...The Modernization of Women in Revolutionary Iran The Quran, Sura 4, verse 38 states, “Men are the managers of the affairs of women for that God has preferred in bounty one of them over another…and those you fear may be rebellious admonish; banish them to their couches, and beat them”. To develop and understand social change, it is crucial to examine the central structures and organizations within a given society. Through examining family structure, the state, and religion, geared with a specific focus on gender, a basic set of followed societal governing rules and values become apparent. Each of these societal structures are interrelated, working together to permit as well as restrict the agency of women in revolutionary Iranian society. For the development of successful social change to take place, it must arise through gender conflict, class conflict, and political action. Each social structure such as, family structure, state relations, and religion, is located within the larger context of a national structure, meaning the examples previously mentioned are subject to larger regional and global influences and changes. Due to this reasoning, it is important to examine evolving economic development and political change to understand women’s status within Iranian revolutionary societies and furthermore, their changing roles within the traditional family structure, Islam, education, and the work force. Through an analysis of class location, policy restructuring, and changing...
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...Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction………………………………………………………….……………………..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah………………………………………….…….1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah…...…………………………………….…….5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens…………………………5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah…………………………..10 After The Islamic Revolution …………………………………………….14 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..19 References…………………………………………………………………..21 Introduction It has been more than 30 years since the victorious Islamic revolution transpired and sought the citizen supported and the forceful death of the Pahlavi dynasty which was ruled, with a denied democracy, under Mohammed shah and his father, Reza shah who were both put forth by the British. Due to the controversial media’s coverage, its western influence and lack of justice, there remains a bitter taste in the mouth of feminists in regards to women’s rights under the newly born Islamic state. In this paper, I will be examining and shedding light on these issues, as well as comparing the current and past roles of women, the differences between the Islamic and Pahlavi imposed laws on these women all within the confines of the diverse domains of Iran, while taking...
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...Arch Iran Med 2010; 13 (2): 143 – 146 Mini Review Five Common Cancers in Iran Shadi Kolahdoozan MD MPH*, Alireza Sadjadi MD MPH**, Amir Reza Radmard MD***, • Hooman Khademi MD MPH * Iran as a developing nation is in epidemiological transition from communicable to noncommunicable diseases. Although, cancer is the third cause of death in Iran, it`s mortality are on the rise during recent decades. This mini-review was carried out to provide a general viewpoint on common cancers incidence in Iran and to explain incidental differences that may help us to establish early detection programs and investigate population risk factors. A detailed PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar search were made from 2000 to 2009. The basic inclusion criteria were all relevant studies focused on cancer epidemiological data from Iran. Overall age-standard incidence rate per 100 000 population according to primary site is 110.43 in males and 98.23 in females. The five most common cancers (except skin cancer) are stomach, esophagus, colon-rectum, bladder and leukemia in males, and in females are breast, esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum and cervix uteri. The incidence rates of gastrointestinal cancers are high in Iran (it is one of the known areas with a high incidence of GI cancers). Breast cancer mainly affects Iranian women about a decade earlier than Western countries and younger cases are affected by an increasing rate of colorectal cancer in Iran, near the Western rates. Archives of Iranian Medicine...
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...The electoral system in United Kingdom The electoral system in United Kingdom After the examination of Canadian national institution, it has been nominated that a few reforms are intensely needed in the Canadian institutions for the due management of the regional and the inter-governmental issues (Loiacono, 2010). The three suggested reforms are the reforms in the Supreme Courts, the reforms in the senate, the reforms in the House of Commons Supreme Court The need for the reform is elevated by considering the fact that is it logical to consider Supreme Court as a general court of appeal and are their any specialized needs of constitutional tribunals. The scope of judicial proceedings and judgments needs to be institutionalized in the context. Quebec is indeed the province that responds assertively to the importance of a pure judiciary. Quebec highlights that the existing Supreme Courts are totally appointed in the conformance of federal executives, and it does not differentiate the difference between civil law and the British common law. Additionally the decisions of the Supreme Court are confirmed to be biased against the Quebecers. The debate since 1950s still needs a re-modification in the form of a pure Canadian Supreme Court, where the law holds every Canadian equal in the court of law (Sherman, 1999, p. 68). Senate The second modification proposed is the modification in the senate. The Canadian federation has long been considered to seek the reform in the...
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...world where this statement comes as truth to everyone. However, this is not a solemn statement which has been violated in the past until now. As a contrast to the statement, there are many kinds of prejudice and discrimination ongoing around the world. One of the countries where this declaration is not considered as truth is Iran. Up until now, especially throughout the times of the Iranian Revolution, there were various intolerances in society based on gender, education, political opinion, and economical status and this has been practiced in several ways; however, there is Marjane Satrapi, a girl from a wealthy family who had become the living witness of these inequalities during the Iranian Revolution, who later wrote a book entitled Persepolis. In her book, she comments that these types of inequities should be improved. Marjane Satrapi let us know that In Iran, women and men were treated differently throughout the Iranian Revolution. During the times around the Iranian Revolution and after the revolution, women were treated unfairly compared to men. Marjane Satrapi states in her book about the dowry system in Iran as an example of the discrimination of women. “So a guardian of the revolution marries her and takes her virginity before executing her…Traditionally when a girl gets married the husband is supposed to pay her a dowry. If the girl dies, the...
