...Unit 8 Exercise 1 Ja’Martay Bentley GE375 Tami Gary May 16, 2016 Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective emphasized unconscious and unresolved past conflicts (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). Freud believed the psyche (mind) contained three levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). Conscious is the thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). Preconscious are thoughts or motives that are just beneath the surface of awareness and can be easily brought to the mind (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). The unconsciousness are thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person’s normal awareness, which still exert great influence (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). Freud believed that most psychological disorders originate from repressed memories and instincts (sexual and aggressive) that are hidden in the unconscious (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). Freud also believed that personality was composed of three mental structures: id, ego, and superego (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). The id is totally unconscious and serves as a reservoir of mental energy (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). The id is made up of innate, biological instincts and urges. It is immature, impulsive, and irrational (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). The id wants what it wants and when it wants it – pleasure principle (Carpenter & Huffman, 2011). As a child grows older, the ego develops (Carpenter...
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...What is the Psychodynamic approach?The Psychodynamic approach was originally developed by Sigmund Freud who was one of the most influential people of the twentieth century and his enduring legacy has influenced not one Psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children. The Psychodynamic approach is concerned with the influence of the unconscious mind – that is the mental process of which we are not consciously aware – on the feelings, thinking and behavior of the individual. It is one of the older approaches to Psychology having been developed as far back as the 1890s. Sigmund Freud developed a collection of ideas mainly on how the unconscious mind works. It holds that our early experiences of relationships with significant people such as our parents during the first five years of child development remain in the unconscious. Thus affecting the way we perceive situations in later life. Freud believed that the unconscious determines our behaviors and that we are motivated by unconscious emotional drives which are shaped by unresolved conflicts from our childhood experiences. For example, a child exposed to abuse during 1- 5 years of development will have an unstable personality compared to a child who wasn't exposed to abuse. Freud (1923) later developed a more structural model of the mind, the psychic apparatus, comprising the entities id, ego and superego which are rather hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions. In saying this...
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...Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Cohran, Robin Dec, 1, 14 PSY/301 Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis remains the single most influential theory for the practice of psychotherapy. Freud (1964) began the movement and his theory can be broken down into five parts. The first part of Freud’s theory is Dynamics. This level deals with instinctual forces (Rapaport and Gill, 1959). Freud traces all instincts, in a certain sense, therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal...
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...Psychoanalytic PSY/250 October 25, 201 Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud is a well-known psychologist, and is known to be one of the greatest of all time. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the earliest well-defined theory of personality. He had many followers in the beginning of researching the psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalytic theory divides the human personality into three systems: the id, ego, and the superego. His theory also referenced most psychological things to sexuality. Carl Jung a psychiatrist and Alfred Adler a physician both became interested in Freud’s psychoanalysis in the 1900’s and visited Freud in Vienna to learn more about his theory. While in Vienna for several years, the relationship between these men came to a halt because of theoretical disagreements. Jung and Carl did not believe sexuality had much to do with psychology. Jung developed the analytical psychology, which interprets feelings and behavior in terms of both an individual and racial unconscious. On the other hand, Adler developed individual psychology, which interprets behavior in terms of a desire for pouter in the social order. Although these men had differences, they studied Psychology and did what they believed in. Jung and Freud both depended on the ideas of unconscious determinants of behavior, but to Jung the unconscious was broader than Freud could see. Freud unconscious only discusses a personal unconscious, which many of these contents were unacceptable or unpleasant...
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...According to Morris and Maisto (1998), the psychoanalytic theory begins with Freud’s discovery of the unconscious-all the ideas, thoughts and feelings of which an individual is not normally aware of. These ideas of Freud form the basis of psychoanalysis, a term that encompasses both his theory of personality and the form of therapy he invented. Morris and Maisto further explain that according to Freud, human behavior is based on unconscious instincts or drives and that some instinct are aggressive and destructive which he called thanatos and others such as hunger, thirst self preservation and sex which he called libido are necessary to the survival of a species. However, it is important to understand that Freud used the term sexual instincts to refer to not only erotic sexuality but also to the desire for virtually any form of pleasure. Thus in this broad sense Freud regarded the sexual instinct as the most critical fact in the development of personality. Holland (1995) explains further that Freud upon emphasizing the unconscious divided the mind into three parts, the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious. The conscious mind is what an individual is aware of at any particular moment, their present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The second, working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what is today called "available memory" that is anything that can easily be made conscious. Consequently, this leaves the unconscious...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue?” In this essay I am asked to evaluate one aspect of Freudian theory. I will begin by first describing Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate an understanding of its relationship to adult neurotic behaviour. Having done this I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of those essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive or instinct for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire). He asserted that sexuality is more than just genital copulation between adults and this work is the background to his theory on infantile sexuality....
