...ever-increasing population and higher densities will mean worse roads and higher rate of traffic related problems, higher crime levels, fewer facilities for the general population, higher price of living, more expensive land prices and increased pollution levels as well as other problems. Since urbanisation began as a trend since the last half of the century, Australia has been facing problems accommodating the swelling population. Geographical processes relevant to the issue include • migration • urbanisation • spatial inequality • urban development • sustainability...
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...science of disasters. His first involvement in the area dates back to 1949 when he participated in the first disaster field studies in the National Opinion Research Centre (NORC) team. Quarantelli is also author and/or editor of 29 books as well as author of 101 chapters in books, 114 articles and 150 other publications mostly on disaster topics. The article chosen for this assignment was published in The Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management (JCCM), in December 1996. JCCM is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers all theoretical and practical aspects relating to crisis management and published by Blackwell. 2.0 ARTICLE SUMMARY The article assumes two master trends, industrialisation and urbanisation. The author discusses the likely negative and positive affects that will emanate from these trends at some stage in the future. The first trend, industrialisation, with its ever increasing development of technology, is expanding rapidly and this article provides examples on the advances in both computer technology and bio-engineering. Governments, industry and societies have an ever increasing dependence, not only on computer technology, but the linkages to other technologies and massive networks that have been created. This dependence will magnify future disasters and turn some minor emergencies into major crisis. The advancement in bio-engineering has the potential to create all kinds of disastrous consequences. Quarantelli states, “that there can and will...
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...With reference to examples, discuss the overall effectiveness of urban regeneration schemes (40) Many inner cities have suffered from urban decline in the past 30 years due to many reasons. Urban decline is generally defined as when an area starts losing businesses, people lose their jobs, people move away from the area as the local economy shrinks meaning the desirability of the area as a whole also falls. In response to this urban decline, many local governments have introduced urban regeneration schemes. Urban regeneration is the attempt to reverse that decline by both improving the physical structure, and, more importantly and elusively, the economy of those areas. Re-urbanisation is the movement of people back to live in old city centres and inner city areas that have been redeveloped. The four different processes that drive re-urbanisation are Gentrification (Notting Hill), through partnerships (Sheffield City Centre and Park Hill Flats), property led regeneration schemes (Sheffield Development Cooperation in the Lower Don Valley) and Urban Re-Generation in Mumbai. One partnership scheme which aimed to achieve urban regeneration was the Urban Splash scheme in Sheffield which focused on the regeneration of the Park Hill flats just outside the city’s CBD. The flats were built in 1957 to ease the problem of developing slums in the area. However over time the flats have become an eyesore. They were rundown and crime and vandalism became a problem. The regeneration scheme...
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...Africa • Construction in Africa • Banking in Africa • Healthcare in Africa Contents Introduction and Overview 1 Key Drivers 2 Market Size 2 Market Concentration 2 Related Industries 4 Spending Power 4 Buying Habits 5 FMCG in Africa 6 Food 6 Beverages 6 Personal Care Products 8 Home Care Products 8 FMCG Growth Spots in Africa 6 Ghana 9 Kenya 10 Nigeria 14 Sources of Information 16 Contact Details back page 1 | Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in Africa Introduction & Overview The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector, also called the consumer packaged goods (CPG) sector, is one of the largest industries worldwide. FMCGs are generally cheap products that have a short shelf life, and are purchased by consumers on a regular basis. Profit margins on these products are usually low for retailers, who try to offset this by selling large volumes. Some of the most well-known FMCG companies in the world include Unilever, The Coca-Cola Company, and Johnson & Johnson. The FMCG sector comprises a large variety of products, with some of the most important categories being food, beverages, personal care products, and home care products. Within categories, FMCG products are often near-identical, and for this reason price competition between retailers can be intense. To boost profitability, companies use marketing and other techniques to establish loyalty to the product...
