s the APTA urged state chapters to seek licensure through the states. By 1959, state regulations for the physical therapist existed in 45 states and by 1967 and 1968 the majority of states had licensure laws. Physical Therapists need a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, all states requires Physical Therapist to be licensed. There are 218 programs for Physical Therapist accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education that offers this degree. After graduation Physical therapist may apply to and complete a residency program lasting about a year...
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...Smallpox, Polio, and Measles. Moreover, there are still many infectious diseases that need to be contained and controlled; for example, Ebola. Even though vaccines help save lives every day, there are people that oppose the use of vaccines for fear that the vaccines...
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...the immune system to create antibodies that prevent future infections from the disease. There are fourteen vaccine-preventable diseases that are considered potentially serious and have been routinely vaccinated against; these are: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningococcal, Rotavirus, Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Haemophilus Influenza Type B (HIB disease). Not long ago, these diseases disabled and killed millions of American children but because of the United States high compliance with childhood immunization schedules, these diseases have now become very uncommon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Immunization is a subject that evokes very strong opinions in the public and usually creates a lot of debate as to their efficacy, safety, and reliability. The main questions parents have to answer are whether to immunize or not, and do the risks of the disease outweigh the risks of the vaccine. To condense, some normal advantages of being immunized are the entire eradication of specific illnesses, the prevention of epidemics and a decline in the...
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...Poliomyelitis (shortened to polio) has been around for thousands of years, and there is still no cure, but at the peak of its devastation in the United States, Dr. Jonas Salk introduced a way to prevent it. Polio attacks the nerve cells and sometimes the central nervous system, causing muscle wasting, paralysis, and even death. The disease, whose symptoms are flu like, struck mostly children, and in the first half of the 20th century the epidemics of polio were becoming more devastating. Salk, while working at the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh, developed a polio vaccine, and the medical trials to prove its effectiveness and safety are still being analyzed. Fifty years ago the largest medical experiment in history took place to test Salk’s poliomyelitis vaccine. Close to two million children across the United States and Canada were involved in the trial, which was administered by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), also known as the March of Dimes. The foundation, created in 1938 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (a polio victim) and his law partner Basil O’Connor. Across the United States, 623,972 school children were injected with the vaccine or a placebo, using a double blind technique in which neither recipient nor administrator knew which one there were getting. The results, announced in 1955, showed good statistical evidence that Jonas Salk’s “killed virus” preparation was 80-90% effective in preventing paralytic...
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...Poliomyelitis in the USA Poliomyelitis is a dangerous and utterly infectious disease that may lead to breathing problems,paralysis or to death.It either can be classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic. About 95% of the cases are asymptomatic,and the rest 5% are symptomatic.USA has been suffering from this disease for a long period of time but in 1952 happened the worst polio outbreak in the history of this country.In that year, almost 58,000 cases were reported,3,145 died and 21,269 were paralyzed. Polio is caused by poliovirus.The virus is usually transferred from one person to another throughout the fecal matter.People that live in places with almost no access to running water,get the virus...
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...Fragile Administration is a big hurdle for Pulse Polio Immunization program. Vijay, 1 Fragile Administration is a big hurdle for Pulse Polio Immunization program. Gautam Vijay Johns Hopkins Carey Business School Author Note This paper is prepared as a review of Pulse Polio Immunization Program monitored by the author on behalf of WHO-INDIA as an external monitor. FRAGILE ADMINISTRATION…. Vijay, 2 Introduction Year 2007, Pulse Polio Immunization Program was conducted in the Northern part of Gujarat, a state/province in the western part of India. In past few years, despite of repeated periodical Pulse Polio Immunization programs, Government had failed to curb the menace of Polio in this region. This review points out the various loci of laxity observed, while monitoring the program as an External Monitor on behalf of WHO – India, under following headings: - 1. Polio – long standing challenge 2. Emergence of Pulse Polio 3. Role of External Monitors 4. Personal experience with the programme in North Gujarat in 2007 Polio – long lasting challenge Polio, also known as Poliomyelitis is a viral contagious disease, caused by Polio virus. It is an intestinal virus which attacks the nervous system. The disease is contracted through contact with contaminated feces or through airborne droplets in food and water. Port of entry into the human body is via nostrils or oral cavity, the virus then reaches the intestines. After incubation it enters...
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...hospital care. Early symptoms include a runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. Pertussis in its early stages appears to be nothing more than the common cold. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms appear including fits of many and rapid coughs, vomiting and exhaustion after coughing fits. These violent coughing fits cause the air to go from the lungs, resulting in a forced inhale with a loud "whooping" sound. Coughing fits generally become more common and bad as the illness continues, and can occur more often at night. Pertussis is an airborne disease that spreads easily from coughs and sneezes of carriers. The first known description of a pertussis outbreak was by Guillaume De Baillou, who described an epidemic in Paris in 1578. The epidemic primarily affected infants and young children and resulted in many deaths. The causative organism was first grown in 1906, and the first crude vaccines appeared soon thereafter. 2. Characteristics of the vaccine Pertussis is one of the 6 diseases initially identified by the WHO in May 1974, for its mass immunization program. Before widespread use of whole-cell pertussis vaccine, there were as many as 270,000 cases of pertussis reported each year in the U.S. with 10,000 deaths. The occurrence of pertussis declined markedly after universal pertussis vaccination of children in the 1940s. The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71 to 85 percent effective. However, despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has...
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... 2. Review of related literature Related literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography Chapter I HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 20th Century, brought with it fear, superstition and prejudice. This disease is not the first one where society has imposed social stigmas, political agendas and outright pandemonium. Misunderstandings of other diseases like the bubonic plague, small pox and the Spanish flu also have caused hysteria among populations around the world, but the main difference between these epidemics and that of AIDS/HIV is that AIDS is a modern epidemic staged in a new world of influential media outlets, politics and new social stigmas. In order to combat the societal misunderstandings of AIDS/HIV, one must understand the disease itself. When referring to AIDS/HIV, one is actually talking about two different parts of the same disease. AIDS (Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the main disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS attacks the immune system of people causing their immune systems to revolt against their bodies killing off their "good"...
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