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...Psychodynamic Approach • Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas. • The words psychodynamic and psychoanalytic are often confused. Remember that Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy. • Sigmund Freud (writing between the 1890s and the 1930s) developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. His theories are clinically derived - i.e. based on what his patients told him during therapy. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be treating the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions * Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives. * Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences. * All behavior has cause even slips of the tongue. Therefore all behavior is determined. * Personality is made up of three parts: the id, ego and super-ego. * Behavior is motivated by two instinctual drives: Eros (the sex drive & life instinct) and Thanatos (the aggressive drive & death instinct). * Parts of the unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind. This conflict creates anxiety, which could be dealt with by the ego’s...
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...remember this person's name and what (s)he has done. denotes an important research finding. denotes an issue that you should be able to discuss or explain. | PERSONALITY: an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (Myers, 2005, p. 429) example: a person's characteristic outgoing, extraverted personality; another person's hard-driving, competitive style 4 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY The Psychoanalytic Perspective The Trait Perspective The Humanistic Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective [Myers labels two of these as "historic perspectives": psychoanalytic and humanistic, and two as "contemporary": trait and social-cognitive.] THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE EXPLORING THE UNCONSCIOUS: FREUD Sigmund Freud The "father of psychoanalysis" psychoanalysis: a method for exploring the unconscious and a treatment techniquefree association Say whatever comes into your mind ... Don't censor. Don't try to be logical. Don't try to be creative, or to give "good answers." Just say whatever comes into your mind. (Harder than it sounds.) * Free association helps to reveal the repressed fears and hidden wishes of the unconscious. unconscious not conscious, but influences behavior and experience ... according to "Dr. Fraud" (oops--a classic "Freudian slip") repression of sexual and aggressive urges the two major instincts, which provide motivation for all of personality: sex and aggression Freud's iceberg metaphor conscious ...
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...single days of our lives. Without motivation our lives as we know of today, would not exist. Imagine a world where everyone has no drive to do things for the better, it would not be such a great world, if no one in the world were motivated to do any research or even to just eat and get a meal from day to day. Motivation is a reason or reasons an individual acts or behaves in certain particular way. One theory of motivation is that of, Sigmund Freud, which states, “believed that all behavior was motivated and that the purpose of behavior was to serve the satisfaction of needs” (Understanding Motivation and Emotion, Fifth Edition, 2009). Therefore, what Sigmund Freud is ultimately stating is that as humans we have a certain needs that must be fulfilled and that all our behaviors are motivated to fulfill the certain need. Sigmund Freud’s theory about motivation seems to be a more relatable theory, for example, if I was hungry and I needed to fulfill my need for sustenance, I will then be motivated enough to get up and fulfill my need of nourishments. “Freud (1915) summarized his drive theory with four components—source, impetus, aim, and object—as depicted in Figure 2.1. The source of drive was rooted in the body’s physiology—in a bodily deficit (e.g., lack of food). Once it reached a threshold level of urgency, bodily deficit became psychological drive. Drive had motivational properties because drive had an impetus (force) that possessed the aim of satisfaction, which was the removal...
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...founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Freud would encourage his patients to talk freely regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was on their mind. The case of Anna O marked a turning point in the career of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future direction of psychology as a whole. Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions, hallucinations, loss of speech) without an apparent physical cause. Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life. In Studies in Hysteria (1895) Freud proposed that physical symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed conflicts. However Freud was not just advancing an explanation of a particular illness. He was proposing a revolutionary new theory of the human psyche itself. This theory emerged slowly as a result of Freud’s clinical investigations and it led him to propose that there were at least three levels to the mind. Freud (1900, 1905) developed a model of the mind, whereby he described the features of mind’s structure and function. In this model the conscious mind (everything...