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...The Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures Hofstede defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another”. From research analysis Hofstede was able to classify the different countries on a continuum from extremely individualistic to extremely collectivist. Relationships in individualistic and collectivist societies differ in the degree to which they are voluntary or non-voluntary. Individualistic societies generally have a high degree of social & geographical mobility, allowing frequent interaction with a large number of people and thus a greater choice in romantic relationships. Collectivist societies have less social and geographical mobility thus people have less choice about whom they interact with. Also, Interactions with strangers are rare and are often tied to other factors such as family or economic resources. Cultures also differ in the degree to which relationships reflect the interests of the individual or the family. In individualistic societies, individual interests are deemed more important & romantic relationships are more likely to be formed on the basis of love & attraction. Also, relationships tend to be short-term as one can end the relationship if one is unhappy whereas In collectivist cultures, relationships are more likely to reflect the interests of the entire family and are long-term. This is because, one cannot end the relationship despite being unhappy because they need to...
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...World Cities The global pattern of urbanisation: millionaire cities, mega cities and world cities • At a global scale, rapid urbanisation has occurred over the last 50 years. • Almost 50% of the world’s population lives in towns and cities. 19% of the world’s population lives in cities of more than 1 million people. • The most urbanised continents are Europe, North and South America and Oceania and the least urbanised continents are Asia and Africa. • The number of urban dwellers is by far largest in Asia, with 1.4 billion people living in towns and cities (40% of the population). • Urbanisation is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia. • This trend is expected to continue so that by 2025 almost half the population of these continents will live in urban areas and 80% of urban dwellers will live in developing countries. • Increased global urbanisation has resulted in the development of many millionaire cities. • There is also a significant number of enormous megacities, some of which are classed as world cities. ❖ Millionaire cities are those with more than 1 million people. India and China have the most millionaire cities in the world. ❖ Megacities are those with more than 10 million people, of which there are 20 (15 in the developing world) ❖ World cities are those which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power....
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...World Cities The global pattern of urbanisation: millionaire cities, mega cities and world cities • At a global scale, rapid urbanisation has occurred over the last 50 years. • Almost 50% of the world’s population lives in towns and cities. 19% of the world’s population lives in cities of more than 1 million people. • The most urbanised continents are Europe, North and South America and Oceania and the least urbanised continents are Asia and Africa. • The number of urban dwellers is by far largest in Asia, with 1.4 billion people living in towns and cities (40% of the population). • Urbanisation is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia. • This trend is expected to continue so that by 2025 almost half the population of these continents will live in urban areas and 80% of urban dwellers will live in developing countries. • Increased global urbanisation has resulted in the development of many millionaire cities. • There is also a significant number of enormous megacities, some of which are classed as world cities. ❖ Millionaire cities are those with more than 1 million people. India and China have the most millionaire cities in the world. ❖ Megacities are those with more than 10 million people, of which there are 20 (15 in the developing world) ❖ World cities are those which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power....
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...Group - 5 Somnath Bhaduri Neeraj Jain Naveen A. Kumar Kirti Katiyar Harsh Agarwal Dipankar Duttagupta Group - 5 Somnath Bhaduri Neeraj Jain Naveen A. Kumar Kirti Katiyar Harsh Agarwal Dipankar Duttagupta MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP IN INDIA MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP IN INDIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The Middle Income Trap…………………………………………………………………………… 3. Reason why countries are struck in Middle-Income Trap…………………………. 4. India enters the Middle Income Group…………………………………………………….. 5. Factors causing Middle Income Trap and Economic Slowdown………………… 6. Income inequality and its relevance…………………………………………………………. 7. How to avoid India falling into Middle Income Trap…………………………………. 8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………… INTRODUCTION According to International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook (April-2015), GDP (nominal) per capita of India in 2014 at current prices is $1,627. India is in the lower-middle income category. India’s entry to the middle income group has raised the question whether it will be able to avoid the ‘middle income trap’ which refers to prolonged stay in the middle income category and failure to move ahead to the high income category. India’s economy has developed quickly in the last decade, improving living standards and experiencing strong growth in such critical sectors as ICT (information, communication and technology). In recent years, however, circumstances...
