...Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria, nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? untitled Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles ... What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles. They are five to 10 micrometers long and one to .5 micrometers wide. They main function is to provide energy for cell activities. They house the respiratory enzymes that convert oxygen and the products of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), chemicals that Euka Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles ... have high-energy bonds. They are hollow all except for a folded line of matter that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3) Oxidation of acetyl Eukaryotic Organelles Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles 10/1/96 The mitochondria has an eggshape structure...
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...specimen? Plant lives matter. Like humans, they have cells that make up their foundation. Like humans, they are made up of several organelles. Like humans, they are alive. In chapter 7, section 3 of Biology, the Dynamics of Life, they teach students about the organelles...
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...Mastering Concepts 3.1 1. What is a cell? A cell is the smallest unit of life. 2. How have microscopes contributed to the study of cells? Microscopes have led to the discovery of cells, have allowed us to differentiate structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have allowed us to study the organelles that make up a eukaryotic cell, and have even let us watch some basic cell functions as they occur. 3. What are the main components of cell theory? The main components of cell theory are that all life is made of cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of life, and that all cells come from preexisting cells 4. Describe the differences between light and electron microscopes. The light microscope can be used to study living organisms, does not distort structures, can show structures in stained color, and is less expensive than the electron microscope. However, the light microscope lacks much of the magnification and resolution of the electron microscope. 5. Which molecules and structures occur in all cells? All cells have DNA, proteins, RNA, ribosomes, a watery cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. 6. Describe adaptations that increase the ratio of surface area to volume in cells. Adaptations that increase the surface area to volume ratio include elongated or flattened cell shapes. An efficient transportation system, a water-filled vacuole, and improved efficiency help cells sidestep surface area limitations. 3.2 1. How do prokaryotic...
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...Mitochondrion “Mitochondria are bean-shaped organelles that are known as the powerhouse of all living cells. Their function is initially centered around converting oxygen and other nutrients into adenosine triphosphate or more formally known as ATP”(MoleculeExpressions). ATP is the energy required by cells in order to perform its mandated metabolic activities. This process is also known as aerobic respiration and is the main reason as to why animals are mandated to breathe in oxygen. Without mitochondria, complex organisms would cease to exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from anaerobic respiration. This process is known to be much less efficient than aerobic respiration. Using aerobic respiration, these tiny but...
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...your answers to questions 2 & 3 on the diagrams below and your knowledge of biology. The arrow below each lettered process indicates where the process takes place. 2. Process A is known as A. photosynthesis C. dehydration synthesis B. fermentation D. aerobic respiration 3. Glucose is a product of A. process A, only C. process B and process C B. process B, only D. process A and process C 4. Which statement best compares the energy transformations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Only photosynthesis uses oxygen to create energy. B. Only photosynthesis causes an increase in kinetic energy. C. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both store energy in chemical bonds. D. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require chemical energy to make food. 5. A student prepared a test tube containing yeast, glucose, and water. After 24 hours, the test tube was analyzed for the presence of several substances. What substance would the student expect to find if respiration occurred in the test tube? A. a hormone C. nitrogen B. starch D. carbon dioxide 6. One type of anaerobic respiration results in the production of A. water and oxygen C. nitrogen gas and ammonia B. pyruvic acid and glycerol D. alcohol and carbon dioxide 7. Which of the following diagrams accurately represents the use of gases in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis ...
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...Nucleus- This organelle is the control center of a Eukaryotic cells. The Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes. The nucleus also include nuclear pores that allows a paced stream of proteins, RNA, and other molecules to move into and out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell. Inside the Nuclear envelope, there is a layer of chromatin that consist of DNA bounded with protein; as chromatin condenses, it forms chromosomes that is used to pass hereditary information. In the inmost part of the nucleus contains a small region known as the nucleolus, it is used to form ribosomes. Since the nucleus contains most of the cell’s DNA, it act as a hereditary blueprint to manufacture proteins and other important molecules...
