...Domestic Terrorism Domestic Terrorism Domestic terrorism has continued to reemerge throughout history. From the late the birth of America to the present day 20th century, the threat of terrorism continues to be a fact of everyday life for millions of people. From the unsuccessful assassination attempt on President Truman to the topping of the Twin Towers in New York, the United States continues the war on terrorism, except this war isn’t abroad, but here at home. Armed with the latest technology, intelligence, manpower, and unrelenting intestinal fortitude, the most powerful nation in the world, continues to do what they can to eliminate terrorism (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011). Terrorism is the use of violence to instill fear in a person or a group of people for ideological, religious or political reasons. Terrorist usually target public places or public officials. Their targets are something or someone who would get the attention of the people so that it could strike fear into the masses of people. Some of the public entities could be famous people, government buildings or monuments, or military members. This type of military tactics is known as guerrilla warfare strategy. Many experts agree that one person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter. Experts also agree that random violence against civilians (non-combatants) is the type of actions taken by terrorists for achieving a political goal, on a scale smaller than full scale warfare. Political...
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...1960’s to 1970’s, North American politics was at a turbulent stage. America was experiencing a break-through of racial politics in the 1960’s, led by leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. Shortly after Canada also went through political turmoil in 1970 with the FLQ Crisis, which was addressed by Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Both leaders responded to crisis through action and by political writing. Martin Luther King’s political writing, “Letter from Birmingham and Pierre Trudeau’s, “Notes for a national broadcast, October 16 1970” both have similarities and differences. Both works address the public to deal with civil disobedience, the means to make political change, roles of government in handling civil unrest in democratic regimes and the responsibility for citizens to protest or disobey ‘unjust laws’. How ever both works are written from different perspectives. Despite their differences both works do well at complimenting each other since they share the same values. Martin Luther King’s arguments were addressing segregation and inequality experienced by African-Americans. The “Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, jr.]’ written by the American civil rights activist is concerning the issues of terrorism and summons action to respond racial laws through non-violence in attempt to establish peace and end oppression. Acts of terrorism were, “unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches” (King, paragraph 6). King refers to Birmingham experiencing such high levels of terrorism acts...
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...AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur...
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...context in order to better understand the motivations of its individual members and leaders and their particular ideologies. (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1999, para. 54) I will use Hudson’s assertion as my theoretical framework to analyze if my findings are compatible with a plausible assertion that terrorism is based off social and political views of the people who see their current state as unjust. The National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN) is a revolutionary guerrilla army; who have fought in the Colombian Civil War since it began in 1964. The ELN advocate a composite Communist ideology of Marxism and Liberation Theology. The ELN was founded by Fabio Vásquez Castaño and other Colombian rebels trained in Communist Cuba; upon the Vásquez Castaño death, the ELN was headed by a series of Roman Catholic priests, exponents of Liberation Theology. (Brittain, 2010) Most notable was the Priest Camilo Torres Restrepo, a university professor, egalitarian and Marxist, who was openly critical of the grossly unequal distribution of income among the social classes of Colombia. More concretely, the ELN's self-appointed role was to represent the rural poor and decrease the foreign presence in Colombia. The ELN's goal was to take power from the Colombian government and replace it with a more...
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...What are the roots of Jemaah Islamiyah? How are South East Asian States working to combat terrorism? What should the role of the U.S. be? It is believed that the roots of Jemaah Islamiyah, whose name means Islamic Group in Arabic, can be traced back in the late 1940s when Darul Islam emerged in the Indonesian republic to oppose the post-colonial rule of the Dutch. In the eyes of the Muslims, the rule is too secular. It is assumed that Jemaah Islamiyah is a revival of Darul Islam. In their attempt to create an Islamic fundamentalist regime in Southeast Asia, the group along with their leader S. Kartosuwirvo waged a fierce armed revolt against the central government of West Java between the years 1948 to 1962. A rebel leader in South Sulawes named Kahar Muzakkarm who has the same ideal of having an Islamic state later joined the group. The insurgency consumed much of the country’s military which resulted to its downfall. A man named Abu Bakar Bashir who joined Darul Islam in 1970 and shares the same ideal of an Islamic State was responsible for the creation of a certain boarding school in Java whose motto was "Death in the way of Allah is our highest aspiration." It attracted the poor and oppressed who were then trained in preparation for the revolution. Unluckily, Bashir was imprisoned for Islamist Activism due to this revolution attempt. To escape from his prison sentence, Bashir fle to Malaysia and became a religious teacher. He taught and preached the ideology of an...
