...are shown in Appendix A labeled, Figure 1. The trend was constant prior to the presentation of the token economy. After the downward trend in distance in the second token economy, a steady upward trend was present. The distance the participant ran in miles is depicted along the y-axis and the observations are shown along the x-axis. The observations are split into 5 sections. The first section is titled “Baseline A” prior to any reinforcement given. The second section is named the token system and provides data for the first session of information collected as the participant was given reinforcement in the form of a $5 Dick’s Sporting Goods gift card every time she increased her distance 0.2 miles. The...
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...Explain any 15 theories of learning, showing clearly how they can be applied to make learning effective Learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. 1. Behaviorism theory Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a systematic approach to the understanding of human and animal behavior. Behaviorism combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and psychological theory. It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally It assumes that the behavior of a human or animal is a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and controlling stimuli. Thus, although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental factors. 2. Cognitivism theory Cognitivists argued that the way people think impacts their behavior and therefore cannot be a behavior in and of itself. Cognitivists later argued that thinking is so essential to psychology that the study of thinking should become its own field...
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...5. Does the teacher use the behaviorism strategy of token economy (token reinforcement system)? If so, cite specific examples and reference the class text. Is this technique effective in encouraging or eliminating behaviors? How does this system affect students’ motivation? Explain. The teacher I observed did use a token economy to help solve problems and help students work towards positive classroom behavior. Each student had a star in the front of the class on a magnet board. If the teacher told a student to go and move their star up they knew they had impressed the teacher and modeled good behavior. Each time they move up their star they earn a ticket they can use to buy items from their class store that they want, class supplies, or save...
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...TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 1, NO. 8, AUGUST 2014 1 Keylogging-resistant Visual Authentication Protocols DaeHun Nyang, Member, IEEE, Aziz Mohaisen, Member, IEEE, Jeonil Kang, Member, IEEE, Abstract—The design of secure authentication protocols is quite challenging, considering that various kinds of root kits reside in PCs (Personal Computers) to observe user’s behavior and to make PCs untrusted devices. Involving human in authentication protocols, while promising, is not easy because of their limited capability of computation and memorization. Therefore, relying on users to enhance security necessarily degrades the usability. On the other hand, relaxing assumptions and rigorous security design to improve the user experience can lead to security breaches that can harm the users’ trust. In this paper, we demonstrate how careful visualization design can enhance not only the security but also the usability of authentication. To that end, we propose two visual authentication protocols: one is a one-time-password protocol, and the other is a password-based authentication protocol. Through rigorous analysis, we verify that our protocols are immune to many of the challenging authentication attacks applicable in the literature. Furthermore, using an extensive case study on a prototype of our protocols, we highlight the potential of our approach for real-world deployment: we were able to achieve a high level of usability while satisfying stringent security requirements. Index...
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...Chapter 12: Mini Case 1 Computer Dynamics Computer Dynamics is a microcomputer software development company that has a 300-computer network. The company is located in three adjacent five-story buildings in an office park, with about 100 computers in each building. The current network is a poorly designed mix of Ethernet and token ring (Ethernet in two buildings and token ring in the other). The networks in all three buildings are heavily overloaded, and the company anticipates significant growth in network traffic. There is currently no network connection among the buildings, but this is one objective in building the new network. Describe the network you would recommend and how it would be configured with the goal of building a new network that will support the company’s needs for the next 3 years with few additional investments. Be sure to include the devices and type of network circuits you would use. You will need to make some assumptions, so be sure to document your assumptions and explain why you have designed the network in this way. I would recommend creating a multi switch VLAN. VLANs offer two other major advantages compared to the other network architectures. The first lies in their ability to manage the flow of traffic on the LAN and backbone very precisely. VLANs make it much simpler to manage the broadcast traffic that has the potential to reduce performance and to allocate resources to different types of traffic more precisely. The bottom line is that VLANs...
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...the Richman Investments website, intranet or internal network. We are intending to ensure 100% accountability of our companies shared information, but most importantly our customers’ personal/financial information. It is urged that all remote access users refer to the acceptable use policy before accessing any network component of Richman Investments. Any use of a personal computer, company workstation or Blackberry/PDA to access the Richman Investments network will require the newest version update of our company anti-virus software. All remote access connections will be limited to do work on the behalf of Richman investments. Every workstation will be equipped with a required assigned user name, password authentication, and a access token authentication. The password minimum requirements will be limited to twelve characters, including two special characters, and three numeric characters. A user connecting to the network using a personal computer and/or PDA will require a network access password, with a minimum of ten characters, including two special characters and three numeric characters. All passwords will be kept confidential to the network user and network administrators. Do not reveal your password to anyone, including family. Every user will be assigned to a specific group, where access will be limited to only specific applications required for a Richman Investments employee to be able to complete their work. All Employees of Richman investments will have permissions...
