...FIJACIÓN DE PRECIOS: ¿Qué es el precio? El precio por definición, es el capital requerido para la adquisición de un producto o servicio, por ello tiene la particularidad de que es único elemento del marketing capaz de producir ingresos y no costos. ¿Cómo se determina el precio? Para determinar el precio de un producto hay que considerar diferentes variables, estratégias y componentes que lo conforman. De manera general podemos mencionar: * El producto o servicio en si mismo * Los productos complementarios * Los satisfactores de deseos ofrecidos ( valores agregados ) Una de las percepciones más importantes para el público de las bondades del producto depende directamente del precio, dado que este es entendido como un elemento fundamental de valor. Esto quiere decir que un alto valor indica que el producto tiene los beneficios potenciales que los consumidores esperan en un determinado nivel de precios. Así mismo existen diferentes factores los cuales determinan el precio de un producto, los cuales son: La demanda estimada: Se define como la demanda esperada y la frecuencia de compra Las reacciones de la competencia : conocida como guerra de precios entre productos similares, sustitutos o complementarios. El marketing: Se refiere a características de la naturaleza del producto como por ejemplo si es nuevo, su ciclo de vida, los canales, intermediarios, etc. Para que la empresa establezca una política de precios, debe de primeramente seleccionar el objetivo...
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...Orphan Drug Report An orphan drug is a drug designed to treat a rare disease or condition. For a drug to qualify for orphan status both the drug and disease or condition must meet certain criteria specified in the Orphan Drug Act (ODA). This designation would qualify the sponsor of the drug for developmental incentives which includes waiving of regulator fees, faster or simpler clinical trial and approval process, tax credit or grants to offset research and development, and a period of marketing exclusivity which means no competition for many years. it does not mean that the FDA is less strict when it comes to safety and effectiveness. All of this is specified within the FDA’s implementing regulations at 21 CFR Part 316. It’s important for these incentives to be available because there may only be a few thousand who suffer from a rare condition or disease. For the pharmaceutical industry to develop any drug it must see a certain amount of profit potential. Most of these disease are genetic, many appear early in life, and 30 percent of children with orphan diseases die before age of five. Although the market is small for orphan drugs, there has been notable growth in recent years. Currently, 350 orphan drugs are approved for sale in the U.S. A good example is Rituxan from Genentech, the second most profitable drug in the world, given orphan status to treat B-cell Non-Hogkin’s lymphoma. In 2010, it yielded $5.24 billion in sales for its use as an orphan drug...
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...There are many different treatments for Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura that depends on the severity of the patient, the age of the patient, and the type of Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura the patient has acute or chronic. Children with this disease don’t need much treatment, in most cases children with ITP will improve without any treatment. Close monitoring of the child and keeping them from any serious bleeding, until the body had a chance to correct the disorder by its self is what is recommended for children. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia says that “many children with Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are able to spontaneously recover in about 2 to 4 days” (Children’s Hospital). If the child does need treatment the one doctor’s go to first is to put the child on a steroid which...
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...determine that 32% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Haptoglobin D was able to determine that 32% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Haptoglobin E was also able to determine that 32% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Haptoglobin F was able to determine that 6% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Haptoglobin G was able to determine that 6% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Haptoglobin H was able to determine that 7% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Last of all, Haptoglobin I was able to determine that 3% of the 58 patients were able to get a splenectomy. Long-term Relapse-free Rurvival Rate and Predictive Factors of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Undergoing Splenectomy talks about the effectiveness of adult patients who got splenectomies (surgically removing the spleen) and if they were able to keep their disease in remission. Within six years, researchers monitored “54 {adult} patients, who underwent splenectomy” (Liu, Dilip, Yeh, Wu, Jan, and Chen, 2013) and watched to see if they stayed away from a relapse in ITP. They would check in a one-year period, three-year period, and five-year period. They learned that after a one-year period, 91.9% of the patients were able to stay relapse-free. After three years, that number slightly decreased to 88.4%. At five years, the percentage stayed the same at 88.4%. The researchers seemed to make getting a splenectomy to be the optimal option...
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...1. How to care for the child with a chronic condition or special needs. Give child choices, some sort of control/independence. Treat them like a normal kid. Mainstreaming: In school in a regular classroom. Do not separate these kids and make them feel different. Don’t focus on things they cannot do but rather focus on what they could do. . Use a more positive approach. Don’t focus on their chronological age because two six year olds will be different. Overall integration into society without stigmas. 2. Phases of reactions that parents go through related to a child with a chronic illness or disability 5 stages 1) Shock 2) Denial 3) Anger 4) Guilt 5) Acceptance. These 5 steps can happen over and over again. i.e., it’s prom night or communion and their child is not like all the other children and the parent may go through these steps again. 3. What is chronic sorrow? A parent dealing with a child with a chronic condition goes through the adjustment process and grief experience it does not happen in one experience. It may happen over and over again when different situations come up. Recurrent adjustment. 4. How to foster an environment of normalcy. Letting them go to a regular school, mainstreaming them, giving them control, treating them overall like a kid, not focusing on chronological age, do not compare to other kids in their age group. 5. Iron deficiency anemia Why does a child get it? We do not see it in the beginning with babies because they have iron stores...
