...18 marker There are a number of psychological methods that can be used to gain control in a situation that needs order, such as a prison or in this case, an uncooperative group of elderly people. These include techniques such as token economy programmes and anger management programmes; also ECT can be considered. Token economy programmes are a form of behaviour modification based on the principles of operant conditioning. It was originally created as a behaviour modification method; however it is now just usually used to maintain good behaviour in prison settings. It can be applied to the nursing home situation as it will encourage cooperative behaviour because they will be gaining tokens for good behaviour, which will eventually result in a reward. For example if the elderly people cooperate with the rules and do not be disruptive for a day, they will receive a token. If they receive 5 tokens they will be rewarded with something such as being able to stay up later to watch their chosen programme on a chosen day. The residents will also receive more privileges and treats than they normally would have, if they cooperate with the guidelines of the programme. The nurses might try and reward cooperative behaviour and completely ignore undesired behaviour, as it may be the attention which the residents are looking for. Token economy programmes may be preferred over punishment because the nurses may be inclined to remove privileges and even basic needs or desires. This has been shown...
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...between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a number of conflicts that have occurred in society and it is important that we understand why it occurs and how to reduce it to benefit society and its functioning, as well as for economic reasons. Supporting evidence is Sherif’s study which found that the boys in the rattlers and eagles called those in the other group names when they heard about their existence. It was not until cooperative...
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...A token economy is used to “strengthen clients’ desirable behaviors that occur too infrequently and to decrease their undesirable behaviors in a structured treatment environment or educational setting.”(Miltenberger, 2015, p.432) Benefits of the token economy include that the system has been proven effective for individuals resistant to alternative behavior management techniques, ease of administration, high use of immediate and frequent reinforcement, flexibility, the application utility among the disabled and non-disabled alike, the teaching of delayed gratification, lack of competition among peers as the competition now becomes against oneself, and that it causes positive interactions between teachers and students, focusing on positive rather than negative aspects (Miltenberger,...
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...Case Study SCB (Standard Chartered Bank) Bangladesh The Smart-Q System enhancing the entire process of its Customer Service Operations in absolute effective, efficient & systematic methodology. The End Customer Standard Chartered Bank is the largest International bank in Bangladesh with 25 Branches and 50 ATM booths in employing over 1,300 people throughout the Country. SCB is the only ‘Foreign Bank’ in the country with its operational presence in 6 (six) cities – Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Bogra and Narayanganj. To ensure true Professionalism & Customer Satisfaction concerning its valued clients - The bank has rapidly invested in its Human Resources Reinforcement, Technological updates and modern state-of-the-art premises environment to constantly maintain its enduring business growth in relation to the country's thriving economy, while acutely possessing the ‘Trend’ to ensure its best service level to stay on the top in this highly paced competitive era. Comparing to other scheduled commercial local & foreign banks in our context – The Bank emphasizes on both Consumer Banking and Wholesale Banking Services, ranging from Personal & Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. The Challenges to Enhance its Customer Service Operations Even though being complete online, automated and possessing multiple ‘OneStop Teller Management’ process to provide & ensure hassle-free services to the customers, where still in...
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...Two Case Studies from “The Life Span – Human Development for Helping Professionals” by Patricia C. Broderick and Pamela Blewitt July 12th, 2009 by David Kronemyer · No Comments The following two case studies are based on the book The Life Span – Human Development for Helping Professionals (2006, 2nd ed.) by Patriia C. Broderick and Pamela Blewitt. There also are occasional references to The Six Stages of Parenthood by Ellen Galinsky. Case Study # 1 – Chapter 4 – p. 142 Synopsis of the Case Study The case study illustrates the travails of teen pregnancy and its impact on family dynamics. It is eerily prescient of the recent contretemps involving Sarah Palin, the (former) governor of Alaska; her daughter Bristol; Bristol’s child, Tripp; and Tripp’s father, Levi Johnston. Teen pregnancy is a serious problem. A recent study shows that after improvement in the 1990s and early 2000s positive sexual behavioral change related to teen pregnancy has stalled or even reversed. Recent behavioral trends portend stagnant or even rising teen birth and pregnancy rates through 2008, Santelli, J., Lindberg, L., Dias, D. & Orr, M. (2009), “Changing Behavior Risk for Teen Pregnancy in the United States, 1991 – 2007.” J. Adolescent Health, 44(2), S44 – S49. Simultaneously Federal, state and local governments spend hundreds of millions of dollars on abstinence programs that require highly specific characteristics in order to contribute to the reduction of its incidence, Kirby, D. & Laris...