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...decide which of these theories in which I agree and which of these theories I do not agree with. I will also describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality using these components. I will explore the uses of Freudian defense mechanisms using real-life examples. Many pioneering concepts were proposed by these men and attempts are still being made to prove their theories. These men changed the world with their theories of the human mind. Freud, Jung, and Adler believed that parenting and childhood development played a large role in the shaping of a personality and all three men believed that dreams and daydreams played an important role as well. Another similarity in each of their beliefs was the impact that the unconscious mind played in psychoanalytic analysis. Freud’s work is now the most recognized and most heavily cited in all of psychology and referenced in humanities as well. Freud put a lot of emphasis on sexuality and dreams. Dreams according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory are said to have two levels of content, manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is what a person remembers and consciously considers. The latent content is the underlying hidden meaning. This is the trademark idealism of the psychoanalytic approach to personality, in other words what we see on the surface is only a...
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...techniques such as the use of free association, the process in which a patient recites their thoughts without reservation spontaneously. He also discovered transference, the process to which patients speak of feelings to their analysts derived from their childhood attachments. Freud’s work with Psychoanalysis helped him further develop other theories or explanations for the way humans are the way they are including his redefinition of sexuality which formulated the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of the psychoanalytical theory. Freud focused his work mostly on the mind and received many critiques and criticism of his accomplishments. Psychoanalysis emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior and the main idea that eventually evolved from the development of psychoanalysis is that neurotic symptoms are the result of conflicts within the patient. Neurotic symptoms for example could be phobias, obsessions or compulsions. In Freud’s study of psychoanalysis, he also determined that the mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the part of the personality of an individual that wants what it wants now and is the seat of natural, primitive instincts such as aggressive and sexual desires. The ego is the more reasonable and rather more developed section of the personality. With the ego, the mind is able to attain reality and understand reason and logic with the...
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...regarding personality. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories provide for a better understanding of the human personality and human nature. Sigmund Freud began the revolution of research and developed the first modern theory of personality. Freud’s research became a test if the future and led many others to develop their own theories some of which were empirical and some philosophical speculation. * Freud is well known for the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis, which are sex and aggression. Freud revised his concept of personality several times because he believed that a theory should be followed up with observation. Freud based his theory on his own dreams as well as encounters with patients. The psychoanalytic theory and dynamics of personality supported the idea that “motivation is derived from psychical and physical energy that springs from their basic drives” (Feist, J., & Feist, G., 2009, p. 2). Freud used the concept of motivation to explain the driving forces that cause people to behave or act as they do. Freud’s goal was to uncover repressed memories through dream analysis. The purpose of psychoanalysis is to strengthen the ego through the superego to basically refresh the id according to Freud. Some of Freud’s theories went unsupported because he lacked a true understanding of women and directed his theories to mainly men. “During the early years of his...
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...Bernard Wakley There are many different personality theories that differ from one another and offer different perspectives. Being able to understand personality’s helps with a better understanding of what motivates people. Though there is no set definition of personality many theorists have different theories to explain it and understand it better. The purpose of this paper is to choose two theories of personality, analyze the strengths and limitations, and also compare and contrast them. According to (Feist & Feist, (2009), Freud believed that unconscious contained all of the instincts, urges, and drives that were beyond awareness, but could motivate actions, words, and feelings. But one question that came up was how one could really know if the unconscious exists when it is not available to the conscious mind. His answer was that repression, the meanings behind dreams, and even when there is a slip of the tongue explained it. The first of the modern theories of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud. His theory was called the psychoanalytic theory. According to (Feist & Feist, (2009), this theory is the most famous of all of the personality theories. Freud used his experiences with patients, and his own dreams to get his understanding of personality. Freud’s greatest contribution to the theory of personality was his belief that individuals were motivated by drives which he believed were divided into conscious and unconscious levels. Freud believed that...
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