...Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh is characterized by a number of achievements and challenges. The share of the population with access to an improved water source was estimated at 98% in 2004,[1] a very high level for a low-income country. This has been achieved to a large extent through the construction of handpumps with the support of external donors. However, in 1993 it was discovered that groundwater, the source of drinking water for 97% of the rural population and a significant share of the urban population, is in many cases naturallycontaminated with arsenic. It gradually emerged that 70 million people drank water which exceeds the WHO guidelines of 10 microgram of arsenic per liter, and 30 million drank water containing more than the Bangladesh National Standard of 50 microgram per liter, leading tochronic arsenic poisoning.[10] On the other hand, surface water is usually polluted and requires treatment.[11] Taking arsenic contamination into account, it was estimated that in 2004 still 74% of the population had access to arsenic-free drinking water. Another challenge is the low level of cost recovery due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency, especially in urban areas where revenues from water sales do not even cover operating costs. In rural areas, users contribute 34% of investment costs,[9] and at least in piped water schemes supported by the Rural Development Academy recover operating costs. Sanitation faces its own set of challenges, with only 39% of...
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...Welfare Water Supply, Sanitation Transport Expenditure % Education Health & Family Welfare Water Supply, Sanitation Transport Total Expenditure (INR Crore) Expenditure % Education 16,872 65% Health & Family Welfare 3,762 15% Water Supply, Sanitation 4,138 16% Transport 1,076 4% Total 25,848 Budget Allocation & Expenditure by Main Sectors 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 Allocation (INR Cr) Spend (INR Cr) 6,000 4,000 2,000 Education Health & Water Transport Family Supply, Welfare Sanitation Allocation (INR Cr) Spend (INR Cr) Education Health & Family Welfare Water Supply, Sanitation Transport Total 16,176 3,860 4,664 1,114 25,814 16,872 3,762 4,138 1,076 25,848 Education Budget by sub-categories Education Budget INR Crore EDUCATION,SPORTS,ART and CULTURE General Education Technical Education Sports and Youth Services Art and Culture Budget INR Crore EDUCATION,SPORTS,ART and CULTURE General Education Technical Education Sports and Youth Services Art and Culture Total 15,339 460 297 80 16,176 Healthcare & Family Welfare Budget by sub-categories Healthcare & Family Welfare Budget (INR Crore) Medical and Public Health Family Welfare HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE Medical and Public Health Family Welfare Total 3,358 502 3,860 3,327 435 3,762 Water Supply, Housing & Urban Development Budget by sub-categories Water Supply & Housing Budget (INR Crore) Water supply and Sanitation Housing Urban Development WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION...
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...September 2000, the 189 member countries of the United Nations at that time adopted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). The eight goals are ambitious, and involve among others halving the number of people without clean water and sanitation by 2015. The challenges in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target for sanitation in Zambia by 2015 are many and include the large numbers of temporary latrines, low capacity for sanitation promotion in the country, weak policies and strategies for sanitation promotion, low support for sanitation in donor supported programs, social resistance to the use of the latrines, and lack of multi-sectoral partnerships for sanitation promotion. This paper endeavours to outline and discuss the sequential platform of activities in the policy process which the policy maker would use to address the problem of poor sanitation in Luangeni Village of Chief Mpezeni’s area. The essay also attempts to establish the seriousness of the problem of poor sanitation in the village by presenting statistical evidence. In order to fully comprehend and come up with solutions concerning the topic under discussion it is imperative that we understand some key concepts to be used in this essay, these include policy, policy makers and sanitation. Development policy making lies within the domain of the state. The word policy however has no single defination in literature, this is so because there are different points of view and diverging opinions and definitions...
