...Assess the significance of war in influencing the transformation of approaches to medical treatment and surgery in the period 1870-1990 Throughout 1870-1990, warfare played a crucial role in transforming approaches to medical treatment and surgery as it; prompted more government responsibility in healthcare, innovated technological developments in medicine such as the establishment of blood transfusion services, contributed to individual breakthroughs by catalysing the development, and mass-production of penicillin. However, there's an ongoing historical debate regarding the significance of other factors' influence in transforming approaches to medical treatment and surgery. Other factors include; individuals who used their scientific knowledge to develop new medical treatment and surgical treatments, and the role of the government in enhancing healthcare in Britain. The effects of war were prevalent as early as the Second Boer War; which exposed inadequacies within the healthcare system, instigating increased government awareness towards poor health. Henry Hyndman suggested up to 50% of volunteers were unfit and in Manchester, 8,000 out of the 11,000 who volunteered for the army were rejected as they were physically unsuitable. The public's poor health hindered recruitment for the Boer War alarmed the government. This forced them to respond by establishing the inter-department Committee on Physical Deterioration; which highlighted nutrition as an indicator of the public's...
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...The war with Japan was occurring throughout WW2, and while Germany was fighting with Britain, France and the US, Japan was thinking of invading Australia. Eventually, the Imperial Generals deemed their manpower to be constrictive, and worried of the US help that Australia would receive, and instead decided on attempting to isolate Australia from help. They would do this by taking Samoa, Fiji, and most notably Papua New Guinea (PNG). At this point in time, PNG was considered Australia, so this would be the first, and last time that Australia was threatened on home soil. Some changes had occurred to force Japan’s invasion to switch from a sea invasion to a daring push across land. imperial navy had been severely hindered in the Coral Sea battle, were 4 of her 6 aircraft carriers were sunk, and one seriously damaged....
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...as well. As Source 7 suggests, mistrust between the US and the Soviet created a vicious cycle which could not be broken after 1945. It states that the US "misread" the Soviet security policy in eastern Europe and saw it as "Soviet expansionism". This, in turn, led the Soviets to misjudge the US policies as "aggressive capitalist expansionism". During the years after WW2, Stalin enforced policies to ensure national security, by establishing a 'buffer' zone. As the USSR had already been invaded twice before through these countries, it can be said that Stalin was only trying to ensure national security. However, US misread the situation as Soviet "expansionism", which in turn led the Soviets to misjudge the US policies as "dollar imperialism", showing that these misjudgments were creating a vicious cycle which could not be broken. Source 8 also supports this view as it suggests that the road to Cold War was "strewn with miscalculations". However, in face value, Source 8 blames the Soviet Union for being responsible. It states that Stalin "overreacted" to any threat in Germany and Eastern Europe and goes on to add that he "triggered" the Berlin Blockade Crisis as well. The Source only describes Stalin's reactions to the situation, thus failing blaming the USSR and failing to bring the US side to the story. It states that "in response to Marshall Plan", Stalin began to consolidate power in 'Satellite States'. However, the US had as well misread the Soviet consolidation of security...
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...evidence to support this view are sources 8 and 9, with source 7 giving the impression that it was the errors of Stalin that contributed most. In addition to these two factors, conflicting ideologies also played a small role in provoking the Cold War, as shown in source 8. Despite this, it was fundamentally the economic and national interests of the USA that was mainly to blame for the start of the Cold War in 1945 and its development through to 1949. Europe was destroyed physically and economically after the Second World War. America saw this as a chance to become a world hegemony, as well as economically advancing the nation - source 9 proves this, saying, “The liberal capitalist US economy needed ever-increasing trade and investment opportunities”, as well as “The Marshall Plan was designed to implant an informal American Empire in Europe”. This shows that the USA not only used Europe’s fragile situation after WW2 to prosper itself, but more importantly increase its world influence, aiming to produce some sort of Empire of its own. For this to happen, the USA became hostile towards its rival superpower, the USSR. This point is supported by Source 8 by quoting “the illusion of being all powerful, fostered by American economic strength”, suggesting that the US government blindly influenced Europe, ignoring the Soviet sphere of influence. Supporting the evidence in sources 8 and 9 are the key events of the...
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...rationale for national service: "... it must be laid down as a primary position and the basis of our (democratic) system, that every citizen who enjoys the protection of a free Government owes not only a proportion of his property, but even his personal service to the defense of it.” George Washington’s statement makes explicit the social contract inherent in US citizenry: to enjoy our nation’s freedoms requires we as citizen’s to bear personal responsibility for defending them. And yet, today, while our nation continues to fight war on several fronts and must regularly contemplate new military interventions and increased domestic threats, less than 0.5 percent of our population serves in our armed forces. (Eikenberry & Kennedy) Futhermore, this minute percentage “ ... is disproportionately composed of racial, ethnic, and other demographic minorities.” (Kennedy) In part because of this gross disparity, few americans are forced shoulder any true sacrifice from our military actions. Not only is the familial sacrifice of having a loved one serve no longer widespread but the majority of us bear not the tanglible daily realization of being at war that past generations have known, including materials rationing. Even anti-war protests—like those that were a hallmark of our Vietnam War era—are less visible since we have moved to an all volunteer army. This lack of respresentational and fair accountability on our citizenry translates into less accountability on...
