...To what extent is the UN effective in ensuring peace and security? The United Nations was set up in 1945 and contains 192 members which is ongoing. Its primary aim was to ensure it safeguarded peace and security, with other aims revolving around human rights, international law and social progress. The UN has been heavily criticised due its functions and how it operate, however many would argue that the UN has been very effective in ensuring peace and, as an effect, security. To some extent the UN has been very effective in ensuring peace and security solely due to the reason it is the closest organisation our world has to global governance. Its policing the international system and the world is better with it than without. The approach to reaching its aim is done via the power vested in the Security Council. The Security Council are responsible for ensuring the un role as peacekeeper and has the power to legally binding resolutions, economic sanctions and to even take military action in order to maintain peace. Effectively, the UN is therefore a creation of its members. The Powerful 5 (P-5) USA, Russia, UK, France and China, have the ability to pass legally binding resolutions which can promote peace and security and eradicate any form of threat. A recent example of this is formed in the Syria crisis and the UNs decision to get rid of the Chemical weapons it had used on its civilians in order to reach peace. This demonstrated the power of the legally binding resolution and...
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...THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PROPOSE TACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THESE CRISES Introduction i) The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization instituted with a visionary goal and objective of promoting world peace, security, and cooperation under the terms of the Charter, signed by member countries. Established in 1945 by 51 founding states, the institution has its headquarters at New York City. The focal point of the organization is focus on affairs of the government, politics, and diplomacy worldwide, and encompasses economic and social development programs. Implementation of these development schemes works to improve human rights and reduce conflicts among its member counties. ii) The UN Security Council The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), a Secretariat (administration and information) as well as the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). Under the Charter, the Security Council has a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. While the UN has had its fair share of success, it has also encountered several obstacles in its path of executing peacekeeping missions. This paper investigates the challenges that the Council has stumbled upon in its mandate to maintain world peace and order...
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...NATIONS 1. UN General Assembly (UNGA) Deliberative assembly of all UN member states (each country has one vote) may resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the UNSC (not a Parliament) decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC adopts the budget elects: - the non-permanent members of the UNSC all members of ECOSOC on the proposal of the UNSC theUN Secretary General and the 15 judges of the ICJ The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) - Is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations - the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Powers to oversee the budget of the United Nations appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. Meetings UNGA meets under its president or Secretary-General in regular yearly sessions. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions Each member country has one vote. recommendations on peace and security; election...
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...Nations charter for maintenance of international peace and security, the Security Council has primary responsibility to play in that. It is for Security Council to determine when and where a UN peacekeeping operation should be deployed. The Security Council response to crises around the world on a case by case basis and it has a range of options at its disposal. It takes many different factors into accounts considering the establishment of new peace operation including: i. whether there is a ceasefire in place and the parties have committed themselves to a peace process intended to reach a political settlement ii. Whether a clear political goal exists and whether it can be reflected in the mandate iii. Whether a precise mandate for a UN operation can be formulated iv. Whether the safety and security of UN personnel can be reasonably ensured, including in particular whether reasonable guarantees can be obtained from the main parties or factions regarding the safety and security of UN personnel The changing role of the United Nations includes the following. Conflict resolution, conflict prevention, women peace security Collective security, disarmament, peace building, and The development of new international arrangement to promote peace stability and the general welfare among others. ROLES OF UNITED NATIONS IN MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Many international controversies do not even come before the UN because the parties directly involved prefer...
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...organizations are African Union (AU) and European Union (EU). The UN recognises regional organizations as stakeholders in international relations and has granted some of them observer status at the UN General Assembly and permanent representation in New York. The right to speak at the United Nations General Assembly meetings, participation in procedural votes, and to sponsor and sign resolutions means that regional organisations can influence relationships between countries. The three main roles of regional organizations that justify their existence are Peacekeeping and Security, Combating Terrorism, and Disaster Risk Reduction Peacekeeping and Security Regional organizations have an increasing responsibility to maintain a peaceful and stable environment among countries, accelerate growth and development in their member countries through joint endeavours, and maintain beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organisations. The increasing need of strengthening the role of regional organizations in maintaining international peace and security demonstrates the importance of regional organizations in international relations. A report by the UN Secretary General, An Agenda for Peace, emphasises that regional organizations might be used to support UN peace efforts ranging from preventive diplomacy to post conflict peace building. The role of regional organizations in peacekeeping and international security is destined to continue growing with a view toward...