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...I. Introduction I.1 Background of the Study Water is one of the basic physiologic needs of every human being. It’s usage for personal consumption such as hydration, hygiene and daily activities are the main needs that compel humans to seek water, hence the sources of these necessities are important to analyze as to their safety and sanitation. It is significant to consider its correlation to any possible widespread of water borne diarrheal diseases considering the practice and knowledge of people in the community who consume water source from untreated supplies. The selected site for study is a locale place named Palaui Island, it lies within the Cagayan Special Economic Zone, a protected area with a few conducted researches. These considerations pushed the researchers to investigate the concerns of establishing a study which will determine the knowledge of the people in the community. An evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practices of people in the community would reflect their utilization of water. The results are meant to more clearly identify the specific needs of the community from the Island. In addition to gathering the baseline KAP data, the survey will be used as baseline information for the planning of feasible environmental health activities. The pilot design team will identify the initial environmental health problems through a series of field visits, observations and interviews. A related study assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices of students of...
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...| A Drink of Water | Christopher J. Barrett | | SCI-275 | 3/24/2013 | | Sanitation and drinking-water are universally accepted as being essential for human life, dignity and human development (World Health Organization, 2012). Water is required for life to exist; it is the most basic of sustaining building blocks. Global access to clean (sanitary) and sustainable water supplies continues to be a challenge in an age of ever-increasing population and development. Despite the ongoing challenge, the scarcity of global water resources has only begun to be addressed by the United Nations and other not-for-profit charitable organizations. One of the most important recent milestones has been the recognition in July 2010 by the United Nations General Assembly of the human right to water and sanitation. The Assembly recognized the right of every human being to have access to sufficient water for personal and domestic uses (between 50 and 100 liters of water per person per day), which must be safe, acceptable and affordable (water costs should not exceed 3 per cent of household income), and physically accessible (the water source has to be within 1,000 meters of the home and collection time should not exceed 30 minutes) (United Nations, 2013). UN system activities specially focus on the sustainable development of fragile and finite freshwater resources, which are under increasing stress from population growth, pollution and the demands of...
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...mproving Sanitation in Coastal Communities with Special Reference to Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines Table of Contents Acknowledgments (see below) Abstract (see below) Resumé (see below) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Thesis Rationale 1.2 Goals and Objectives of the Thesis 1.3 Research Methodology 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 1.5 Organization of the Thesis Chapter 2 General Scenario of Sanitation Problems in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 2.1 Reasons for Settling on Coastal, Waterfront and Low-lying Areas 2.2 Sanitation Problems 2.3 Health and Environmental Conditions Chapter 3 Low-Cost Sanitation Systems used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities--A Literature Review 3.1 Available Low-Cost Sanitation Technologies 3.2 Sanitation Systems Used in Coastal and Waterfront Communities Chapter 4 The Case Study 4.1 Community Background 4.2 * Chapter 5 Results of Field Survey-- Analysis of Existing Sanitation in the Coastal Communities of Puerto Princesa 5.1 Basis of Analysis 5.2 Existing Environmental Sanitation 5.3 Health Condition and Observed Hygienic Practices related to Sanitation and Water Supply Chapter 6 Essential Factors for the Provision of Sanitation Systems in Coastal Communities 6.1 Considerations in the Provision of Sanitation Systems 6.2 Sanitation Systems Options Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 Summary of Existing sanitation Problems 7.2 Key Considerations in the Provision of...
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...equality) Water, sanitation and hygiene-related deaths % of total deaths (WHO) Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 2.0) Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT) Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT) 152.41 144 000 km2 1 058 inhabitants/km2 0.515 146 0.518 8.5 % 2 666 mm/year 1 227 million m3/year 8 051 m3/inhabitant 2.9 % 79 % 5 050 000 ha 60 % 73 % 2 sites 611 200 hectares year 2012 2011 2012 million inhabitants 2012 Bangladesh UN-Water Country Brief 2004 2011 2011 2012 2008 2009 2008 2008 2008 2013 Water withdrawals by sector (total 35 870 million m3 in 2009) % of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT) Groundwater withdrawal as % of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT) Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT) % of the cultivated area equipped for irrigation (FAO FAOSTAT and FAO AQUASTAT) 88% 10% 2% Agricultural Municipal Industrial % of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT) Ramsar sites (Ramsar) – number – total area The Money Stream During 2007 to 2011, the government invested US$ 259.30 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes. During the same period, o cial development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 177.69 million on average per year. Throughout this period, the government’s total water-related investments...