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...How tax strategies impact on the Social Economic Problem? We are going to highlight some social issues and whether the tax strategy is effective in dealing with the issues. The issues discussed include the issue of urbanisation on vacant land, child poverty, inflation and unemployment. Issue 1: Tax Penalty: Eliminate Land Speculation and Vacant Land to avoid Poverty The urbanisation level of 56.25% in South Africa has recorded the world highest level in 2001. The “Apartheid City was a political economy of space which was based on two policies, i.e. racially-based spatial planning and development for some at the expense of others”. Cities were purposely designed to push poor black citizens to the margins of the city. Thus, the black population were materially distanced from advantages normally associated with city life”. With the abolition of Apartheid in 1994, the new government made a commitment to redress these imbalances and inequality and to create cities that are more equal, inclusionary, productive and sustainable. Although 1.6 million houses have been provided since 1994, they have tended to enforce traditional apartheid planning where the poor are still located on the periphery, far removed from employment and economic opportunities. This has resulted in increased urban sprawl and de-densification. Furthermore, the subsidy on public transport was more than double that spent on housing subsidy but the house prices has increased by an average of 20% per year. Land...
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...Studies foreign A growing number of books, including The Shallows, argue that the internet and digital gadgets are making it harder for us to concentrate. The Pew Research Centre in America recently surveyed almost 2,500 teachers and found that 77% thought that the internet had a "mostly positive" impact on students' research work, while 87% felt modern technologies were creating an "easily distracted generation with short attention spans". But could this simply be the latest variation of 'the Elvis Hypothesis' – because something is new, popular with young people, and challenges existing hierarchies and traditions, it must be bad? Although some UK teachers might be inclined to agree with their American counterparts when faced with a class of restless smartphone-enabled year 10s, there appears to be no conclusive evidence that pupil attention spans are declining. Sue Honoré, an independent learning consultant who co-authored the 2009 report 'Generation Y: Inside Out' with Dr. Carina Paine Schofield, feels that there is still "a big question about how technology is impacting on the way we behave". She studied the behaviours of people born between 1982 and 2002 – particularly how they learn and work – and found "mixed results" in terms of attention spans. While young people are "undoubtedly capable of long periods of concentration", those who spend a lot of time alone using technology "tend to have less in the way of communication skills...
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...setting of sitcoms, they have been part of the cultural landscape for decades. But in this case familiarity has not always bred contempt. Even as we think of cherry blossom billowing across the neat avenues of ‘Metroland’, or net curtains twitching behind Neighbourhood Watch stickers, we know that the suburbs are more complicated and less cosy than their popular image”. Definitions Suburb, suburbia:. Suburbia generally refers to the outer residential parts of a continuously built-up city. A suburb is a socially homogeneous district within that area. The term carries connotations of fairly low densities of occupance and of a particular life style suited to family and leisure needs. [The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography]. Philip Davies [Director, London Region, English Heritage] Suburbanisation: The outward growth of urban development to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas. “Suburbs are at risk of becoming new inner cities in terms of deprivation” [The Guardian December 31st 2003] Suburbanisation and the Cycle of Urbanisation The suburbs of the capital city cover almost two thirds of its area and house more than half its population. According to a recent Greater London Authority publication [A city of Villages: Promoting a sustainable future for London’s suburbs] “Unlike other UK cities, London does not entirely conform to the pattern of deprived inner city and affluent suburban ring....
