...castles were built very quickly and were very simple, but during the reign of William and throughout the rest of the Middle Ages (1066-1500) the design of castles changed. In this essay I will talk about how much castles changed during the Middle Ages and the reasons for this. Motte & Bailey Castles (1066 – 1078) The first castles to be built in England by the Normans were called Motte & Bailey castles. They had: • The Keep – a wooden tower used when under attack and for soldiers to keep lookout. • A Motte - a large mound of earth that the Keep was built on. • A Bailey – a large yard that sat next to the Motte, attached to the Motte by a wooden bridge. • A Palisade – a wooden fence all around the Bailey with a ditch around the outside. • Wooden gateway - the entrance to the castle with a wooden bridge over the ditch. Norman soldiers lived in wooden buildings in the Bailey. Motte & Bailey castles were made of earth and wood, which was easy to find, and they could be built really quickly, in 7-21 days. The height of the wooden tower on top of the Motte meant that the Norman soldiers could see what was going on around the castle and see enemies coming. The castles were built near big towns so that the Norman soldiers could move quickly and stop enemies up to 30 miles away. William built over 60 Motte & Bailey castles during the early years of his reign. There are still remains of a Motte & Bailey...
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...order to make it look bigger. Q: What is a drawbridge? A: A drawbridge was a defensive mechanism that allowed access to the castle by providing a temporary bridge across the moat. This bridge can be withdrawn in the case of an attacking force; this was done with a winch. Q: What were castles made of? A: Stone, mortar and wood. These were the simple components used to construct some of the most heavily fortified structures ever created. Q: Where did the stone used to make the castle come from? A: The stone came from local mines or quarries if possible. If stone was scarce they would carry it long distances by water or on land by oxen. Q: What was the roof made of? A: The roof was made from slate tiles and shale. Q: Where were castles built? A: Prime locations for castle construction include high, rocky ground, mountain passes, isolated peninsulas and lake islands. Q: How big were castle walls? A: To withstand besieging, castle walls were sometimes constructed to be up to 30 feet (9 metres) thick. Stone curtain walls were constructed anywhere between 20 and 40 feet high. Q: How high were the towers in the castles? A: Some fortresses had towers soaring a hundred feet high. Q: What was a portcullis? A: A portcullis was a heavy, protective, grilled gate. Q: What was a gatehouse? A: the gatehouse housed the drawbridge winch, the portcullis and even living quarters for the soldiers. It also had slits in it, used to shoot arrows out of, there were walkways...
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...bailey structure. A fortified stone castle replaced the wooden castle in 1260. The two main round towers were built at the front of the castle and the Chapel and large hall were built against the south wall. Various additions were made to Warwick Castle as time passed - Guys Tower and Caesar's Tower were added at the end of the fourteenth Century - these were built on the style of the French Donjon or Great Tower affording more security and luxury to Warwick Castle. The Warwick castle has a moat - this is a man made type of river that prevents enemies form just walking into the castle and attacking Another feature is a drawbridge - it is worked by workers in the castle and they pull the bridge up when enemies are invading. External View of the Castle Castle Layout Diagram Warwick Castle Timeline o 1066 – 1087 William Conqueror o 1087 – 1100 William Rufus o 1100 – 1135 Henry I o 1135 – 1154 Stephen o 1154 – 1189 Henry II o 1189 – 1199 Richard I o 1199 – 1216 John o 1216 – 1272 Henry III o 1272 – 1307 Edward I o 1307 – 1327 Edward II o 1327 – 1377 Edward III o 1399 – 1413 Henry IV o 1413 – 1422 Henry V o 1461 – 1483 Edward IV o 1483 - Edward V o 1483 – 1485 Richard III o 1485 – 1509 Henry VII o 1509 – 1547 Henry VIII o 1547 – 1553 Edward V o 1553 – 1558 Mary Caesar's Tower ▪ The tower shape is described as trilobed...
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...sometimes has a guard house in it. On the sides there are murder-holes and arrow loops. Sometimes the chapel was put right next to the gatehouse because if you attacked the chapel you were believed to be attacking god. The portcullis is a wooden gate with metal spikes at the bottom That was hung from the gatehouse ceiling. When under attack guards would rapidly drop the door, impaling the attackers with the metal spikes. There were often two portcullises in a castles entrance. Guards would try to trap the attackers in between them so that the guards could shoot arrows, drop burning wood, and drop hot oil on to the trapped attackers. The curtain walls are the stone outer walls surrounding the castle. The purpose of the walls was to protect the castle from invaders. They were usually connected by towers and...