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...ANTIA, GODWIN COURSEWORK ASSINGMENT 2013 USER AUTHENTICATION: DOING US A DISSERVICE INTRODUCTION: Several Years ago the growth of internet wasn’t rapidly and there were few limited online application. Today, almost everything that can be done offline has an online counterpart. This goes from simple email, access to paying your bill online (Roger ,M.and Carlos,C., 2007). Therefore, authentication is a process in which a user is asked to identify itself by providing certain details. Authentication has become the most integral part of all web based application nowadays. The most used form of authentication is the password and pin approach. Internet usage and online application are experiencing spectacular growth worldwide; there are over a billion internet users at present which utilises the use of the internet. Authentication is necessary in our everyday business because it will cut down the rate of identity theft and also stabilize confidentiality. User authentication faces a major problem as many security geniuses came out to proof that no single security completely protects users from theft. This essay will describe the limitations that can occur in practice of authenticating a user. It will help improve the reader’s knowledge on issue with authentication process, which is done according to the level of authentication. It will review the state of practice of a user authentication; also evaluate the authentication process with three website such as Facebook, Barclays bank...
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...THE USE OF SECURE IDENTIFICATION 2 Abstract Organizations today rely on information-sharing processes that are so manually intensive, duplicative, and inefficient that they cannot scale to meet critical computer network defense requirements of speed, agility, relevance, and accuracy. This gap ultimately translates into lost opportunities to avoid serious losses, improve security practices, prevent attacks, and predict threats. The aim of this report is to review the popularity and affordability of Secure Identifications (ID) devices when logging into our work laptops, portable devices, and how staying connected is now easier and safer than ever. Many of us have received an e-mail, either from a web portal we frequent, or from the IT department, telling us that we need to reset our password due to a security breach. In the event of a smash and grab attack that compromises user passwords, having users reset their passwords is one of the first steps in remediation. There’s no question that the old password is now gone, and should most definitely be changed. As employees, we welcome the simplicity of the portable platforms and continue to increase device usage for everything from maintenance, inventory, pay/finance, and professional development learning courses. However, as more personal and sensitive data is available on mobile devices, fraudsters are quickly developing ways to exploit this new platform. A staff survey on the use of Secure Identification on company...
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...as network login (NT) reduces authentication risk. An NT allows the system to recognize the member and validates their credentials to use the system. A password used with the NT is specific to the user and held in privacy so that no other user can access the system under the NT credentials. The Information Technology (IT) group uses authority tables to distribute access levels to the staff that gives users permission to view certain areas in the system and allow employee restriction to confidential information or applications that segregate from a user's responsibility. (Turner, L. & Weickgenannt, 2012) For increased protection, the use of a security token or smart card authenticates users. Both the token and the smart card first authenticate a user by the NT credentials and require a second id displayed by the token and smart card that changes every few seconds. Having a computer log in place compliments the NT credential and security devices and supports non-repudiation; a process that does not allow denial of user transactions while using the system. The log tracks usage, failed login attempts, and can detect changes to applications. After three failed login attempts, the system denies access. Tracking failed attempts allow quick research of suspicious activity. (Turner, L. & Weickgenannt, 2012) Test of Control Activities for Network Security Hacking and network break-ins can occur from employees or anyone outside the company. Risks include sabotaging data...
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...What is a Dialup Internet Service Dialup internet service is a service that allows connectivity to the internet through a standard telephone line. By connecting the telephone line to the modem in your computer and inserting the other end into the phone jack, and configuring the computer to dial a specific number provided by your internet service provider(ISP) you are able to access the internet on your computer. Dial up internet service is provided through several ISP. The majority of internet service providers give you a set of telephone numbers either national or local that allows you to dial into a network that feeds into the internet. This allows you to receive and send email, search the World Wide Web, participate in chat rooms and plenty of other features the web has to offer. In order to get a dial up internet service a person must definitely have a computer and even more important a modem. There are different types of modems, and most of them are inexpensive to purchase. You can have an internal modem installed in a free slot of your computer, or you can have an external modem that's hooked up to the computer through cables. A telephone line is linked to the modem. The modem whether external or internal is controlled by software on the computer. With Microsoft Windows operating system that software is the Network Connection utility which allows you to connect to the internet. How? In the Network Connection utility you have to set up ISP profile so that the modem knows...
