...something like the Security Council to ensure stronger leadership and faster action. This idea is often raised in the EU context in the shape of an inner core of big states or original founding states. It has also been repeatedly proposed in the OSCE, mainly by Russia. So perhaps if we want to look at the basic role of the UNSC we should ask not just what it was created for but why it could be created in that form, which really has little parallel anywhere else in the world structure. The answer to its original purpose is set out very clearly in the original UN Charter. I quote: ‘In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.’ The emphasis here is indeed on quick and strong action, and the question of what the action should be for lies in the very first words of the Charter which talk about saving future generations from all the horrors of war. And as to why the particular group of nations on the UNSC should be suitable for stopping war: well, they consisted...
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...the U.n charter it ws decided that the objective of maintaining peace and security will be the primarly responsibity of SECURITY COUNCIL. it is unsc's responsibility to maintain intl. paece and security and for restoring peace wen it breaks down Acoording to Article 12 of U.N charter "Security Council has the power gven acco. to the charter of exercising its functions in respect of any dispute or situation concerning the international peace and security. The general asembly on the other hand can not make any reccomendation regarding the dispute unless security council requests to." But with the rise of Korean Crisis in 1950 , the ineffectiveness of security council was seen. Due to the the Veto power exercised by the soviet union on any unsc decision taken against the north korean, no strong action was taken during the korean crisis. This situation led to an important modification in the working of U.N. U.S.A with the support of France and the United kingdom was determined to have the United Nations provided with additional machinery handle such a situation. it was introduced in the assumption by USA that in future that in the Soviet Union veto in the security council would surely block any action similar to that taken in korea. Thus soon the UNITED FOR PEACE RESOLUTION was adopted by the general assembly. The resolution had 5 main provision: a) if during any case where there appear to be a threat to peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, the security council,...
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...PAndorum You excited? – Kaleb You think I would be. At first I was relieved to be doing solo repairs. Now the whole idea makes me nervous. – Scott You gotta relax man. You’re the best deep space welder the UNSC has to offer. You’re gonna do just fine. – Kaleb Yeah, thanks. Well alright, what do you got for me today? – Scott Lets see…Oh here we are. Apparently the UNSC lost communication with one of their ships. The UNSC Valkyrie. – Kaleb Oh great the Valkyrie? That’s the ship they conduct all those weird experiments on Spartans. – Scott Will you let me finish? They reported a rupture in the hull on the lower deck before they lost contact. So while you’re there can you fix the comms too? – Kaleb Wonderful my first assignment and it’s on the Valkyrie. How far out is it? – Scott Its far enough that you have to take a Saber. Stop bitching; you got a simple hull repair. Just get there and do your job. Ill even leave a channel open for ya, you’ll be done in no time anyhow. – Kaleb Oh my hero – Scott Get going, the quicker you get out the faster you’ll be back. – Kaleb Alright wish me luck – Scott I’ll keep my fingers crossed for ya – Kaleb GOES TO COUNTDOWN Nothing to be nervous about. I’ve done this a dozen times. – Scott He gets in the saber and soars off into space. Hey Kaleb can you hear me? – Scott Yeah I can hear ya loud and clear – Kaleb Hmm, the ships comms must have come online – Scott Maybe the crew fixed it. – Kaleb Yeah, but if they did fix...
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...|HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION | |INTRODUCTION | Humanitarian intervention poses a hard test for any international society built on principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force. Immediately after the Holocaust, the society of states established laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the mistreatment of civilians, and recognizing basic human rights. These humanitarian principles often conflict with principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. Sovereign states are expected to act as guardians of their citizens’ security, but what happens if states behave as criminals towards their own people, treating sovereignty as a licence to kill? Should tyrannical states be recognized as legitimate members of international society and accorded the protection afforded by the non-intervention principle? Or, should states forfeit their sovereign rights and be exposed to legitimate intervention if they actively abuse or fail to protect their citizens? Related to this, what responsibilities do other states or institutions have to enforce human rights norms against governments that massively violate them? Armed humanitarian intervention was not a legitimate practice during the cold war because states placed more...
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...certain previous mediation attempts as well as the peace and stability they have brought about, Taking note of the 2009 report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations promoting, propagating and supporting any and all mediation efforts made by UN and/or any other state or non-state actor, provided that the aim of the mediation was solely the peaceful settlements of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution, Reiterating Article 99 of the UN Charter, which states ‘The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security’, Aware of all previous resolutions/statements approved and published by the GA (General Assembly), UNSC (United Nations Security Council) or any other body relevant to mediation and...