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...of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 1. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy metabolism 1. Understand how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment...
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...the use chemicals to breakdown food and convert it into usable compounds They both convert things into energy Cell wall vs plasma membrane: Cell wall is only found in plants, it is rigid and protects the plant cell Cell membrane are in. Oth,bit is semipermeable and flexible Both protect cell and both regulate what goes in and out of the cell Rough vs smooth er: Rough er is speckled with ribosomes and assembles proteins Smooth er makes lipids, detoxifies drugs and makes membranes Both transport and produce domppunds important to the cell Cytosol vs cytoplasm: Cytosol is only the liquid part of the cytoplasm Cytoplasm includes cytosol but is also the organelles and dissolved nutrients They are both part of the cytoplasm and both are the liquid part Nucleus vs. nucleolus: Nucleolus does not contain DNA or chromosomes and only makes ribosomes Nucleus contains the nucleolus and the DNA also gives instructions to the cell Both part of the nucleus Lysosomes vs food vacuoles: Lysosomes breakdown food and unusable organelles Food vacuoles store food before the lysosomes start to break it down Both do something with food Cytoskeleton vs micro tubules: Micro tubules are the hollow like structures that are part of the cytoskeleton, they are important for cell division The cytoskeleton as a whole supports the cells structure and holds the organelles in place helps move cell and parts of cell; includes the micro filaments as well Flagella vs cilia: ...
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...CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane is the ‘’skin’’ around the cell. It gives it its shape and controls what goes in and out the cell. Its mostly made from proteins and phospholipids CELL MEMBRANE The cell membrane is the ‘’skin’’ around the cell. It gives it its shape and controls what goes in and out the cell. Its mostly made from proteins and phospholipids MITOCHONDIA Spherical/rod shaped organelles with double-layered membranes which are scattered around the cytoplasm. The inner membrane is folded many times forming a series of projections (which are called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the cell. MITOCHONDIA Spherical/rod shaped organelles with double-layered membranes which are scattered around the cytoplasm. The inner membrane is folded many times forming a series of projections (which are called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the cell. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE It is the ‘’skin’’ around the nucleus. Consists of lipid bilayers that are separated by a perinuclear space...
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...answer) 4. What two things make osmosis a special type of diffusion? 5. What is a selectively permeable membrane? (Also called a semi-permeable membrane.) 6. Explain what happens to a cell when placed in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. 7. Explain the basic organization (main components) of a plasma membrane. Include at least 4 distinct parts. 8. Identify (a) a similarity and (b) a difference between facilitated transport and active transport; do not state they both move substances across membranes. 9. What is an organelle? Which organelle is a processing, packaging and shipping center for proteins and lipids? 10. Where would you find the nucleolus? What happens there? 11. What is the role of the ribosome? 12. Which organelle digests macromolecules, worn out cell parts, debris and disease-causing microbes? 13. What structures are associated with cell movement? 14. What is the most significant difference in structure between rough and smooth ER? What type of macromolecule do each produce? 15. Which organelle makes ATP? 16. What is the most important product of cellular respiration? 17. List the three major steps in cellular respiration. (3 pts) 18. How does the body use the oxygen that we breathe? In other words, what is oxygen's final function? 19. What ATP producing process occurs during anaerobic conditions? 20. Glucose enters cells from the blood stream by what type of transport? 21. What are the 4 major types of tissue? (List.) 22. What type of...
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..." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem: "Does temperature affect the breathing rate of a goldfish"? • Describe at least three ways that science differs from systems of belief that are based on faith, force or simple consensus. Lesson 1 AYLs 1. How is the theory of evolution used to explain the tremendous diversity of life on Earth? Describe how variation within a population arises and how natural selection...