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...psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally It assumes that the behavior of a human or animal is a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli. Thus, although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors. 2. Cognitivism theory Cognitivists argued that the way people think impacts their behavior and therefore cannot be a behavior in and of itself. Cognitivists later argued that thinking is so essential to psychology that the study of thinking should become its own field. However, cognitivists typically presuppose a specific form of mental activity, of the kind advanced by computationalism. Cognitive theory mainly focuses on conceptualizing the students' learning process: how information is received; how information processed and organized into existing schema; how information is retrieved upon recall. In other words, cognitive theory seeks to explain the...
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...smaller players offer a wide variety of incentive solutions. The focus is on much more than just the sales programs due to the number of studies that show the power of incentives to drive employee engagement and customer loyalty. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged as a significant element for many programs. Competition and the economy have narrowed the once generous margins for incentive companies. Recent research by the Incentive Research Foundation (IRF) and others, pulse studies and Delphi panels offer some pragmatic insights about where the reward for performance industry has been and where it is heading. As the IRF looked toward 2011 and beyond, it analyzed existing research, scanned incentive industry and business publications, and sought input from industry leaders. This effort yielded the following “11 trends for 2011”. Upon closer examination, the eleven trends can be grouped into four major categories: Economy (1, 2, 3) Government (4) Motivation (5, 6, 7, 8) Technology (9, 10, 11) As you review these trends, the IRF hopes you will analyze how they reflect your own views and experience, and then think about how these factors might affect you and your work as we head into a new year and changed economy. 1. CAUTIOUS OPTIMISM EMERGES At the 2010 IRF Roundtables, approximately four in ten participants said the economy has had a slightly positive impact on their ability to plan and implement non-cash incentive (travel/merchandise) programs....
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...Pipeline Routes For Delivery Of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets [pic] Economics 494 March 2, 2005 By: Etienne Snyman Pipeline Routes for Delivery of US North Slope Natural Gas to Lower-48 Markets Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Over-the-Top Route 1.2 Alaska Highway Route 2.0 Part 1 2.1.0 Economic Impacts of the Alaska Highway and “Over-The-Top” Routes on Various Stakeholders 2.1.1 Natural Gas Producers in Alaska 2.1.2 Natural Gas Producers in the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta 2.1.3 Mackenzie Valley Corridor Producers 2.1.4 Producers in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 2.1.5 Producers in the Supply Regions of the Lower 48 US States 2.1.6 The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Sector 2.1.7: Natural Gas End-use Consumers 2.1.8: Pipeline Operating Companies 2.1.9: American Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.10: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the Alaska Highway Route 2.1.11: American Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.12: Canadian Taxpayer Perspective of the “Over-the-Top” Route 2.1.13: Aboriginal Interests 2.2.0: Potential Environmental Impacts of the Alaska Highway and the “Over-The-Top” Routes 2.2.1: Overview 2.2.2: Environmental Impacts According To The Yukon Conservation Society 2.2.3: Environmental Impacts...
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..... 4 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING .................................................................................. 4 3. EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING ......................................................................................... 5 4. THE CONSEQUENCE OF DOUBLE ENTRY ..................................................................... 6 5. RECENT GROWTHS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN ACCOUNTING ............................... 7 6. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE ............................................................................................... 8 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 9 1. INTRODUCTION The main objective of this study is to critically review the Origin, Growth and Development of accounting theories and their impacts on financial reporting. Other objectives are to explore accounting theory in resolving areas of diversities among users of financial statements. It further examines the extent to which accounting theory has influenced practices and development of accounting profession in recent times. According to Jennings (1990), accounting is the process of obtaining, recoding, classifying, summarizing, reporting,...
