... Subject: Managing People in Organization ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents 1. Purpose of the Document 4 2. Executive Summary 5 3. Introduction 6 3.1. Key Focus 6 3.2. Independent and Dependant Variables 6 3.3. Structure of the Paper/Document 6 3.4. Overview of the Organisations/Companies 6 4. Methodology 7 4.1. Secondary Data Collection 9 4.2. Primary Data Collection 9 5. Findings 10 5.1. Secondary Data Findings - Literature Review 10 5.2. Primary Data Findings - Survey Findings 16 5.3. Analysis 25 6. Conclusion 27 7. Recommendations 28 8. Bibliography 29 Appendices 30 8.1. Appendix 1 – Survey Questionnaire 30 8.2. Appendix 2 – xxxxxx 32 ------------------------------------------------- Table of Figures Figure 1: Equity Theory (Al-Zawahreh & Al-Madi 2012) 12 Figure 2: Predicted job satisfaction levels for equity sensitivity orientations (Huseman et al 1987) 15 Figure 3: Representation of the Preference Groups in Company X 17 Figure 4: Representation of the Preference Groups within the Total Sample 18 Figure 5: Motivation Level of company X 18 Figure 6: Total Motivation Level of three companies 19 Figure 7: Preference Groups vs Motivation Level in company X 19 Figure 8: Preference Groups vs Motivation Level in all three companies 20 Figure 9: Preference Groups vs Motivating Factors for company X 20 Figure 10: Preference Groups vs Motivating Factors for...
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... 1. annual a year 2. raise, rise，increase，grow 3. around, orbit 4. by name of; be known as 5. with; included 6. attempt to do; try to do 7. decline; down, fall, drop,decrease 8. rarely, ever 9. same, exact 10. sum, total 11. before 和when 不能连用在同一个句子中 12. academic与in school 不能在同一句中出现 13. possible,may 14. now 和currently 12. Clarity: A closer look 通常原句子第一遍读应该是清晰的，选项把原文变得不清晰 如果选项改变了原文含义，这个选项不是正确答案。改变原文含义的选项错在： 1) word placement 2) known VS. unknown 3) multiple meanings 4) “such as” vs. “like” ---- Clarity of meaning : word placement 变换一个词的位置会改变整个句子的含义。 1. Only 和all 的修饰位置不能随意改变（原文修饰谁，选项应该还修饰谁） 2. 修饰词的位置不能随意改变 ---- Clarity of meaning : know vs....
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...nepotism) Management Theories Humanistic Management (1930’s – 1970’s) Hawthorne Studies - Elton Mayo – Father of Human Relations - Western Electric Plant in Hawthorne, IL - “”Hawthorne Effect”; “Spotlight Effect” Management Theories POSDCORB (1937) - Luther Gulick Management by Objectives (1954) - Peter Drucker - Goals are set for employee to achieve - People end up working for themselves Theory X & Theory Y (1960) - Douglas McGregor Theory X & Theory Y Theory X People do not really want to work. They are self-interested and prefer leisure over work. If managers relax, sloppiness sets in. Theory Y Workers find work enjoyable & satisfying “Work is Play” Workers will exercise self-direction and self-control. Workers can solve problems creatively. Theory X People do not really want to work. They are self-interested and prefer leisure over work. Managers have to structure work and give workers well specified tasks. If managers relax, sloppiness sets in. Most people prefer to be directed. They do not really want to carry the burden of responsibility. Workers have little ambition and prefer security Theory Y Workers find work enjoyable & satisfying “Work is Play” Workers will exercise self-direction and self-control. Workers will seek the intrinsic rewards...
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...Macroeconomic Data Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Consumer Price Index (CPI) Unemployment rate Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income Two definitions: Total expenditure in goods and services produced in a country Total income earned by productive factors in a country Expenditure equals income, since each dollar/euro spent by a consumer, is also the income of a producer Circular flow in the Economy Income Labor Households Firms Goods/Services Expenditure Value Added Value added of a firm is - The value of its good/service Minus - The value of the intermediate goods used to produce that good/service Exercise: A farmer grows a bushel of wheat and sells it to a miller for $1.00. The miller turns the wheat into flour and then sells the flour to a baker for $3.00. The baker uses the flour to make bread and sells the bread to an engineer for $6.00. The engineer eats the bread. What is the value added by each person? What is GDP? Solution 1. Farmer’s value added: 1,00 € 2. Miller’s VA: 2,00 € 3. Baker’s VA: 3,00 €. 4. GDP = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 (sum of incomes) 5. GDP = Price of Bread! Final Goods, Value Added and GDP GDP = the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP = the total value added of all firms in the economy. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the market price of the final goods in which they are used. To add the intermediate goods to the final goods would be double counting. The Components of Expenditure Consumption...