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...News Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions Zohar Kampf Department of Communication Hebrew University In this article I discuss two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media, and with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One consequence is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the "front-door", the more controversial the use of the terms terrorism and terrorist become in social, political, and scholarly discourse. The paper addresses the new journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the US and Israel. Terrorism, media, and the nation (or, reading about terrorists in the next day's newspaper) Classic definitions of terrorism evolved in a world in which a modernist view reigned supreme. Despite constant debates about how to define the term (Schmid 1983; Schlesinger 1981; Gibbs 1989; Nacos 2007), one conventional definition, at least under U.S. law, characterizing a nationalistic perception...
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...Terrorism: Does It Justify the Use of Torture Eric M. Skogen SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Prof. Linda Atkinson January 23, 2012 Terrorism: Does It Justify the Use of Torture Torture is used by governments throughout the world to include the United States as way to extract information from a person or persons. By inflicting severe pain the torturer forces the captive to do or say something that could lead to information of a supposed terrorist attack or pertinent details of upcoming events. The act of torture has been used against prisoners of war, possible insurgents, religious sympathizers and political prisoners since Christ was crucified at the cross. In the early 1970’s, certain governments begin to see a form of violence start to evolve called “terrorism” and with that came prisoners who were called “terrorists.” Although many countries employ torture techniques against those that are dubbed “political prisoners” not all countries label them as terrorists or even face potential threats of terrorism to the extent other countries do. Over the next several pages I will discuss events that have taken place since the 1970’s leading up to the current terrorist acts we face today and how the use of torture has played a role in these events. I will also discuss how the use of torture brings up a great ethical debate of what is right and wrong and how governments attempt to justify the use of torture. I will state how one of the classical...
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...DeLorenzo is the grandson of Italian immigrants from Sicily. He currently resides in Ashburn, Northern Virginia with his Pakistani wife and three children. Education DeLorenzo attended the secular Northfield-Mount Hernon Preparatory School in Northfield, Massachusetts. He then enrolled in the undergraduate program at Cornell University but dropped out. He studied Islamic sciences under prominent Deobandi scholars at madrassa Jamia Uloom Islamia, Binori Town, Karachi, Pakistan (see details below). DeLorenzo completed three years of doctoral studies on the Legal Rulingsof the Quran at Bahawalpur University, Pakistan, and allegedly studied in Egypt. DeLorenzo‟s professional experience and affiliations include teaching courses on “The Principles of Islamic Investment,” Dow Jones University. He is also the Director for the Master‟s Program for Imams, Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences (GSISS), Leesburg, Virginia. He has served as Director of Education for the Islamic Saudi Academy, Fairfax, Virginia, as Guest Scholar at the American Learning Institute for Muslims (ALIM), Canton, Michigan and as an Advisor on Islamic affairs and education to the President of Pakistan, 1981-1984. DeLorenzo has many affiliations with Islamist Organizations:...
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...about lawyers can “raise questions about the proper and possible role of law in society”* while reflecting “powerful myths that influence our reactions to issues we meet in real life, including legal issues.” The same applies to journalism. We see these movies and in some ways they show us how American institutions are effected by crisis’s that undermines their credibility, another role we see and learn from in films is journalism “journalists are often called upon to make decisions based on a morally mature interpretation of principles rather than any specific code of conduct,” films gives dramatic life to struggles over those principles. In “All the Presidents Men” we clearly see that the US government and staff are not honest and trustworthy and there credibility is undermined and under investigation by the press. Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, whose investigation into the Watergate scandal set the stage for President Richard Nixon's eventual resignation. The free press myth is built upon the tenet that journalism can and should report truth that citizens may rationally act upon in making democracy work. That tenet underlies both libertarian and social responsibility models of the press. Classical libertarianism did not assume that journalism had a specific duty to present truth, but did see freedom of the press as key to a self-righting marketplace of ideas. The film encapsulates what media scholar Michael Schudson has called “the central myth...