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...foundation for seg Conditions in N: little legally enforced seg * Bs moved to industrial cities- economic boom- pay better- 500,000 moved * Better organised: Randolph organised 1st B union- easier for B to vote * Still lived in undesirable neighborhoods- eco depriv and ghettoisation Effects of WW2 on BAM : turning point B soldier in Europe: * Radicalized them- appalled fighting for country- treated liked 2nd class citizens * Put in diff canteens, transported to battlefield sep from W- employed as cooks and cleaners- denied right to fight- less training + poor equip World war race war: double V sign- fighting overseas and racism at home Black heroes: boosted self esteem- Woodrow Crocket- 1st B pilot in US air force Eco changes: * S- $4.5 bill factories war goods * B unable to get jobs due to racism- Randolph appalled- threat to lead march unless industries changed * Roosevelt issued exec order- FEPC- industries not discrim when hiring * N industry boomed- migration- changes allowed BA play role in war effort * End of war- 48% of B pop urban and better paid * Randolph put pressure on gov- polis act in favour of racial equality Diff following WW2: N V S Politics: S: * Pre war- 2%B vote- 1945- 15% * Efforts of B campaigners and ex soldiers greeted with hostility by W racists- inc in...
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...10 1943 Aug 17 1943 Attack Germans and Italian and open the Mediterranean sea lanes Taking Sicily from the Germans and Italians by over throwing the Mussolini Over throwing the Mussolini Normandy June 6 1944 June 8 1944 To conquer the Germans and gain a second front within Europe. Breaking through the Atlantic wall and had pushed inland. Allies gaining control of a 50 mile stretch on the coast of France, allowing the allies to move toward Paris. Liberation of Paris August 19 1944 August 25 1944 To get the Germans out and to gain control of Paris. The capture of Aachen city German garrison surrendered Part 2: The Pacific Campaign, Battle, or Major Event Dates Allied objective or role Major turning point Outcome Battle of the Coral Sea May 4 1942 May 8 1942 To stop the Japanese from invading Australia Japanese fleet carrier Shokaku and Zuikaku was attacked and severely damaged. Japanese invasion repelled Battle of Midway June 4 1942 June 7 1942 The Japanese wanted to trap the U.S. remaining aircrafts The sinking of Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. The Japanese aircraft carriers. Japan losing control of the pacific and 4 aircraft carriers and 1...
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...eyesight when he was growing up so he could not really participate in sports. So Truman got a interest in reading and writing. He married Elizabeth Wallace then joined the military and reached the ranking of captain, and while doing that he ran a successful regiment. After Harry Truman served his time in the military he ran for senate in 1934 and won. Once Harry Truman served 1 term in the senate he ran to be the 33rd president and he also won he was a liberal and was ranked 5th out of the best presidents we have. Harry Truman ended up dieing on December 26 1972. In War World 2 are axis were germany, italy and, japan. Are allies were France, Britain, Us, Soviet union and, china. We were at war with them for 2 years we used a fast action attack strategy that had to do with a lot of flanking.Warfare of WW2 consisted of tanks, artillery, and small arms and for our navy we used plane carriers, submarines, and battleships . During this time this is when the first atomic bomb was dropped they were not prepared to take a hit from a bomb like that because it had never been introduced before. When bombers were sent to destroy the enemy's towns and buildings it was called strategic air warfare. Harry Truman offered offered japan a peace treaty without telling them they had invented a new weapon of mass destruction, and they declined it. Due to japan's answer Harry Truman gave the order to drop the bomb to force japan to surrender. The person who actually dropped...
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...The events leading up to and during the holocaust and WW2, can be said are something that was done for the first time in history. Although there were obviously attempts in history to isolate certain religions, races, culture, never in history was there a attempt to eliminate a whole race. It can be said that anti-semitism plays a vital role in the events which would unravel into what we know today as world war two and the holocaust. But what needs to be explored first is what is antisemitism, and the difference between “traditional” and modern antisemitism. Furthermore looking at what role (if any) did it play in the rise of the nazi party and Hitler, and the events that would unravel. Further exploring this, we need to look at In what ways...
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...Assess the significance of Indian nationalism in the period 1845-1947 in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India. There are many factors that led to the change of Britain’s relationship with its empire in the period 1845-1947. Such as the influence of key individuals including Gandhi, Jinnah and Nehru. The effects of both the First and Second World War on Britain which included its political situation and economy which was in turmoil due to the war. International pressure from countries such as the US whom Britain became reliant on during and after WW2. The consequences of key events such as the Indian mutiny and the Amritsar massacre which both brought about new policies and changed the way the country was governed. Nationalism was the most important factor in the period 1845-1947 in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India, as some of the factors listed above such as the Indian mutiny, and the support of key individuals were a result of nationalism. The Indian mutiny was very significant in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India in the period 1845-1947 to a great extent. Nationalism was the leading cause behind the mutiny as the British failed to realise the importance of Indian culture and religion. The mutiny was one of the first notable events that lead to a change in the relationship of Britain and India as it brought about great change in the way India was governed. The mutiny was caused due to ‘…political grievance and...
