...Expanded Program on Immunization I. Rationale The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines. Six vaccine-preventable diseases were initially included in the EPI: tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. In 1986, 21.3% “fully immunized” children less than fourteen months of age based on the EPI Comprehensive Program review. II. Scenario Global Situation The burden In 2002, WHO estimated that 1.4 million of deaths among children under 5 years due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination. This represents 14% of global total mortality in children under 5 years of age. Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record, WHO: No.46,2011,86.509-520) Burden of Diseases The immunization coverage of all individual vaccines has improved as shown in Figure 1: (Demographic Health Survey 2003 and 2008). Fully Immunized Child (FIC) coverage improved by 10% and the Child Protected at Birth (CPAB) against Tetanus improved by 13% compared to any prior period. Thus, the Philippines has now historically the highest coverage for these two major indicators. Figure 1: Comparison of the 2003 and 2008 EPI indicators, Source: NDHS III. Interventions/ Strategies Program Objectives/Goals: Over-all Goal: To reduce the morbidity and mortality among children against the most common vaccine-preventable...
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...Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental retardation (Los Angeles Times, 2011). The HPV vaccine has been used on girls...
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...Childhood vaccinations varies in different countries on an international level. WHO (2017) states that there is a lag in the introduction of the newer and more expensive vaccines in many middle-income countries. The main reason for this is that these countries often do not receive external support for vaccinations and their health budgets are often insufficient to cover the costs of procuring the newer and more expensive vaccines (WHO, 2017). Regarding measles vaccination, 85% of children globally have been vaccinated with the first dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday and 64% with a second dose (WHO, 2017). These coverage levels remain short of those required to prevent outbreaks, prevent death and achieve measles elimination goals (WHO, 2017)....
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...and can be prevented by vaccinations. However, if a child is untreated then the likelihood of contracting an untreated disease is greater. Diseases are so simple and easy to catch, every day there are thousand upon thousands of people who travel globally each day. There are reports of outbreaks around the world with more than 200 international destinations scientist are regularly reporting new disease. The mumps, whooping cough, and measles are all making a comeback due to the lack of vaccinations (cdc.gov). By vaccinating your children from new diseases, it betters the chances of not being sickened by the disease. Another benefit from vaccinating your child is the time and money you save. Vaccines lessen a number of sick days your child has, which means people need to take time off of work to care for an ill child. The medical amount is less than the overall cost to support a long-term sickness. Also, the Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act make vaccines available to children and adults without copay (ProCon.org). By making vaccines affordable and not time-consuming, this should increase the amount of vaccine protected children, giving everyone the opportunity to...
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...Professor MacDougall started the lecture with the discussion of why one studies history, stating disease is a universal experience, and transcend race, gender, and class. She expressed how smallpox is part of the Orthopox family, with a variola major virus which is more deadly than the variola minor virus. There were many attempts at vaccination, once incident where they would extract the puss from one victim, and insert into a healthy person for them to become immune. However, all this would do is spread the disease further. Then Edward Jenner tested his theory of injecting cow pox into a volunteer. This vaccination proved to be effective. In 1948, with the creation of the World Health Organization people believed it was time to eradicate...
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...AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 1 AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 2 Abstract AIDS is a global issue. The virus ravages communities, families and lives. As it continues to spread, several countries have made the commitment to work continuously to find ways to stop it. This ongoing quest has brought forth many ideologies, some of single theories others collaborations of theories. It is thought that a single method could be utilized to stop the spread of this deadly virus. It is also thought that the virus is curable and that pharmaceutical companies, governments and corporate entities, rather see the virus continue its’ path for their financial gain. This paper will introduce information that leads to another thought: “AIDS Research and the development of a viable vaccine”, is not being preempted by any entity except, the virus itself. There are factors that hinder the development of a viable vaccine to prevent the transmission of AIDS further research needs to be pursued. AIDS RESEARCH FOR A VIABLE VACCINE 3 AIDS Research for a Viable Vaccine The Problem AIDS is a public health problem that has been adding to its’ numbers since 1981, when it was “first recognized”. (Rowland) Since, 1996, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC has noted, “over one million people are HIV positive and nearly half of that number has AIDS”. In 2007, this number was represented at 33.2 million people worldwide with approximately 25 million...