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...to which people suffer from. After reading several case studies and matching the correct diagnosis to the correct case study, now it is time to go over these case studies, diagnosis, causes and treatments. There are five case studies in total. The diagnoses to be covered are schizoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. The first case study was on a middle ages woman name Josephine. Josephine presented with symptoms of schizoid personality disorder. She is avoidant of social situations, shows no emotions and prefers to be alone. From a cognitive perspective, individuals with schizoid personality disorder have a deficient way of thinking and looking at things. However, psychodynamic theorists believe that schizoid personality disorder is a product of unaccepting or abusive parents. Treatments for schizoid personality disorder are quite limited on effectiveness and treatment isn’t usually sought unless another disorder presents the need for treatment. Drug therapy, group therapy, learning social skills, role play and exposure techniques are some types of behavioral therapy techniques used to treat schizoid personality disorder. The cognitive approach gives the patient a list of emotions to think about and also asks him/her to write down experiences when certain emotions are present, such as pleasure (Comer, 2011). The second case study is on Luis who has narcissistic personality disorder...
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...discover if Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was more prevalent in children raised institutions, foster care or adoptive families. Measurements included the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment, Strange Situation Procedure, Disturbances of Attachment Interview, and the Preschool Aged Psychiatric Assessment (Smyke, et. al. 2012), the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Interview (Cone, et. al., 2009) in addition to the Reactive Affective Disorder Checklist (RAD-C) and the Relationships Problem Questionnaire (RPQ), in the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (Thrall, et al., 2009). These measurements were not only utilized to discover the existence of RAD, but to test the validity of the methods. Additionally, treatment studies including holding, narrative therapy, parenting skills training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, psychodrama, and/or neurofeedback (Wimmer, et. al.,2009) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (Cone, et. al.,2009) are examined. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) lists Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) as a serious, directly linked outcome of early infant–mother attachment difficulties (American Psychiatric Association 2000). According to the DSM-IV-TR, Reactive Attachment Disorder is ‘‘the psychological disturbance of the relationship between a child and his parent(s) or primary caregiver based on pathogenic care’’ (American Psychiatric Association 2000, p 128). It is characterized...
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...systematic desensitization, the phobia of Glossophobia will be approached with this model. It is common for people to have Glossophobia even actors, singers, business people have suffered from this phobia. Glossophobia affects three out of every four individuals (Glossophobia about, 2012) What is Glossophobia? Glossophobia is a fear of public speaking, speech, anxiety, and stage fright. When even the thought of having to present in front of people already makes you feel anxious, sick to the stomach, nervous, start to sweat drops, dry mouth and even want to avoid presenting. Also when up presenting the “umms” come out and it is taking attention away from delivering the message in the presentation (Pro Quest.) If all this apply then it is a case of Glossophobia. This phobia does not come up from nowhere; this phobia had to do something with the person’s childhood or adolescents. A tragic event had to happen to the person for them to develop a fear of public speaking or presenting. For example either in the childhood the person got made fun of for mispronouncing a word while doing a speech in front of his or hers classmates. Or an adolescent performing a dance in front of a crowed and she slipped and fell or messed up some dance moves, everyone in the crowd laughed so now that is why she may have developed Glossophobia in her adulthood. Glossophobia affects both women and men but the women are the one that suffers the most with Glossophobia. Women Women get more anxious in public...
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...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...Reducing Efficiency through Communication in Competitive Coordination Games* Timothy N. Casona, Roman M. Sheremetab, and Jingjing Zhangc a Department of Economics, Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, 403 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47906-2056, U.S.A. b Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, U.S.A. c Department of Economics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4, Canada July 30, 2009 Abstract Costless pre-play communication has been found to effectively facilitate coordination and enhance efficiency by increasing individual payoffs in games with Pareto-ranked equilibria. We report an experiment in which two groups compete in a weakest-link contest by expending costly efforts. Allowing group members to communicate before choosing efforts leads to more aggressive competition and greater coordination, but also results in substantially lower payoffs than a control treatment without communication. Our experiment thus provides evidence that communication can reduce efficiency in competitive coordination games. This contrasts sharply with experimental findings from public goods and other coordination games, where communication enhances efficiency and often leads to socially optimal outcomes. JEL Classifications: C71, C72, C91, C92, D72, H41 Keywords: contest, between-group competition, within-group competition, cooperation, coordination, free-riding, experiments Corresponding...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning which can explain how we develop fears, phobias and other emotional reactions, and food aversions. Ian Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically...
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