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...A good alternative to two factor authentication would be something like the FortiGate Series. This is a series that consist of hardware firewalls designed to protect computer networks from abuse basically. They will reside between the network they are protecting and an external network like the internet. This FortiGate Series will span the full range of network environments, from the small office and home office to the service provider, offering cost-effective systems for any application. They can detect and eliminate damaging, content-based threats from email and Web traffic such as viruses, worms, intrusions, and inappropriate Web content in real-time without degrading network performance, which is something I would be looking for. In addition to it providing application-level protection, the FortiGate Series can deliver a full range of network-level services which include firewall, Virtual Private Network, intrusion prevention and traffic shaping in a dedicated, easily managed platform. The FortiGate series provides a NAT/route mode that will apply security features between two or more different networks and a transparent mode that applies security features at any point in a network, which is a huge plus. A FortiGate unit will consist of a hardware box and the custom firewall software FortiOS, A separate administrator console will be used to perform system administration. This firewall can operate either alone or as part of a firewall cluster in order to provide a high...
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...contractor that builds communications parts for the military. All employees communicate using smartphones and e-mail. 5. Confidential Services Inc. is a military-support branch consisting of 14,000,000 computers with Internet access and 250,000 servers. All employees must have security clearances, and they communicate mainly using BlackBerry devices and e-mail. Access Controls * Administrative controls: Policies approved by management and passed down to staff, such as policies on password length. 4 * Logical/technical controls: Control access to a computer system or network, such as a username and password combination. 3 * Hardware controls: Equipment that checks and validates IDs, such as a smart-card for or security token for multifactor authentication. 2 * Software controls: Controls embedded in operating system and application...
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...Ethernet or Token Ring Checkpoint Keitha Hinkle IT 242 03/27/2014 LaTrea Shine Ethernet or Token Ring Checkpoint Sanguaro federal has mainframes for all of its banks and businesses, must the company use the Ethernet or token ring protocol. I feel this would be a good option because the bank and businesses are probably not all located in the same building. So if they are located in separate buildings it would be the best option. In a token ring LAN each station is connected to a center wiring concentrator. This is called a multi-station access unit using a UTP or an STP. The access method that is used is called Token. This type of method is a special data package that is generated by the first computer which connects to the token ring network and then passed from one station to another station around the ring. This type of device only communicates over the network when it has the token. XYZ technology consultation has offices on the second, third, and fourth floors of the office building it occupies. Most of the company uses the Ethernet or token ring protocol. Explain your choice. Why is this choice appropriate? I think for this situation I would suggest an Ethernet protocol. I think this would be a better choice because the company is all located in the same building just on different floors. This is the most common type and popular used LAN technology. This is due to its reliability and ease of installation as well as its cost. An Ethernet network can be connected...
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...increasingly difficult. Central to all security is the concept of authentication - verifying that the user is who he claims to be. We can authenticate an identity in three ways: by something the user knows (such as a password or personal identification number), something the user has (a security token or smart card) or something the user is (a physical characteristic, such as a fingerprint, called a biometric). (For more on authentication All three authentication mechanisms have drawbacks, so security experts routinely recommend using two separate mechanisms, a process called two-factor authentication. But implementing two- factor authentication requires expensive hardware and infrastructure changes. Therefore, security has most often been left to just a single authentication method. Passwords are cheap, but most implementations offer little real security. Managing multiple passwords for different systems is a nightmare, requiring users to maintain lists of passwords and systems that are inevitably written down because they can't remember them. The short answer, talked about for decades but rarely achieved in practice, is the idea of single sign-on. . Using security tokens or smart cards requires more expense, more infrastructure support and specialized hardware. Still, these used to be a lot cheaper than biometric devices and, when used with a PIN or password, offer acceptable levels of security, if not always convenience. Biometric authentication has been...
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...Dear Manager, I have received your email regarding your new branch office, and I may be of some help to you. There are many ways to secure the workstations in your branch, the three best ways to secure your workstations I will suggest are: passwords, smart cards, and biometrics, I will describe each individually and let you decide which is best for your branch, also I will explain the firewall software that comes with Windows 7. The first type of security I will discuss is the most common but least effective if the proper measurements aren’t taken and I am talking about passwords. This would be the cheapsest way to go due to the fact that security via password you wont need any additional hardware or software. If you were to choose to go this route here are some tips to ensure the protection of your company and its interests. Make sure that your password is seven characters or more, also do make sure to have a mixture of not only letters and numbers but upper and lowercase letters, this will make it pretty difficult for an attacker to “crack your password”. In addition make sure to keep it fresh and change your password every couple of months or so. Windows 7 now supports a plethora of group policy settings to ensure your systems security, but do know that your employees are responsible for their own passwords. To do this you will have to go to the control panel in the start menu and choose the systems and security tab then click administrative tools, from here choose the...
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