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...ADAMTS-13 is a protease and it’s role is to cleave vWF (ulvWF). ADAMTS-13 INH ELISA allows us to detect the human autoantibodies (IgG) which is found in plasma and or serum against the ADAMTS-13. These autoantibodies inhibit ADAMTS-13 activity, hence non-cleaved ULvW gather in the plasma – one of the main causes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). TECHNOZYM® ADAMTS-13 INH test allows us to differentiate between autoantibodies (acquired) and congenital (gene polymorphisms) TTP when paired to an activity assay. It is also used to control efficacy of plasma exchange therapy. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is an uncommon blood disorder which is defined as clotting in the small blood vessels of the body which causes low platelet count (thromboses). The disease can also cause some of the following when TTP progresses: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neurologic abnormalities, fever, and acute renal damage/failure....
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...flow in a specific neurovascular distribution as a result or partial or total occlusion Thrombotic- Develops when an obstruction forms in the blood vessels of the brain. The atherosclerotic process, which often affects the large cerebral arteries produces most of the thrombotic strokes. Embolic- The clot or plaque fragment travels through an outside area outside the brain, until it lodges in the cerebral artery. Mitral valve stenosis, Afib, and myocardial infarction are cardiovascular conditions that may lead to the development of clots that become emboli. Hemorrhagic- A blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeding the brain occurs. These type of CVA’s are further classified by their location. 2. Risk factors for TIA’s include the following; cardiovascular disease, carotid vascular disease, peripheral artery disease, high levels of homocysteine, and excessive weight. Lifestyle choices that are the risk for TIA’s are; physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and the use of birth control pills. Risk factors included for Thrombotic stroke include; older age, and some autoimmune diseases. Risk factors for Embolic and Hemorrhagic CVA include; Obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, being 55 or older, race (African Americans have a higher risk of stroke than people of other races do), and gender (men have a higher risk than women) Risk factors for TIA’s, Thrombotic, Embolic, and Hemorrhagic CVA all include; high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes...
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...Blood Disorders 1 Blood Disorders Khalila Lawrence 8/19/2012 HCA 240 Pukar Ratti Blood Disorders 2 Thrombocytopenia is a blood disorder of the platelets, or low blood platelets within the body. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are colorless blood cells that play an important role in the blood clotting. Platelets stop the blood by clumping and forming plugs in the blood vessel holes. For example, if you have a cut or an open wound that is not to deep platelets are the ones responsible to for making sure that you don’t bleed out. If there is a need for a blood transfusion, the patient will receive blood with red blood cells. Red blood cells are very important within the body because it delivers oxygen to the organs and tissues throughout the body. Plasma also plays a major role within the body. Plasma is responsible for receiving the necessary materials from organs like the liver and the small intestines. Without plasma it will be very hard for the body to survive. Nutrients such as antibodies, antitoxins, fibrin and clotting agent that works with platelets to heal the wounds. Thrombocytopenia usually occurs when as a result of another disorder within the body. Disorders such as leukemia...
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...from blood flow that is obstructed because of fibrin deposits. These fibrin deposits cause obstruction and result in hepatocellular injury. This leads to the classic hepatic lesion associated with HELLP. (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 463). Symptoms for HELLP syndrome include headache; nausea/vomiting/indigestion with pain after eating; abdominal or chest tenderness and upper right pain; shoulder pain or pain when breathing deeply; bleeding; changes in vision and swelling. Signs to look for include high blood pressure, protein in the urine, low platelet count and high liver enzymes (HELLP Syndrome). The symptoms HELLP syndrome can present with can easily lead to a misdiagnosis of the flu, gallbladder disease, hepatitis, ITP or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Mortality of HELLP syndrome can be as high as 25% so the possibility of HELLP syndrome should be seriously considered (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 463). Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are very stressful for the mother and the family to cope with. The mother could be in danger of developing intracerebral hemorrhage, which is the most common cause of death to women related to preeclampsia. For those who do develop this and survive could be permanently disabled (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 463). The possibly of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), placental abruption and possibly experiencing a fetal death adds to the stress the mothers and families are facing. After delivery, the threat of most of the complications...
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...Associated Thrombocytopenia (HAT) [8].This forces the commencement of replacement drugs for warfarin and heparin .When low molecular weight heparin like enoxaparin is administered , it reduces the release of Von willebrand factor [9]. Ximelagatran ,one such replacement heparin drugs known to inhibit thrombin and has an effect against thromboembolic disorders.[10] Aspirin acts on the thromboxane enzyme which is responsible for the platelet aggregation. Sythezised chemical thienopyrimidine derivatives such as Ticlopidine and clopidogrel serve as an efficient anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs. Ticlopidine has more serious ill effects than clopidogrel ; ticlopidine sometimes has adverse side effects like neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura etc; clopidogrel is prescribed with the combination of aspirin and other anticoagulants. [11]. Some of the proteolytic enzymes act as an effective thrombolytic agent. Natural sources like Bacteria ,Fungi ,plant, animal and fermented food products were discovered to have thrombolytic and anticoagulant...