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...The Literacy Corps was able to increase profoundly due to high school graduates who couldn’t be drafted into the Army and had no prior experience in a job. For these young recruit who just came out of high school it was considered an opportunity as they were able to obtain a job. Through the Literacy Corps Iran saw an increase of literacy rate from 26 percent to 42 percent and educational institutions began to grow like the enrollment of kindergarten increased from 13,300 to 221,990. With this boom in education new schools were able to open Very much like the Literacy Corps came the formation of the Health Corps composed of physicians and dentist to bring free medical care to rural areas and improve sanitary conditions. Like the Literacy Corps...
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...The social and economic inequality between men and women has existed for countless centuries within the human race. The broad gap between the two genders is especially evident in populations of the Middle Eastern nations. These countries are dominated by the religion of Islam, which has been widely interpreted by many of its devout followers with a distinct discrimination against women as the inferior gender. In the twentieth century, Middle Eastern countries, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, began experiencing a substantial amount of influence from European and other Western cultures. Subsequently, the female populace was possessed with a wave of feminist ideals and a movement for equality that became apparent throughout the political...
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...Introduction Unlike the United States, our criminal procedure follows an adversarial system, which is based under English Common Law. The people of Iran and many other countries and governments in the Middle East, follow Islamic law, also known as Sharia Law. Sharia Law is the underlying influence of the legal code in many Muslim countries. What is Sharia Law? Sharia law, also known, as Islamic law is a movement derived from the Holy Quran that allows such countries as Iran to govern personal status laws, regulations that pertain to divorce and marriage, inheritance and custody. In the Middle East, Sharia law contains major controversy when it comes to influence status law as well as criminal law. The Holy Quran and some of its interpretations are used to justify what Americans would describe as cruel and unusual punishments like death by stoning and the unequal treatment of women in their dress, status, inheritance and independence (Johnson, 2010). The Iranian government follows and sets forth laws under Sharia and the ways of the Holy Quran and prophet Mohammed. Sharia developed in 632 CE after the death of the prophet Mohammad and passed down by scholars as the ways of “Allah”, the ways of the one and only God. People of the Muslim faith follow a school called the Ja’fari, which is most notable in Iran as Shia-dominant (Johnson, 2010). Elements Under Sharia Law: The primary element of Sharia is the Holy Quran. There are not other appeals that go against the...
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...1. Women's rights in Iran have for many years been a very controversial and heated topic. The way women live and are viewed by men in Iran has changed in so many ways throughout the end of the twentieth century leading into current day. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah of Iran and throughout his attempt to westernize his country he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, on February 11th, 1979.[1] Religious rulers took over and influenced the Sharia Law, which are decisions on how to live life by studying religious texts. Ever since this change women have faced a struggle to survive in harsh conditions every day of their lives. Inequality between Iranian men and women is a major problem, even an issue due to the way women are viewed and through the eye of a man here.[2] The rights of women certainly have changed drastically since the start of the revolution, but still the daily life of an Iranian women without a doubt does not compare to that of a woman living in America.[3] Islamic women have tried to fight these discriminatory conditions, but these prevalent practices are in most cases required by the law. The laws that they are forced to go by are biased and in any outsiders opinion should be changed. After the revolution, Iran took a different turn from being a western influenced country to a being an Islamic fundamental government with strict rules led by the supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Since the overthrow of...
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...AP History addell Unit 1 8000 BCE-600 BCE Environment: Humans and their environment In Mesopotamia, new land was opened to agriculture by building and maintaining irrigation networks: canals brought water from river to field, drainage ditches carried water back to river, partial dams raised water level of river, and dikes protected against floods. States: Building, Expansion, Conflict Conquest gave some Mesopotamian city-states access to vital resources. Trade offered an alternative and long-distance commerce flourished. Social Structures: Development and Transformation The Law Code of Hammurabi, a Babylonian law code, reflects social divisions. It identifies three classes- 1) free land-owning class (royals, high-ranking officers, etc.) 2) dependent farmers and artisans 3) slaves employed for domestic service. The lower orders received the most severe punishments. Slaves were made out of POW. Cultures: Development and Interaction Ziggurats, a multistory, mud-brick, pyramid-shaped tower was built, yet scholars still wonder its function and symbolic meaning. Economic Systems: Creation, Expansion, Interaction Evidence of seagoing vessels that carried wood, metals, stone from foreign lands were exchanged with wool. cloth, barley, and vegetable oil. This trade helped boom the economy of Mesopotamia and other nearby countries such as Lebannon, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. Unit 2 600 BCE-600 CE Cultures: Development and Interaction The...