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...Human Values and Ethics in the Workplace Improving leadership and performance in the water education, supply and sanitation sectors © 2005 UN- HABITAT (www.unhabitat.org) and the Global Dharma Center (www.globaldharma.org). All rights reserved. UN(www.unhabitat.org) (www.globaldharma.org). 1 Imagine for a moment… You are planning a trip into a native, traditional territory for two weeks What kind of guide would you want to accompany you: Someone who has only read about the territory? Someone who has visited the territory themselves? Someone who has lived in the territory? Our agenda together Living in the native, traditional territory Identifying the relevance and benefits of human values at work Discovering your explicit and implicit / hidden human values strengths Developing trust by expressing purity and unity of thought, word, and action Applying human values in a practical way at work Our agenda together Guiding others through native, traditional territory Generating creative solutions to ethical issues at work related to water and sanitation, based on human values Establishing guiding principles for everyone to practice human values and ethics at work Being a champion of human values and ethics in the workplace In our work together… We will be focusing on how human values and ethics impact the way you do your work in waterrelated education, supply and sanitation: Your attitudes Your behaviour How you make decisions How you relate to others How you...
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...Water For People—India Country Strategy 2007 – 2011 Final Draft _______________________________________________________________________ Submitted for Consideration by the International Programs Committee December 14, 2006 Glossary ARWSP BEC BESUS CAP CPI—M CSO DFID GoWB GP IEC IMF IT KAP lpcd MDG MNP MoWR NGO NWRC O&M PRA PRI PRSP RSP SWOT TRYSEM USA UT VCHP Accelerated Rural Water Sanitation Programme Bengal Engineering College Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur Comprehensive Action Plan Communist Party of India—Marxist Civil Society Organisations Department for International Funding Government of West Bengal Gram Panchayat Information Education Communication International Monetary Fund Information Technology Knowledge Attitude Practice Litres per capita per day Millennium Development Goals Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Water Resources Nongovernmental Organisation National Water Resource Council Operation and Maintenance Participatory Rural Appraisal Panchayati Raj Institutions Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Rural Sanitation Programme Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment United States of America Union Territory Volunteer Community Health Promoter Contents Section Title Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 Review of Water and Sanitation in India Demographic, Economic and Socio-political...
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... A few commonly over looked aspects of the battlefield are power, water, and sewage. These utilities are important for maintaining a livible military camp and also for building positive relationships with the local population. These three categories make up a portion of what is called SWEAT-MSO (Sewage, Water, Electricty, Academics, Trash, Medical, Safety, and Other considerations. SWEAT-MSO is part of what the military reffers to as Stability Operations, covered...
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... on the other hand, there is a tremendous gap between the rich and the poor. And India has a great problem. It is water problem. “Now, about 700 million people in the world live on the situation of water shortage. Since people can get only insanitary water, 4900 children (about 1,800,000 people per year) pass away every day according to The U.N. water-resources report, a Human Development Report in 2006.” (Network Earth Village, Environment and Pease NGO, 2012)India is also one of the countries with water shortage And India have some water problems: as stated above, water shortage, water pollution and lagging behind in sanitation. First, in India, water shortage is big problem. People are forced some difficulty by water shortage. First, during the dry season, many corner of India lack water. India has three seasons, which are monsoon, dry season and, heat season. Season of monsoon from June through September, it rains heavily. However, during the season from November through March, many corners of India get dry and lack water. Besides, the rainfall for the past ten years decreased about twenty percent, and also the dry season became long because of climate change by the global warming. In addition, people are forced to walk long distances to find water (Harris, 2013). Because the tap water of India does not fit drink. Harries (2013) explains, For example, a woman, whose name is Arphisha, Arphisha lives...