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...your work up, you order a CBC with diff, which reveals normocytic, hypochromic red cells and a decreased reticulocyte count. Your CBC work up reveals the patient's likely cause of anemia. ANSWER: alcoholic with anemia of chronic disease. 3. Pregnant 28 year old female brought into the ER by her husband because she was exhibiting neuro symptoms of stupor, bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain. On further observation patient is in renal failure, has microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and severe HTN. You ran labs on your patient and discovered she has low thrombocytes, low haptoglobin, high reticulocyte count, high LDH and creatinine, schistocytes on peripheral smear. What would you diagnose the patient with? Answer: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 4. 20 year old male presents to his pcp with a HB level of 17g. after 2 weeks later the patient follows up with his pcp with a HB level is 14g. upon running lab tests his reticulocyte count is increased, unconjugated bilirubin is increased, lactate dehydrogenase is increased, haptoglobin is decreased, and urine hemoglobin and urin...
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...Physiology of Blood Components, Characteristics, Functions of Blood Major Components of Blood 1. Formed elements - the actual cellular components of blood (special connective tissue) a.erythrocytes - red blood cells b.leukocytes - white blood cells c.platelets - cell fragments for clotting 2. Blood plasma - complex non-cellular fluid surrounding formed elements; protein & electrolytes. Separation of Components in a Centrifuge VOLUME LAYER clear/yellowish PLASMA 55% top thin/whitish buffy coat proerythroblast ->early (basophilic) erythroblast ->late (polychromatophilic) erythroblast ->(hemoglobin) normoblast -> (nucleus ejected when enough hemoglobin)reticulocyte -> (retaining some endoplasmic reticulum) ERYTHROCYTE life span: hemocytoblast -> reticulocyte 3-5 DAYS reticulocyte -> ERYTHROCYTE 2 DAYS (in blood) ERYTHROCYTE lifespan 100-120 DAYS (primarily destroyed by macrophages in the spleen) 3. Regulation of Erythropoiesis a. hormonal controls - erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates RBC production DECREASED oxygen level in blood causes KIDNEYS to increase release of erythropoietin 1. Less RBCs from bleeding 2. Less RBCs from excess RBC destruction 3. Low oxygen levels (high altitude, illness) ...
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...Aims and Objectives Aims On the completion of the seminar students gain the knowledge regarding hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and will utilize this knowledge with a positive attitude. Specific Objectives The group will able to; * Define dialysis * Describe the history of dialysis * Explain the principles of dialysis * Enumerate the indication of dialysis * Explain details about hemodialysis * Describe details about peritoneal dialysis * List down the Psychosocial Issues In ESRD Patients * Dietary Management Dialysis Patient * Nursing Responsibilities Introduction The introduction of dialysis as a lifesaving treatment for kidney failure was not the result for any large scale research programme, rather it emerged from the activities of a new pioneering individuals who were able to utilize ideas, materials, and methods from a range of developing technologies. Hemodialysis as a routine treatment for renal failure was introduced in the late 1970s. The recognition for the need for immunosuppression in the transplantation and the lack of availability of transplant in the 1960s enabled it to become the preferred treatment for many patients. Definition Dialysis is the movement of fluid and molecules across a semipermeable membrane from one compartment to another. Clinically dialysis is a technique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and in to a dialysis solution called dialysate. Historical Evolution...
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...Addison’s Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Euphorbia hirta, belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae which is a large family of dicotyledons, with about 300 genera and over 5,000 species. Here in the Philippines, the Euphorbia hirta, is commonly referred to as Tawa-tawa or Gatas-gatas in some provinces. It is also known as Asthma weed or Snake weed in the United States. The plants of 3 different species share Phoretic variations, these plants are: (1) Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), (2) Gatas-gatas (Euphorbia hirta) and (3) Botoncillo (Gomphena globosa). Tawa-tawa is usually very abundant in tropical regions such as the Philippines. A simple weed scattered in sunny lawns, waste places and open grasslands. It is pantropic in distribution. The plant is an annual, hairy herb, usually branched from the base, spreading up to 40 cm long. The stem is slender and often reddish and purplish in color, covered with yellowish bristly hairs especially in younger parts. The leaves are oppositely arranged, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 cm long, toothed at the edge, and blotched with purple in the middle. In the axils appear numerous involucres, purplish or greenish, dense, axillary, short stalk clusters or crowded cymes, about 1 mm long. The capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5 cm. The small green flowers constitute the inflourescence characteristics of the euphorbias. The stem and the leaves produce white or milky juice when cut (Lind and Tallantire...
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