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...essential in the modern world because of the interdependency of states due to globalisation through political and economic ties. A negative of this is that events such as the Global Financial Crisis which began in the US, can affect the majority of the world due to widespread economic relations. As well as this events that threated peace and security such as terrorist attacks, mass illness and war also have a large global impact. The United Nations is a primary body in aiding the resolution of conflicts and promoting peace on a global scale. Its main purposes include; maintaining peace and security, and developing friendly relations between states (Article 1 UN Charter) through its five main organs including the General Assembly and the UNSC. The UN’s effectiveness in modern times varies hugely depending on time and conditions as evident in many contemporary conflicts such as the success in the East Timor Conflict, and the failures in the Rwanda Genocide. The Eastern Timor conflict dates back to 1975 in which Indonesia illegal invaded East Timor. Over the next 25 years under the dictatorship of Suharto, many mass atrocity crimes were committed and covered up, resulting in over 100,000 deaths. The UN intervention, starting in 1999 can be seen as a successful application of the law in restoring peace and resolving conflict. The UN involvement began with the downfall of the Suharto dictatorship in 1998 and the call for independence from East Timor. Under the UNSC’s Resolution...
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...Baraa Elhariry International Law Professor Taub Due Date: 12/16/2011 UN Security Council’s Referral and Article 16 of the Rome Statute The Darfur Conflict began in February of 2003 when the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) took up arms against the Sudanese government claiming their actions as a retaliation of years of persecution by Arab Sudanese in the north against non-Arabs in the south. They were met with resistance by the national army and the Janjaweed forces, a militia that is not officially recognized by the Sudanese government, but acts in its’ best interests nonetheless. The United Nations estimates that there have been at least 300,000 Sudanese killed between 2003 and 2005. During that period, around two million more were displaced from their homes and forced to seek refuge. The conflict is still ongoing. After the relative success of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), a draft statute was adopted to establish an international criminal tribunal that had jurisdiction over crimes of war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression, and genocide. The result was the Rome Statute, which was drafted in 1998 and that required the approval of 60 states in order to come into force, which it did on July, 1st 2002. Sudan signed the Rome Statue in September of 2000 while Omar al-Bashir was President, but did not ratify it, thus not accepting...
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...Crimea Joins Russia: What About International Law? The deadlock in the UN Security Council combined with Russia’s disregard for Western approval have the U.S. and its allies stymied Back on March 4, American President Barack Obama talked about the crisis in Crimea: “There is a strong belief that Russia’s action is violating international law. I know President Putin seems to have a different set of lawyers making a different set of interpretations, but I don’t think that’s fooling anybody.” On the basis of Obama’s words, one can assume international law to be nothing beyond a set of beliefs that are classified as acceptable or unacceptable, depending on which side of the spectrum one chooses to stand. As a result, when Crimean voters decided to secede from Ukraine and unite with Russia, what role did international law play in the picture? Again, you cannot properly define something that is viewed as more a matter of ‘strong belief’ than that of ‘codified norms’, but the verdicts and opinions of the International Court of Justice are well worth discussing here. The Examples of Kosovo and Northern Cyprus Kosovo had unilaterally declared its independence in 2008. Two years later, in 2010, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stated that unilateral declarations of independence were not prohibited under international law and as a result, Kosovo had every right to declare its independence. However, citing the example of Northern Cyprus, the ICJ further added that such unilateral...
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...Supervisor: Name: Jonas Hirschnitz Claudia Engelmann Student ID: i6004017 j.hirschnitz@student.maastrichtuniversity.nl Pigeonhole: 336 Bachelor Paper I Version: Final Date: 22-July-2011 Word Count: 5,988 Structure: Introduction p.3 1. Actorness - the Construtivist Dimension p.4 2. Capability in EU’s Foreign Policy p.6 2.1 Institutional Settings p.6 2.2 The EU at the UN(SC) p.7 2.3 Institutional Capability p.8 3. Approaching Presence p. 8 3.1 Normative Values Approach p.8 3.2 Normative Values in EU Policy p.9 4. Presence in the Context of UNSC Reform p.10 4.1 The Reform of the UNSC p.10 4.2 EU Member States’ Attitudes p. 11 4.3 Two Positions – One Identity? p.13 Conclusion p.16 Illustrations: Table 1 p.11 Table 2 p.12 Introduction “Intellectually and conceptually, the European Union and the United Nations are built on the same foundations. If this ground becomes shaky, both structures are in danger.” (Fassbender, 2004, p.884) Different scholars have found that Europe only has two decades left – at best – to have an important impact on global political developments (Mayer, 2008, p.64; Schnabel, 2005, p.75). Therefore, European political conduct in the domain of foreign policy finds itself in a decisive time. On the one hand, the Lisbon Treaty...
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...Reform of the United Nations Security Council From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the section, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2012) | The United Nations Security Council. Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship. Member States, regional groups and other Member State interest groupings developed different positions and proposals on how to move forward on this contested issue.[1] The reform of the Security Council requires the agreement of at least two-thirds of UN member states and that of all the permanent members of the UNSC, enjoying the veto right.[2] Contents * 1 History * 2 General Assembly Task Force * 3 Increasing membership * 3.1 "In Larger Freedom" * 3.2 Uniting for Consensus * 4 New permanent member proposals * 4.1 Brazil * 4.2 Germany * 4.3 India * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Membership of a Muslim-majority nation * 4.6 Africa * 5 Veto reform * 6 Overall positions on reforming the Security Council * 6.1 United States * 6.2 United Kingdom and France * 6.3 Russia * 6.4 India * 6.5 Brazil *...