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...Columbia Southern University MCJ 6453 Professor David Milen Aug 30, 2012 Hezbollah “The Party of God” Who Are They We are not fighting so that the enemy may offer us something. We are fighting to wipe out the enemy ( Hussein Mussawi, Former Hezbollah Leader). Who are the Hezbollah? This little statement from their former leader sums it up what they are and what they stand for. Hezbollah is an Islamic Shi’ite group that has its origins in Iran and they also have a branch in Lebanon. Their name in Arabic means “Party of God”, it is derived from the Surra 5, verse 56 of the Quran: Lo! The Party of God, they are victorious, this group is not only a political party but a terrorist organization (Encyclopedia of the Middle East). The flag for the Hezbollah is yellow with a green AK 47 and green rocket truck with the entire globe in the background. The early history and foundation of Hezbollah, Hezbollah came around long before the Iranian revolution of 1979, they have strong ties with the religious scholars from Iran and Lebanon, These scholars or Shi’ite ulema studied theology in the academies in Iraq. During the 1950’s and 1960’s these academies were very active bringing together an Islamic response to nationalism and secularism (Encyclopedia of the Middle East). At this point we need to briefly discus the difference between Sunni and Shiite Musliams, the origin of Islam began back in 610 A.D. Sunnis accept that the first four Caliphs, to include Ali are the rightful...
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...changed ever since terrorism attacks have occurred in the United States? The research articles have showed that the country has tightened up their policies, especially since 9/11. For example, Zakheim said “the White House--once known as the "people's house"--faces, no longer open to traffic. ID cards required everywhere. Airline passengers waiting patiently in line to take off their shoes, belts, jewelry--and to have their bags searched and perhaps their bodies as well”(2). Before 9/11 happened there were rules in the white house and everywhere else but the laws and rules weren’t as strict. In the U.S, the government usually doesn’t make a change in rules unless...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...preserve the peace among societies. On September 11, 2001 police responsibilities changed because of the attack on the United States. State police expanded their responsibilities to fight terrorism, new laws, and new types of crimes. The criminal justice system has two main aims, which are to manage crime and to guarantee due process. This paper will discuss past, recent, and future trends, contemporary issues that are affecting the criminal justice system, and the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends In the 1960’s the general downward crime rates that been marked since the 1930’s came to an end. Crime report rose, more arrests were being made, lawmakers started passing tougher laws that increased penalties, cases prosecuted by the court increased, more people was placed in prisons and jails, or placed on probation or parole, and spending by the government grew for criminal justice institutions. The Federal Government changed in an effort to fight crime. In the 1960’s, the use of illegal drugs became widespread. The government responded with broad programs with arrests, large numbers of incarceration, blocking illegal transport over the borders, working with other countries to stop criminal organizations, and making an effort to reduce demand for drugs. In the 1980’s crimes commit by juveniles started rising because of the increasing market for cocaine and crack....
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...Aviva Hurvitz 24 November 2015 Feminism and the Media Representation of Women in the 1970’s Major social change happens when enough people strongly believe in it. The media influences public opinion and thus has the ability to support or destroy these social change movements. In the 1970’s, the second wave feminist movement was attempting to create wide spread social change. Its leading organization, the National Organization for Women (NOW), was focused on dismantling workplace inequality, such as denial of access to better jobs and salary inequity, and protecting women’s rights, such as stopping domestic violence. They attempted to do this through creating legislation and changing public opinion. The media’s representation of women overall at this time counteracted these goals. By creating a derogatory picture of the “feminist”, the media made her unsympathetic to the public. Rather than creating support for the core goals of the feminist movement, the media focused on more controversial topics, specifically gay rights. This negative media coverage of the women’s movement hurt its ability to implement meaningful legislation, such as the Equal Rights Amendment. The way in which print media degraded women, demonized feminists, and connected feminism to controversial topics damaged the progress of second wave feminism in the 1970’s. The definition of a feminist is a person who believes in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes (Miriam Webster...
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...reasons included the continuation of military funding; he reversed his decision and signed the NDAA into law on December 31, 2011. The President included with it a signed statement that said his administration would not allow unconstitutional incarceration of American citizens (Herridge, 2012). Unfortunately, a signed statement is not law, and can be later changed or ignored by the current or subsequent administrations. This act is a danger to the freedoms granted to American citizens by the United States Constitution, allowing the government too many liberties to violate those freedoms in the name of terrorism, and can also be used to unjustly target foreigners on American soil. According to a news release issued by Ohio representative Patrick J. Tiberi, although most of the population believes this act allows American citizens to be detained by simply suspecting them of terrorism, he believes this is not the case. The release includes a portion of the NDAA that states, “The requirement to detain a person in military custody under this section...
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