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...Chloroplast and Mitochondrion in Plant Cells Introduction: Mitochondrion and chloroplast are two organelles that are very important to organisms. Both provide energy and nourishment to the cell. While chloroplast is found in plant cells only, mitochondrion is found in both animal and plant cells. It is believed that these two organelles were once bacterial cells on their own, but then they were engulfed by other bacteria. This theory is called the Endosymbiotic Theory. This theory is proven by the fact that chloroplast and mitochondrion are the only organelles, within a cell, that have their own DNA. They also use this DNA to produce their own enzymes and proteins. Further proof is shown by the fact that both these organelles have a double layer of membrane surrounding them, and that they replicate as a bacteria does. Purpose: * Prepare a supernatant of spinach leaf * Demonstrate proper techniques involved in using centrifuge * Using filtration and centrifugation, separate the chloroplast from other organelles in a spinach leaf * Identify mitochondrion in an onion cell Materials: * Fresh spinach leaves * Grinding solution * 0.33 M sorbitol * 10mM sodium pyrophosphate (NaPO) * 4mMMgCl * 2mM Ascorbic Acid * Adjust pH to 6.5 with HCl * Chopping board and knife * Chilled mortar and pestle * Cheesecloth * Refrigerated preparative centrifuge * Suspension solution * 0.33 M Sorbitol * 2mMEDTA ...
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...microscope’s total magnification was 10X so there were about a hundred rows of rectangular cells (see diagram provided), but as we changed magnifications, the number of cells in the field of view decreased.When we viewed the onion skin cells at 40X total magnification, we noticed the nuclei of the cells looked clearer and larger and we were able to study the cell with more understanding than when we used the first magnification. The organelles that we were able to see in this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell wall. | -----The cheek cell, an example of an animal cell, generally has a circular, oval shape. the animal cell structure is the most prominent in human cheek cells. animal cell simply stands on it's own without being closely packed together. We noticed that the cells were secluded and spread out (see diagram provided), when we viewed the cheek cells at 40X total magnification At 100X total magnification, we were only able to view one cell at a time, due to the fact that the cells were separated from each other. The organelles that were visible in this type of cell were the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Aside from the actual cells, we were able to see air bubbles within both the onion skin cell slide and...
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...Board, 2012). Then there are the Eukaryotes which are much larger and more complex than the Prokaryotic cell. The Eukaryote cell contains the nucleus which is known as organelles. There are many known organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria just to mention a few. Let’s focus on the nucleus. The main reason I am going to focus on this organelle because it is one of the most important parts to a cell. There are many analogies that can be used to describe the nucleus. One could compare this to the hard drive on a computer because such as this it holds all of the information. The computer will not operate without the hard drive to tell it what it needs to do. Now this is much like the nucleus because the nucleus’s job is to tell the other parts of the cell what they need to do. Another example could be the human brain because the brain tells the body what to do. It tells things like the muscles and the heart when they need to operate. Looking at Lynita’s analogy about the cell wall she had a great example on a fence to keep things out, which is the job of the cell wall. Now the nucleus’s job isn’t to keep things out but instead to send out messages to other parts of the cell to let them know what they need to do. Part 2 When looking at animals or humans being able to make food for them of course they would be able to benefit from doing so. If in fact animals or humans were able to produce their own food no animal or human would have to go...
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...Crossed out study questions will not be use as the basis for exam questions.] 1. What is the difference between an hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between an hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world, and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. 2. Two of the greatest unifying ideas in biology (i.e., concepts that account for and are consistent with a very large number of observations) are the Cell Theory, and the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Most scientific Theories have two components: the pattern component and the process component. What are the two components of Cell Theory and of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? What are the two conditions required by the process component of evolutionary theory? 3. What is the hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation and how does Cell Theory challenge that hypothesis? In the Pasteur experiment two types of flasks were used. For each flask, what is the outcome predicted by Spontaneous Generation? By Cell Theory? Why did Pasteur use a swan-necked flask? Why did he boil the broth in both flasks? 4. Describe the two hypotheses proposed to account for the observation that giraffes have long necks. What are the predictions of the first, “food competition” hypothesis? What evidence is cited in your textbook that supports one or more...
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