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...Women and Birth 27 (2014) 37–40 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Women and Birth journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wombi Effect of immediate and continuous mother–infant skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding self-efficacy of primiparous women: A randomised control trial Karimi Aghdas a, Khadivzadeh Talat b, Bagheri Sepideh c,* a Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran School of Nursing and Midwifery and Women Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran c School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran b A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 3 July 2013 Received in revised form 25 September 2013 Accepted 26 September 2013 Keywords: Skin-to-skin contact Routine care Breastfeeding self-efficacy BSES Breast feeding initiation A B S T R A C T Objective: To evaluate the effect of mother–infant immediate skin-to-skin contact on primiparous mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy. Study design: A randomised control trial. Settings: The study was conducted in Omolbanin obstetrics hospital (large tertiary hospital), Mashhad, Iran. Participants: 114 18–35 year-old primiparous, Iranian, healthy and full term mothers who anticipated normal vaginal delivery and intended to breastfeed their babies. Intervention: Skin-to-skin contact immediately...
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...Basseri of Iran ANT 101 Instructor: Outline 1. Orientation 2. Tribeswomen of Iran (How are they viewed) 3. Tribesmen of Iran (how are they viewed) 4. Kinship 5. Political Organization 6. Beliefs and Values 7. Economy The Basseri of Iran is a nomadic, tent-dwelling people. They are a descendent of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and gypsy ancestors. They have different views of men and women and different roles within their society. Their beliefs and values are different from our own, and they treat their economy different then we treat our own. This essay will take an in-depth look at the beliefs and values, sickness and healing, and the political organization of the Basseri of Iran. “The Basseri are traditional pastoral nomads who inhabit the Iranian province of Fārs and migrate along the steppes and mountains near the town of Shīrāz. The Basseri are a clearly delineated group, defined—as are most groups in the area—by political rather than by ethnic or geographical criteria. In the late 1950s there were an estimated 16,000 Basseri living in Iran” (Barth, Fredrik (1961). The Basseri speak a language of Farsi, and most only know this language, but there are a few that can speak Turkish or Arabic. They live in a hot and arid climate and inhabit approximately 18,000 to 21,000 square kilometers. The roles of tribeswomen in Iran are much different from the roles of...
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...the inception of the UNHCR. Decades of war have led millions to flee their homes and seek refuge in the neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran, and for those who were able, further abroad. The number of refugees spiked in 1990 at 6.2 million. They began to decrease in 1992 with the fall of the government, but began to increase again in 1996 with the rise of the Taliban. In 2002, with the fall of the Taliban and the US-led invasion, record numbers of Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan. An international reconstruction and development initiative began to aid Afghans in rebuilding their country from decades of war. Reports indicate that change is occurring in Afghanistan, but the progress is slow. The Taliban have regained strength in the second half of this decade and insurgency and instability are rising. Afghanistan continues to be challenged by underdevelopment, lack of infrastructure, few employment opportunities, and widespread poverty. The slow pace of change has led Afghans to continue migrating in order to meet the needs of their families. Today refugee movements no longer characterize the primary source of Afghan migration. Migration in search of livelihoods is the primary reasons for migration and occurs through rural-urban migration in Afghanistan or circular migration patterns as Afghans cross into Pakistan and/or Iran. Afghans utilize their social networks to find low-skilled work in the cities or neighboring countries. The highly skilled in Afghanistan often...
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...research consist of material from Marjane Satrapi’s book, Persepolis. “2500 years of tyranny and submission” as my father said. First our own emperors. Then the Arab invasion from the west. Followed by the Mongolian invasion from the east. And finally modern imperialism (Satrapi 11). In the views of her father, their country has always been fighting for freedom. Trying to escape oppression there is always a revolution on the rise as the position of power changes hands. Never the less written in a passage titled The Bicycle, Marjane Satrapi said “The revolution is like a bicycle. When the wheels don’t turn, it falls” (Satrapi 10). As I thought about the passage and what her father said I realized this country is similar to the bicycle because Iran is always fighting a never ending war that continues to go in circles with oppressors fighting for freedom. This country is always in the midst of a revolution and in this part of...
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...the education system during the revolution “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” Nelson Mandela Introduction Although “Reading Lolita in Tehran” is classified as a memoir which by definition is “a special kind of autobiography, usually involving a public portion of the author’s life as it relates to a person, historic event, or thing. The text is about the personal knowledge and/or experiences of the author” (Daye, n.d.), it is also a critic to the changes performed during the revolution in many aspects of the Iranian society, it shows as Geraldine Brooks points out in a review of the book “… the power of novel and a cry of outrage at the reality in which these women are trapped…” The aim of this paper is to focus on the critics of the author to the changes on the education system during the revolution. This work consists of a first part which provides a historical background, with a brief description of the Revolution and an account of the changes in the education system, a second one, which presents several instances of the book where the author is critic of an aspect of the changes in the education system, and a third part where the conclusion is presented. Historical Background Description of the revolution The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution of Iran or the 1979...
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