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...2) A large-scale, systematic review of 51 studies published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews found that the flu vaccine was no more effective for children then a placebo. 3) Research published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine similarly reports that vaccination coverage among the elderly has increased from 15% in 1980 to 65% today. Pregnant women can get flu shots...
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...Throughout My life I attended public schools in Baltimore, MD from elementary school to Highschool. All of the schools had one thing in common which were vaccinations. If you were a student in the Baltimore city public school system you were required to get specific vaccines. If you did not have the vaccines that you were required to have, you were not allowed to go to school. One of the vaccines that were required was the Measles and Mumps vaccine which prevented the child from having a disease outbreak. It was expected for you to get one dose after your first birthday. After the first dose, you were expected to get another dose between the ages of 4 and 6. The vaccine is a immunization vaccine, it was a mixture of various diseases....
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...Paije Rush Professor Zeugin Workshop 100 December 8, 2011 “What Curves Our Thoughts?” How does Mooney intend to influence his audience /readers? People are conditioned by a lifetime of learning. Chris Mooney, author of “The Science of Why We Don’t Believe in Science”, explores how difficult it would be for people to accept new information. When a person is confronted with facts that challenge a long-held belief, the result is a strong defense to their position, a process called “motivated-reasoning” in which people may instead be ‘rationalizing’. Rationalizing can help explain how, as a society; we can remain bias over issues for which there are loads of evidence and information. This article is important based on the various perspectives of the learning process such as the president vaccine wars, science on climate changes, and global warming issues. Mooney uses these perspectives to his advantage to persuade his audience on the independence of beliefs and how it affects our thoughts. The theory behind “motivated reasoning” is that pre-existing beliefs, far more than any new facts brought to peoples’ attention tend to skew our thinking processes. These pre-existing thoughts color people’s most passionate and seemingly logical conclusions and beliefs. Mooney states, “‘Motivated-reasoning’ helps explain why we find groups so polarized over matters where the evidence is so unequivocal.”(pg.2) Mooney takes the time to not only cite organizations...
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...Thimerosal in vaccine also occurring at this time What Got Deer Started: Around the time the Lancet paper was published, a woman in Ireland was compensated for vaccine injury caused to her son. 2003 begins to take a closer look at Wakefield’s claims. Deer’s Findings: The research alleging link between MMR and Autism had been funded from the onset by a group of lawyers. Wakefield was on their payroll for two years prior to the paper being published and before the research began. Wakefield and his cohorts created “the problem” Children enrolled in the study were members of JAB as well as clients and contacts of the lawyers. 1996-97 these parents went to the Royal Free with onset of behavioral problems following MMR vaccination. Wakefield had arranged for specific named children to be brought to that hospital. Wakefield was not in clinical care, he was a lab doctor; made calls to the families of the children asking if the child had bowel issues. To file suite they...
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...Ever heard of Pasteurization? It was a method created by Louis Pasteur to stop milk and wine from carrying disease. Louis Pasteur is a French chemist and microbiologist from the 19th century. He had many influences in both the causing and prevention of many diseases. Now let’s take a look in detail at the many accomplishments of this biologist. Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, on December 27th 1822. Louis Pasteur comes from a poor family of tanners, not a likely place for such a person to sprout from. He was an average student early on in his life and was also very good at painting and drawing. In 1840 the young Louis acquired his Bachelor of Arts degree and two years later in 1842, his bachelor’s in science, at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1848 he shortly worked as a professor of physics, and a year later became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. At this university he met and later married Marie Laurent, whom he had 5 children with. Sadly of his five children only two of them lived all the way to adulthood, the others killed by a disease called typhoid. This is actually the reason that Pasteur decided to try to find cures for the multiple diseases that had killed his children. Pasteur has had many impacts on biology, such as pasteurization and certain cures for diseases and vaccines. Focusing on pasteurization, he was faced with a problem nobody could seem to answer. Why did some wine go bad and why didn’t...