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...CHALLENGES OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PROPOSE TACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THESE CRISES Introduction i) The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization instituted with a visionary goal and objective of promoting world peace, security, and cooperation under the terms of the Charter, signed by member countries. Established in 1945 by 51 founding states, the institution has its headquarters at New York City. The focal point of the organization is focus on affairs of the government, politics, and diplomacy worldwide, and encompasses economic and social development programs. Implementation of these development schemes works to improve human rights and reduce conflicts among its member counties. ii) The UN Security Council The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), a Secretariat (administration and information) as well as the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). Under the Charter, the Security Council has a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. While the UN has had its fair share of success, it has also encountered several obstacles in its path of executing peacekeeping missions. This paper investigates the challenges that the Council has stumbled upon in its mandate to maintain world...
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...Chapter 1: Marines Marines and troops have always fought strong and hard. An alien alliance has begun a war with the UNSC. We have fought strong so far, but with the covenant, that can change in about 1 month. We must fight strong and hard in order to min this war. A alien commander called the Prophecy of Truth has been sending a lot of Arbiters and Grunts to the planet Reach in order to collect the materials and items in order to create his most power full weapon ever yet. He has succeeded, but they will not activate the weapon again. We will not let them. The covenant will not last, we will fight until only one alliance is left. The Grunts are annoying messy little things that fight for freedom what the Truth promised them. The Jackals fight for money what the Truth has promised them. The Arbiters fight for help and food and shelter and protection. The Hunters fight for power. The Brutes fight for power and to torture. But we fight, for peace and order. The Arbiters and Brutes have not ever liked each other. The Brutes have always wanted to torture the Arbiters and to kill them. The Jackals carry plasma shields and a lot of them carry Covenant sniper rifles. But there is 1 last surviving sparten after a giant war on a planet. The sparten is called the master chief, sparten 117. The UNSC with the master chief must deffeat the covenant, the Prophecy of Truth, and his ultimate weapon called,...
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...Security Stability in Somalia Since their indirect elections on September 12, 2012, and despite the fragile regional security situation of the Horn of Africa, Somalia has continued to experience significant and sustained progress towards security stability in their country. In order for Somalia to succeed as viable and trusted state, the United States (US) as well as the International Community should not allow another security stability failure in Somalia. The US and the International Community must focus on helping to sustain Somalia’s efforts against the fight of the Al-Shabaab terrorist organization, help to counter piracy, and to help build capacity and capability in the Somali government and its institutions. While at the same time provide the support to attend Somali basic humanitarian aid needs and financial assistance. First, one of the reasons why the general security conditions in Somalia keep on improving is principally thanks to the sustained operations carried out against the Jihadist organization Al-Shabaab by the Somali national security forces in conjunction with the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), and with other associates and allied militias of the government. These operations are currently successful in managing to achieve the retreat of the Islamist radicals from some of the main cities of the south and center of the country. The sustainment of these operations will deteriorate Al-Shabaab operations capacity as a military force, promote the desertion...
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...PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1. UN General Assembly (UNGA) Deliberative assembly of all UN member states (each country has one vote) may resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or suggestions to the UNSC (not a Parliament) decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the UNSC adopts the budget elects: - the non-permanent members of the UNSC all members of ECOSOC on the proposal of the UNSC theUN Secretary General and the 15 judges of the ICJ The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) - Is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations - the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Powers to oversee the budget of the United Nations appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. Meetings UNGA meets under its president or Secretary-General in regular yearly sessions. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. Its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly on important questions Each member country has one vote. recommendations on peace...
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...that state reliance on undue force against ethnic or tribal groups looking for greater autonomy was not a new phenomenon in Sudan. In this article Cohen articulated that other regimes crooked on maintaining the ascendancy of a particular tribal group have also remunerated atrocious wars against their own people. For instance, Russia had conducted a parched earth movement against the Chechens. Therefore, Russia as permanent member of the UNSC used veto power and opposed any diplomatic pressure or sanction against Sudanese government for fear of setting a precedence. However, this is not true because UNSC passed series of resolutions to end the said conflict and all these resolutions were passed with consideration of the situation in Darfur and all Security Council members (permanent and non-permanent members) in one voice condemned what was being happened in Darfur. Also, these resolutions were given a room for the humanitarian aid organization to provide the humanitarian assistances to displaced persons and uprooted civilians. Moreover, UNSC endorsed the diplomatic efforts made by AU, Arab League and neighboring countries like Chad and Central African Republic (CAR) to end the conflict in Darfur. Others, argued that international community did not pay much attention to Darfur crisis instead they paid much attention to resolve long armed conflict between North and South Sudan and finally, the Government of Sudan and SPLM rebels from South signed CPA to end the North and South...
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