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...Richard the III On Oct.2, 1452, Richard III was born in Northampton shire, England. Richard Plantagenet (Richard III’s father)and his wife Cecily Neville, had two sons,Edward VI and Richard III. Richard was the youngest brother . Richard III’s life started to take change years after the battle of The War of the Roses in order. Despite the possibility of murdering his nephews in the tower, he still was an effective ruler and warrior. “Richard Plantagenet was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northampton shire, the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and his wife, the former Cecily Neville. York, a cousin to the reigning King Henry VI, held senior government positions...
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...government in Edo that in Tokyo. In 1615, Ieyasu ruined the Toyotomi family and destroyed the Osaka Castle in the summer of the war Osaka. Thereafter, Tokugawa shogunate reconstructed the Osaka Castle. In 1868 it was held under direct control but when the shogunate lost power the castle fell. Later on in 1931 the main tower was reconstructed in the center of the Osaka Castle, which was used as a military base and with funds raised by the citizens. The present day the main tower is the third generation. It follows the main tower from the Toyotomi period that was destroyed by fire during the summer war, the Tokugawa period which was struck by lightning was burned down. Since its construction the Osaka Castle repeatedly featured as the battleground of the major wars in Japanese history. The Osaka Castle is very popular with both domestic and overseas tourist as historical site. This has handed down through the above mentioned historical drama to today. Construction of Hideyoshi’s golden tea room Hideyoshi Toyotomi was fascinated with gold. He ordered that gold will be applied to the furniture, weapons, armor, and the furthermore, to the exterior of the main tower of...
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...it’s not uncommon to find docents in period costume on the grounds, ready to explain the property’s history. While the keepers’ houses have been converted into a museum, there is also a small gift shop, featuring books and lighthouse-inspired memorabilia. Helpful Information Point Iroquois Light Station is easy to find, as it’s readily visible from W Lakeshore Drive. The lighthouse is roughly 7.5 miles from Brimley, the closest town, and it’s about 25 miles from Sault Ste. Marie, the closest city of size. There are quality campgrounds nearby: Monocle Lake is less than 2 miles away; Bay View is just 8 miles to the west, along W Lakeshore Drive. At Point Iroquois, there is no charge for admission; the trail, grounds, beach, museum, and tower are all free to the public when the park is open. Summer hours, May 15th through October 15th: 9am to 5pm, all week...
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...are many archways used for entrances to doors and also used to hold stain glass windows. Oftentimes there are multiple arches stacked against each other. This is known as the archivolt of compound arches and is featured in the buildings windows and doors. The windows’ of the Mother Church are transom windows in ribbon pattern which is also indicative of the Romanesque revival style. Another feature of Richardsonian buildings and the Romanesque Revival style at large included square towers. Square towers are when the base shape of the tower is a square and the Mother Church has one of those in the form of a 126-foot steeple. The square tower in question also serves as the role of a crenellated tower parapet, which is a feature commonly associated with the Richardsonian style in particular. Additionally, the construction materials of the Mother Church are the same ones used in classic Romanesque buildings. This includes the usage of rock faced stone as the exterior of the building. Rock faced stone gives the impression of an older building with more texture on the façade. All of the rock used in the Mother Church was imported from Mary Baker Eddy’s, the church of Scientology’s founder, home state of New Hampshire. The Mother Church was built in December of 1894 and was designed by Franklin I. Welch. This was the second Church of Scientology to ever be created. The first was made by local women in Wisconsin. The Mother Church’s creation was over seen by Eddy. The original plot...
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...was still reigning. It was founded almost at the same time with the Sanahin, another nearby monastery. Haghpat Monastery is a medieval monastery which was built by the Byzantines as a monastic complex in Haghpat, Armenia. The village Haghpat, where the monastery takes its name from, lies on plateau in region of Gouark. This plateau is dissected by deep cracks which were formed by the Debed and Pampak Rivers. Unlike other plateaus in Armenia, it has plenty of water and an abundance of vegetation. The book of Documents of Armenian Architecture says “In this natural setting, it is to be framed the simple, substantial volumetric massivity of the buildings of Haghpat built (as a typical in Armenian architecture) with local stones, such as stuff or eruptive rocks, these contributing to give an absolute homogeneity to the landscape. This process of communion with nature, springing maybe from a remote ancestral feeling of respect and almost veneration for one’s land intended as a mother, in whose “womb” one seeks for protection causes sometimes the buildings to compenetrate the landscape” . Besides, Haghpat Monastery catches the sight of the Pampak River in Northern region of Armenia that has boundaries with Georgia. The Byzantines did not establish it on a peak, but a verdant highland was chosen to build, because halfway of hillside is easier to afford protection and hiding from prying people than pinnacle. This situation not only shows both a responsibility and humbleness...