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...77% of American kindergarteners are up to date with their vaccinations. (Park, 2008) This percentage makes Americans the most vaccinated group of people in the world. The number of shots required for school age children has doubled since 1980; today’s children will receive up to 28 injections for 11 to 15 diseases by the time they go to kindergarten. Many of these mandatory vaccinations are not safe because of the toxic chemicals, the multiple doses that they are administered in, and the neurological disorders, such as autism, that the immunizations may be causing. One main concern for many parents is the amount of injections that infants and young children are receiving at once. It is very common for the doctor’s office to administer three or even four different vaccinations in one visit. Many doctors and nurses share the concern that it is unhealthy for our children to receive so many shots at one time. One survey taken in Minnesota found that between 60 and 70 percent of the pediatricians, nurses, and parents they asked, felt uncomfortable giving a child more than two vaccinations in one office visit. (Madlon-Kay & Harper, 1994) The simultaneous injections can cause more severe side effects for the child and also increases the level of mercury that the child is exposed to because of the multiple doses. One the same line as simultaneous injections is combined injections. These are multiple vaccinations administered with one shot. One example of a combined injection...
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...Autism The Search Story I am writing my research paper over Autism. Autism is one of many mental disabilities; there are mild and severe forms of autism. People who are diagnosed with autsim are hard to visually point out because other than the far away look in their eyes, they physically look like everyone else. People with a mild form of autism talk slower and keep to themselves and have a very childish personality. Those with severe autism seem to be in a different world, they usually have one hobby and stick to it, they are generally very happy and jump around and like to make noises. All people with autism prefer to be left alone and they are very intelligent despite their first impressions. My cousin Nick was diagnosed with autism when he was 18 months old, he is extemely compassionate and constantly happy. He does prefer to be alone to watch his Disneys movies repeatedly. Nick will be 19 this coming September and we still don’t know what caused his disability, his mother is sure that it was caused by the vaccines but the doctors are begging to differ on that opinion. What I want to know the most about autism is how it is diagnosed and how children get it. How does the doctor know that it is autism and not another disability? Is autism given through immunizations when the child is born, or is it genetic? The Search Results Screening for autism is difficult because there is no medical test, so doctors have to look to the behaviors of the children (“Autism Spectrum Disorder...
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...not to vaccinate. Many parents now opt not to have their children vaccinated for personal reasons. This makes the child more susceptible to the outbreak and thus passes it on to others. * Epidemiology- although the incidence of measles has risen in recent years efforts to control the outbreaks globally have altered the virus transmission. In developed countries measles has been contained by vaccinations during childhood. Worldwide measles is the cause of morbidity and mortality. Measles was estimated to cause about 31 to 39.9 million illnesses with about 777,000 deaths worldwide (Barinaga & Skolnik). Measles is the fifth most common cause of death in children less than fives years old. The World Health Organization (WHO) put a strategy in place to vaccinate greater than 90 percent of the people with two doses of the MMR vaccine and to monitor that population very carefully. This would include case investigations of anyone suspected of contracting the virus (Barinaga & Skolnik). * Analogy- there has been a major increase in the measles transmission due to non-vaccination. The Health Protection Agency in England and Wales urged parents in 2011 to have their children vaccinated. The agency reported 334 cases in 2011 as compared to 2010 with 144 cases (Roxby, 2011). The Health Protection Agency in England believes the outbreak originated in France from unvaccinated...
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...HOOKANA MSN, PMHCS FEDERAL, LOCAL, AND NON-GOVERNMENT WEBSITE REVIEW Vaccinations are a vital component for public health. Vaccinations prevent the effects of infectious disease such as pertussis. Pertussis or whooping cough is a highly contagious bacteria spread by coughs and sneezes. Small droplets containing the bacteria are transmitted through airborne methods, which cause the disease to be spread from person to person. In this website, review will inform and provide information over different aspects of government and non-government functions. The federal, local, and non-governmental agencies websites provide similar and different information. These different agencies have different structures. The review will discuss these structures. The different agencies provide different and similar structures concerning pertussis. The government and non-government agencies work together in different capacities. These agencies have public and community health purposes and work together in different capacities to provide public health. Information derived from each of the various websites overlap including the definition of pertussis. A fact sheet provides the number of cases reported in a pertussis summary report and questions and answers. Pertussis vaccination information is a major overlap between the various websites. However, the immunity from vaccines wears off over time, but pertussis vaccination rates in adolescence and adults continue to be low reason for the continued...
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