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...Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (NCMH) have all endorsed the need to raise the level of public spending on health in India from around one per cent to 2 to 3 per cent of GDP. Monitoring the progress towards achieving the target level of public spending on health has been difficult, due to ambiguity in the definition of health expenditure used, and the corresponding figures reported by different government agencies. The latest Economic Survey, 2011-12 of the Government of India suggests that public spending on health was around 1.35 per cent of GDP in 2010-11 (R.E.). It is however, not clear whether this estimate refers only to health expenditure or includes water supply and sanitation also. The Approach Paper of the Government of India to the Twelfth Five Year Plan indicated that health expenditure alone as a per cent of GDP was about 1.4 per cent (B.E.) in 2011-12. It also mentioned that if one included...
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...KOMBASES WATER PROJECT Enhancing community water and sanitation services P.O BOX 2186-30200. TEL: 0722 759918 KITALE OUR REF:KWP/PF/VPL.1/2014/ (5) Date 8th Match 2014. The chairman, CDF committee Trans -Nzoia East Constituency P.o. Box Kitale Dear Sir, RE: REQUEST FOR FUNDING: KOMBASES COMMUNITY SAFE CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION INITIATIVE 2014 We refer to the above initiative detailed in the attached proposal for funds from your CDF. We are consolidating other efforts towards the same as in-kind contributions from members and the community at large, at 10% of the total cost of the initiative which is ksh 831100 Kindly assist as a priority to safe us from the current acute shortage of the safe Clean water frequent out break of waterborne diseases as result of drinking untreated and contaminated water from unprotected water points Thank you Yours faithfully Joseph Bartenge CHAIR MAN KOMBASE WATER PROJECT SAFE CLEAN WATER / SANITATION INITIATIVE Historical Background Kombases water project was found by the community in 2012 by Kombases Village of Milimani location,Trans-zoia East sub-county -Trans-Zoia county. The project which is community based organization .its objectives are: 1. Enhance safe clean water for both human and livestock consumption, protection and conservation of all water sources and eradicate water borne diseases among the community. 2. Enhance and promote sustainable...
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...BAC05120115 NKANSAH EVANS BAC05120095 1|Page Project Framework World health organization (WHO) Logical framework (Log frame) Project Title Water and Sanitation Project at Gyampokrom Project Description Construction of water treatment station, underground drainage system and provision of refuse dumpsters for the community of Gyampokrom Project schedule Commencement / Start Date Of Project Date Of Completion Of Projects 15th January 2015 30th March 2016 Project Date Breakdown Project Start / End Date Project Description 15th January – 15th June 2015 Completion of water treatment station 16th June – December 2015 Completion of underground drainage 1st January 2016 - 30th march 2016 Completion of installation of refuse dumpsters 2|Page Project Context Research conducted by the world health organization revealed that 70% of death recorded annually were as a result of poor environmental sanitation and usage of contaminated water. Goals / Objectives of the Project Reduce death and illness related to Water and Sanitation related diseases in Gyampokrom. Improved access to and use of sustainable sources of safe water. Enhanced practice of safe hygiene and sanitation in the household. Improved access to and use of sustainable sanitation facilities. Sanitation facility use is promoted. Reasons for the execution of the project 20% of children in Gyampokrom under 48month with diarrhoea in...
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...hygienic practices (e.g., washing of hands, safe preparation of food). A combination of factors traps them into this practice, including tradition, lack of awareness about the importance of sanitation, and misconceptions about the costs involved.34 In addition, communities must learn that technologies, even simple ones, are not the monopoly of engineers and technocrats, before they have the confidence to use and manage their sanitation problems.35 For policymakers and program implementers, experience has shown that information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns involving communities and grassroots organizations can accelerate the process of change and hasten the adoption of sanitary practices. These efforts must include addressing sociocultural attitudes toward owning a household toilet. In many cases, this will require educating SCs and STs, many of whom are illiterate, about the need to use latrines and the importance of hygiene. In this effort, it is important to understand that much of the demand for latrines comes from women, as they are the worst sufferers due to non-availability of these facilities. Women have, by far, the most important influence in determining household hygiene practices and in forming habits of their children.36 Thus, the social marketing of many sanitation programs often start with making house-to-house contact to educate and motivate women in target communities. Messages that appeal to the need for privacy and the social stigma of open defecation...
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