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...solution by creating employment opportunities in urban and rural areas at a relatively low cost of capital investment. 2. Flexibility: Small-scale industries are flexible in their operation. They adopt quickly to various factors that play a large part in daily management. Their flexibility makes them best suited to constantly changing environment. 3. One-man show: A small-scale unit is generally a one-man show. It is mostly set up by individuals. Even some small units are run by partnership firm or company, the activities are mainly carried out by one of the partners or directors. Therefore,' they provide an outlet for expression of the entrepreneurial spirit. As they are their own boss, the decision making process is fast and at times more innovative. 4. Use of indigenous raw materials: Small-scale industries use indigenous raw materials and promote intermediate and capital goods. They contribute to faster balanced economic growth in a transitional economy through decentralisation and dispersal of industries in the local areas. 5. Localised operation: Small-scale industries generally restrict their operation to local areas in order to meet the local and regional demands of the people. They cannot enlarge their business activities due to limited resources. 6. Lesser gestation period: Gestation period is the period after which the return or investment starts. It is the time period...
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...| UN-Conference 1974-76 | Charter of Economic Rights and Duties UN- habitat Conference | | | Submitted to:- Mrs. Anu Kohli | | UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE 1974-1976Twenty-eighth session Agenda item 51 Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly 3082 (XXVIII). Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States | | Bearing in mind that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in its resolution 45 (III) of 18 May 1972,/8 decided to establish a Working Group of governmental representatives to draw up a draft Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Recalling its resolution 3037 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, by which it decided to enlarge the composition of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Reaffirming its conviction of the urgent need to establish or improve norms of universal application for the development of international economic relations on a just and equitable basis, 1.Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Working Group on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and of the comments made thereon as reflected in the report of the Trade and Development Board on its thirteenth session; 2.Decides, in the light of the progress achieved, to extend the mandate of the Working Group as established by resolution 45 (III) of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; 3.Further decides that the Working Group shall hold two sessions in 1974, each of three...
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...Rising alcohol consumption is a cause for concern. This evidence review summarises interesting trends in drinking in the UK and discusses possible causes. Key points There has been a slight overall decline in weekly drinking by men and women in Great Britain in recent years, especially amongst adults aged 16-24. But there has been a notable increase in weekly drinking in Northern Ireland since 1986. Average units of alcohol consumed by men and women in Great Britain have increased since 1992. For women over 25 this increase has been marked. However, consumption by men aged 16-24 has fallen since 2000. Since 1998, there has been a general increase in drinking over recommended weekly limits, especially for women. Among men aged 16-24 drinking over weekly limits has decreased alongside overall consumption since 2000. In Northern Ireland, there has been a clear increase in both genders and especially in adults aged 18-24. Binge drinking levels (twice the recommended daily limit) have changed little between 1998 and 2006 in Great Britain. However, this masks an increase of 7 per cent in women – especially those over 25 – and a fall amongst men aged 16-24. There is some evidence that the proportion of drinkers under 16 has fallen slightly since 1988 in England, Northern Ireland and Scotland, though this is not consistent across boys and girls of different ages. Amongst those who do drink, average units consumed increased markedly between 1990 and 2006, with...
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...Introduction Introduction to Social Problem Certain adverse situations that may have harmful consequences may affect societies. They may hinder the normal functioning of the society. Such harmful situations are known as social problems. These problems arise because every society has certain norms and values. When these norms and values are violated, they result in social problems. They are problems because such deviation of norms and values are dysfunctional in the society. Some of the examples of social problems are drug addiction, terrorism, youth unrest, juvenile delinquency, corruption, offences against women, environmental degradation, etc. However, not all violations of social norms and values result in social problems. For example, when a person sports an unusual hairstyle it does not become a social problem. Similarly, social problem may vary with time and over space. Smoking was not considered a social problem earlier. At present with the rising health consciousness, smoking is considered a major social problem. Similarly, sati was not considered as a problem in the medieval India. However, in modern India it is seen as a social problem. A society may consider a certain practice as a social problem where as it may not be a problem in another society. This is because the norms and values are not the same in all the societies. Divorce may be seen as a serious problem in some societies, but it may not be so in other societies. However, there are certain practices that...
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