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...post World War One to try and prevent another catastrophic conflict. As we all know the League failed and the ensuing massacre of World War Two warranted a stronger and more comprehensive intergovernmental organization. This would lead to the creation of the United Nations. Though the UN has stood the test of time it does have its critics who question the effectiveness of the organizations ability to respond swiftly or appropriately to global crises. From the perspective of international law the United Nations works to create new laws and agreements in counties addressing issues in a global context; i.e. terrorism, nuclear weapons, boarder disputes etc. The UN also facilitates the International Court of Justice which aims to solve disputes between nations. The International Criminal court is another international court system that aims to hold individuals who commit war crimes or other significant international crimes responsible for their actions. The United Nations, International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court all contribute to the stability of our world, although there effectiveness is limited in atmospheres. The United Nations fundamental mandate is to promote peace; this mandate can become perverted once other factors interfere. The heart of the United Nations lies in the General Assembly. The General Assembly involves delegates from all countries in...
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...United Nations and peacekeeping. The UN Security Council is the main organization of the United Nations dedicated to the resolution of conflicts and peacekeeping. It is composed of fifteen members, five of whom are permanent, namely China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States, and ten of which are elected by the General Assembly every two years. When the Security Council is confronted with a problem that can represent a threat for international peace and safety, it must first try to resolve the problem peacefully. In die past, the Security Council has acted as mediator or, in cases of armed conflict, proposed a cease-fire. The Council can also reinforce its decisions by enacting sanctions. Sanctions are a way for the Council to apply its decisions, constituting a step between a simple condemnation and armed intervention. Sanctions can include an arms embargo, trade and finance restrictions, the ceasing of air and sea contact, or diplomatic isolation. Furthermore, the council can also opt for measures that call for more people and material. Peacekeeping missions allow the Security Council to watch over the cease-fire and participate in the creation of conditions for peace. On a few occasions, the Security Council has authorized member States to use all the necessary’ means to keep the peace, including collective military action. General Indar Jit Rktye, the former president of the International Peace Academy who has participated in several...
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...responsibility of all Member States to act internationally in conformity with the principles and aims of the Charter of the United Nations, Taking into account the importance of gender balance within every activity of the UN, whether it be decision-making or idea-generation, Understanding that violence due to arms, terrorism and civil disunion continues to hamper the serenity and social stability of numerous regions all around the world, Noting with appreciation the successes of certain previous mediation attempts as well as the peace and stability they have brought about, Taking note of the 2009 report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations promoting, propagating and supporting any and all mediation efforts made by UN and/or any other state or non-state actor, provided that the aim of the mediation was solely the peaceful settlements of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, Reiterating Article 99 of the UN Charter, which states ‘The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security’, Aware of all previous resolutions/statements approved and published by the GA (General Assembly), UNSC (United Nations Security Council) or any other body relevant to mediation and...
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...THE ROLE OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Remarks by Alyson JK Bailes, Dept of Political Science, University of Iceland The UN Security Council seems to be one of the most admired and envied institutional bodies in the world – except perhaps by those who actually have to work on it. Even the nations like India, Japan and Brazil who are criticizing the Council for lack of representativity are doing so because they want to get on to it: they think the idea as such of having a limited group of nations with such special powers is great. Outside the UN, I have often heard debates in other institutions about why they can’t have something like the Security Council to ensure stronger leadership and faster action. This idea is often raised in the EU context in the shape of an inner core of big states or original founding states. It has also been repeatedly proposed in the OSCE, mainly by Russia. So perhaps if we want to look at the basic role of the UNSC we should ask not just what it was created for but why it could be created in that form, which really has little parallel anywhere else in the world structure. The answer to its original purpose is set out very clearly in the original UN Charter. I quote: ‘In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this...
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...organizations for maintaining world peace and security.Today this peace is threatened by the scourge of terrorism especially after 9/11 incident in 2001.As the main aim of UNO is to maintain international peace and security; therefore it takes the responsibility of countering this menance.This paper gives a detail of some of the resolutions, conventions and other activities that UNO has carried out to counter terrorism. The worth mentioning of these are the Global Counter terrorism strategy, Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force and the resolutions passed by UNO. All the organs of the Organization especially the Security Council and the General Assembly are playing an active role. In this paper the main focus is on the General Assembly and Security Councils response to Terrorism Although there is lack of practical implementation but still a hope is there that by mutual cooperation and collective actions they would be able to fight terrorism and establish peace in the world. INTRODUCTION: The UN Charter provided the legal basis of the activities of countering terrorism on 25 June 1945.The states declared their determination to work together for maintaining world peace and security. The UN charter has been used as a tool to combat terrorism but with the passage of time this issue has become very complicated and the requirements for additional tools has become urgent. In the light of the requirements of additional tools the UN had taken different steps...