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...Romans is the first to have built fast and good paved roads and in Syria have built an extensive network of these roads and commercial and military purposes, including the main paved roads and dirt improved also set up towers to guard beside the roads and in high places to monitor and protect convoys commercial passers-by, and near sources of water supply ration military where the availability of water for those towers from the nearby rivers and wells and boreholes and cisterns or carried by pipes from a distant .ccant places "Antioch" capital of the eastern Romanian state had links with the Middle conducted through two main routes, one through the Bab Al-Hawa area, heading east toward Aleppo (Guensrin) and second through easy Jumh is used for communication between Antioch and the cities of mid-Anatolia in Romania period in northern Syria is the most important two roads was the first by Antioch -halb (Guensrin) and the second was connecting Cyrus (currently the Prophet Hori Castle) in Apamea «You have reached the Romanian road network in the greater breadth...
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...THE TOWER OF BABEL The Tower of Babel ( oil painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1563) Courtesy of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Genesis 11:1 – 9, the Babylonians wanted to build a tower "with its top in the heavens." Angry at their presumption, God disrupted the enterprise by confusing the languages of the workers so that they could no longer understand each other. The tower was left unfinished and the people dispersed over the face of the earth. The myth may have been inspired by a tower temple located north of the Marduk temple and known as Bab-ilu ("Gate of God"). It was an edifice built after the Flood by the men of Shinar (Babylonia) in their attempt to reach heaven. All the people of the world at that time only spoke a single language. But with Babylonians’ intention to make a name and to avoid dispersal over the earth; they built and constructed a tower which would reach the heaven. However, as God was mad of their presumption, their audacity was punished by confounding their language to prevent them from communicating with one another and they were dispersed throughout the world (Gen 11:1-9). The name Babel (Babylon) derives from the Hebrew word "to confuse". It was Nimrod who led and successfully excited the Babylonians to cause such an offended act and contempt to God. Nimrod, a tyrant, was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded the Babylonians not to ascribe to God, as if...
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...Taylor P Ancient Architecture Functions of Ancient Monuments Ancient monuments have been discovered to be a prominent feature of many different ancient civilizations throughout history. The most elaborate and well known ancient buildings are the pyramids and the ziggurats of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. The construction of these massive monuments began sometime during the fourth millennium BC and to this day many can still be seen. Although believed by most to serve a particular religious function, historians are still trying to discover the exact purpose of these breathtaking feats of architecture. However, through the vast studies of archaeology, enough information has been acquired to make some valid theories. The first civilization to construct a massive architectural project was the Egyptians with their construction of the pyramids. It is believed that the Egyptian civilization began around 5500 BC and then began to flourish as a result of new innovations in agriculture and the abundance of natural resources around the Nile. Over time, Egyptians made great achievements in mathematics, writing, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and architecture. This played a huge part in the progression of Egypt into a powerful and influential civilization. In addition to these achievements, the significance of religion was another extremely important factor that allowed the Egyptian civilization to thrive. Egyptians practiced polytheism. In their religion, not only were...
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...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
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...In the late 1070s as the Tower was being built, it was obvious that it was going to be one of historical importance. The Tower of London began with William the Conqueror after he realized that he needed to secure the city. Bishop Gundulph of Rochester, a skilled churchbuilder, began the Tower in 1078 with white Caen stone. The keep at London was completed relatively close to 20 years later. Its walls were approximately 15 feet thick with dimensions of 118 feet from east to west, 107 feet from north to south, and 90 feet high to the battlements. (Porter). Within these huge dimensions were two stories held above a basement. In The Age of Chivalry by Merle Severy, she addresses, “The top story was considered the royal floor and had a gallery around...
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...essentially the time of the Punic wars. And Tarragona like so many towns that were around at the time had been set up by the Phoenicians, the Greeks seemed to control further south and that was the Carthagians entered from the south and usually fought with the Romans for control of the Peninsular. Built on patios on a 160 meter high rock, supplied from a natural harbor, The Romans, who occupied the Iberian town in the second Punic War ( 218-202 ), fortified it much more. Their chiefs Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio erected a 10 meter high wall, which is saved over a distance of more than a kilometre and can still be seen in the city today. The wall was made on a foundation of large ( "cyclopic" ) natural stones and is made up of two parallel walls, 4 meters apart....
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