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...production, education transfer of status. What are the three important differences between family systems in East Asia and the United States? Explain each. 1. Confucian values- places emphasis on loyalty and obedience to the group and its leader, where the United states has individualism 2. Gender Inequality- In east asia there is a patrinlean and multi-generational system, with the inheritence rights traveling down the male line, where in united states its bi-lateral and emphasis is placed on nuclear family. 3. Demographic Transition- Change from high fertility high mortality to a low fertility and mortality rates causing an aging population. Same in US but there is more immigration to the US which helps keep it more age balanced. How did the Japanese religious tradition view women? What roles were available to them? Confucian values states that women were inferior to men and theat they were to obey men. Buddhism states that women would not acheieve salvation and were inferior, Buddhism perceived women as inferior and an obstacle for men to achieve Nirvana. Religious...
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...* The UN was established at the end of ww2 * Its main purpose: maintaining international peace and security * Un charter: refers to the needs and interests of peoples * The UN remains to be relevant however it tends to be flawed in many ways possible Although there are many flaws to the UN, it remains to be relevant due to the crucial consolidating role it played in, promotion and development of public international law, defence of the universality of human rights, dissemination of new ideas about peace and security, advocacy of plans against poverty, protection of the environment, protects 22m refugees and hosts to 7,500 meetings a year in Geneva alone. Although we do have political order since the presence of the UN, such political order might not be good because due to its flaws, the UN’s unstable trust and legitimacy is what keeps Yes we do have political order, but that might not be good because trust and legitimacy is what keeps the institution moving on the path all states can depend on. However, Most of the UN's political operations, including peacekeeping, answer to the Security Council. Security Council made up 15 states. Decisions to be made by majority of 9 out of 15. The ones who get things done veto 5 five permanent members have Veto (the US, Britain, France, USSR -later Russia, and China) problem : biases and values towards the west theres political decentralization and that worries us due to the fact that societies have different...
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...formation of the league of the nation were the Great Britain, France, and the United States of America to preserve the future global peace and forestall such conflicts like first world war. (University of Virginia, Online: 2009)The League was based on the covenant which was written into the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties and provided for an assembly, a council and a secretariat with each section vested with a task to help the league maintain peace (UNOG, Online: 2009) Franklin D. Roosevelt the President of the United States of America, Winston Churchill the Prime Minister of the Great Britain and other notable leaders reasoned that the destructive consequences of WW2 warranted the call to form an international organization which would play a vital role in achieving the global peace. (US Department of States, Online:2005 and National Archives, Online: 2009) Hence, the United Nations replaced the League of the Nations after the demise of the latter. They both shared almost similar concept and ideological views for international peace delivered through an international body. (Rit, 2009) In this essay the author will analyze the birth of League of Nations and its achievement and failures. Furthermore, the formation of the United Nations and the relationship between President Woodrow Wilson league of nation and the...
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...During the time in which Mildred Ella Didrikson Zaharias was majorly impacted by was the 1930s through the beginning of the 1940s. This period has been often one to be discussed about due to the government positions, the economic status, distinct gender roles and the cultural patterns of the United States. During the 1930’s the modern bureaucracy was created to help control the power of the government. This was known the public as being represented by two different parties, the Republican and the Democrats (Gale). The change between the two political powers was shown greatly when the shift from Herbert Hoover to Franklin Roosevelt occurred. This showed a great shift in how the government ran. Also by having an isolationist government during the period between WW1 and WW2 in the United States (Gale). This allowed the US to stay...
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...Beauty in modern times has been held to the highest standard, but where and why did we get our ideal of beauty? Culture plays a large in role in how beauty is defined, and this is very clear when it pertains to the culture behind both the Venus de Willendorf and the more modern Barbie doll. Clearly, idolizing the female form is an ideal that has existed since the very first centuries that humans walked the earth. Taking a look at the two different cultures that idolize the female form may give us a little bit of insight into the similarities and differences there were between two different society’s composed of very similar beings. The statuette Venus de Willendorf was first discovered in Austria in 1908 by the archaeologist Josef Szombathy. This is the earliest image of a human being known to exist, thought to have been created during the Paleolithic era some 25,000 years ago (Witcombe)! The climate in the region that the statuette was discovered was probably an ice covered land, and therefore, her voluptuous image probably portrays a desire for food and to survive. Humans will always have one thing in common: survival. Whether it is a work of art portraying the importance of survival, or a toy idolized by people who are celebrating their survical; we have always focused on self-perpetuation. This commonality makes it a little easier for us, hundreds of years into the future, to understand and empathize with what the artist is portraying with the Venus de Willendorf. As we...
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