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...Nations (UN) is established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. It is an intergovernmental organization established to replace the ineffective League of Nations after the Second World War. In the beginning the UN had 51member countries and now there are 193 member countries for UN. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member Countries. UN has an objective of maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. Major part of UN responsibility is to maintain world peace. For ensuring world peace UN has United Nations Peace keeping operations in short term UNPKO though out the world were conflicts are going on. Bangladesh is an active member of UN and participating in UNPKO in many countries of the world. UN Peacekeeping has never been as large, complex and demanding as it is today. More than 100,000 peacekeepers are deployed across the globe, where Bangladesh has consistently been one of the most significant and frontline troops and police contributing countries. As of now, we are the second largest troops contributing country with (1,830 police, 73 UNMEM and 6,605 troops) attached to various UN peacekeeping forces worldwide in November, 2013.There are total 63 Peacekeeping Operations conducted since 1948. Bangladesh has participated in 44 UN missions...
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...and has been used as a mediator between the opposing groups as a peaceful resolution to the issues is sought. Its main interest is in creating a peaceful end to this conflict and ensuring that both sides are just in their actions. At the time that the United Nations was founded, Great Britain administered the area of Palestine as a result of a mandate that had been assigned to them by the League of Nations. The British supported the establishment of a Jewish state in the area and Jewish immigration was greatly increasing especially following the Holocaust during World War II. This was met by opposition from the Arab population in Palestine and, as violence between the groups increased, the British were forced to turn the region over to the United Nations. On 28 April 1947 a special session of the UN General Assembly established the Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), which had the task of investigating all of the questions surrounding the problems in Palestine and to recommend solutions to be considered by the General Assembly later that year. UNSCOP recommended two solutions. The first was that the area be divided into two independent states, one Arab and one Jewish, with a special international status for Jerusalem which would remain under administrative authority of the UN. All three of these entities would then be linked by an economic union. The second solution called for an independent federation with Arab and Jewish states and Jerusalem as the...
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...* * * * What are the international Organisations? International organisations ‘represent the apex of a pyramid of multilateral diplomacy. At the base of this pyramid are the issues suitable for negotiation. Above this is the process of negotiation in which states agree norms or rules, and only in certain cases does this process of negotiation create the appropriate organisation or institutions’ (Imber, 1992). One can classify these organisations into various categories concerning of their functions. Such as: a) International financial institutions b) Commodity cartels c) World trade d) Sustainable economic development e) Food security f) Human rights g) The environment h) Regional organisations i) Health j) Emergency/disaster relief k) Security These organisations can be listed as Inter-governmental and non-governmental organisation too. * Theory and International Organizations One tries to establish a theory which aims to explain international organisations. His theory bases on ‘a principal-agent (P-A) model of international organization in which groups of member governments sometimes empower their IO agents with real decision-making authority. …7 Member governments (making up the principal) hire an IO (agent) to perform some functions that will benefit the members. In this framework, member governments establish the goals that IOs will pursue and then allow the IO to pursue those goals with little...
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...organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two types: International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include International non-profit organizations. Examples include the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states. Example includes the United Nations (UN). Recognized Regional Organizations (ROs) are independent bodies which share IFAC's mission and values and which, in many cases, share IFAC's membership. ROs play a valuable role by supporting the development of the international accountancy profession, facilitating convergence to international standards, and providing leadership in addressing issues affecting the accountancy profession in their region and/or constituencies. Purpose Of These Organizations: Regional and International Organizations are crucial in promoting and supporting the...
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...ASSEMBLY School: THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, THAILAND Assigned Country: REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO African countries have experienced political fragmentations for decades since the colonialism era. In Rwanda, the two main races, Hutu and Tutsi, face ongoing political strugglings within its territory. The situation exacerbated with the colonial influence in the region. After its independence supported by the Belgians, Hutu majority was able to seized the power and established a regime that focused on oppression on the Tutsi minority. Under Kayibanda rule, violence against Tutsi was widespread. Tutsi children and women were taken from their home and killed. In 1973, Kayibanda was ousted by the coup led by Habyarimana who was a Tutsi. Peace was found in region. However, peace did not last long. The economic instability in 1985 made Rwandans unsatisfied with their life condition. Hutu support of Habyarimana was eroding. Without Hutu support, his political power would be threatened. Therefore in order to maintain his support, he adopted anti-Tutsi policies. These acts led to the invasion of Rwandan Patriotic Front which composed of Tutsi in exile in Uganda. Rwanda was on the blink of genocide. The final string that led to the genocide was the shooting down of Habyarinmana’s plane. After the incident, gunfire between two sides was exchanged and later resulted in massacre. A quick resolution to this conflict is needed. Republic of the Congo would like to express its condolence to the loss of lives...
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