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...Management Concept Douglas McGregor (Theory X & Y) William Ouchi (Theory Z) Motivation Tends to categorize people as one type or another: either being unwilling or unmotivated to work, or being self motivated towards work. Threats and disciplinary action are thought to be used more effectively in this situation, although monetary rewards can also be a prime motivator to make Theory X workers produce more. Believes that people are innately self motivated to not only do their work, but also are loyal towards the company, and want to make the company succeed. Leadership Theory X leaders would be more authoritarian, while Theory Y leaders would be more participative. But in both cases it seems that the managers would still retain a great deal of control. Theory Z managers would have to have a great deal of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Therefore, this type of leader is more likely to act as "coach", and let the workers make most of the decisions. Power & Authority As mentioned above, McGregor's managers, in both cases, would seem to keep most of the power and authority. In the case of Theory Y, the manager would take suggestions from workers, but would keep the power to implement the decision. The manager's ability to exercise power and authority comes from the worker's trusting management to take care of them, and allow them to do their jobs. The workers have a great deal of input and weight in the decision making process. Conflict This type of manager...
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...ECONTWO 1 Micro * Individuals (Buyer) * Sellers (Companies * Market Equilibrium * Market structure - Industry Macro * Aggregate * Household * Business Sector * Government Goals in Macro Economic Policy 1. Price Stability – Inflation → Increase in general price level → Money Supply ↑ 2. Sustainable Economic Growth 3. Full Employment Price Stability * To measure success, inflation rate must e kept at single digit (less than 10%) * An increase in price levels will reduce the value of money * Inflation rate is measured every month * Inflation rate – measures the overall increase in price level in a given time period Tao – Bank – Company – Price 10 % wage vs. 0% inflation ↓Demand -↓Price-↑Demand Deflation in Japan 1990 Life Expectancy Saving vs. Spending Saving → Government 66 % Dependent 34 % 18-64 ↓Demand = ↓Price = ↓Q Supply = ↓ # of worker = ↑unemployment = ↑ Government Rely = ↓Interest Rate 0.000001% Iceland – 7 to 8 % Economy Collapsed Largest Denominated Note Zimbabwe – One Hundred Trillion Dollars 2 World Bank – Long term loans International Monetary Fund – Short term loans * Interest * Policy Recommendation * Economic Policies How do we measure inflation rate? Government uses a “basket of goods” to determine the increase in price level Basket of goods is composed of different commodities such as food, clothing, oil, transport, utilities etc. Ex. May 2013 – P100 2014 – P110 Inflation 10% Basket of Goods | 2000 |...
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...Cierra Ross Lundy English 1 15 April 2016 Title Many people miss the days when things were much simpler, but now the world is changing and can be more chaotic. Generations have changed over time and still are. Two generations that have greatly impacted America are generation X 1960 to 19980 and generation Y 1980 to 1995. Both generations were affected by technology, money, and how they spend money. Every I’ll be discussing generation X 1960’s to 1980’s. Technology compared then to now has changed. Technology has had a little impact on generation X there is a lot of new technology now, but not then it was barley be thought of. Life without technology was bland. When they wanted to research something they had to use all kinds of books because...
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... #10541, p. 1 CONSTRUAL LEVEL AND INGROUP BIAS Abstract The causal relationship between mental construal level and ingroup bias remains elusive. This paper uncovers a boundary condition and a mechanism underlying the relationship. We predict and find support for our hypotheses in four experiments conducted in East Asian and Western cultures. Data showed that a high- (vs. low-) level construal activated state belongingness, but had no effect on state rejection, state self-esteem, positive emotion, or negative emotion in participants from Korea (Experiment 1) and Australia (Experiment 3). Moreover, a high- (vs. low-) level construal triggered greater ingroup bias for Koreans (Experiment 2) and Australians (Experiment 3) primed with a relational self, but not for those primed with an independent self. This construal level effect on ingroup bias was eliminated when belongingness was primed at both a high- and a low-level construal; instead, relationals under a low-level construal were more ingroup-biased when they were primed with a belongingness (vs. baseline) condition (Experiment 4). These findings highlight that the relational self is a boundary condition...
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... Seek time ▪ Time to move a disk head between tracks ❖ Track to track ~ 1ms ❖ Average ~ 10 ms ❖ Full stroke ~ 20 ms Rotational delay ▪ Typical disk: ❖ 3600 rpm – 15000 rpm ❖ Average rotational delay ➢ 1/2 * 3600 rpm / 60 sec = 60 rps; average delay = 1/120 sec Transfer rate ▪ Burst rate ❖ (# of bytes per track) / (time to rotate once) ▪ Sustained rate ❖ Average rate that it takes to transfer the data ❖ (# of bytes per track) / (time to rotate once + track-to-track seek time) Abstraction by OS ▪ Sequential blocks – No need to worry about head, cylinder, sector ▪ Access to random blocks – Random I/O ▪ Access to consecutive blocks – Sequential I/O Random I/O vs. Sequential I/O ▪ Assume ❖ 10ms seek time ❖ 5ms rotational delay ❖ 10MB/s transfer rate ❖ Access time = (seek time) + (rotational delay) + (transfer time) ▪ Random I/O ❖ Execute a 2K program – Consisting of 4 random files (512 each) ❖ ( ( 10ms ) + ( 5ms ) + ( 512B / 10MB/s ) ) ( 4 files = 60ms ▪ Sequential I/O ❖ Execute a 200K program – Consisting of a single file ❖ ( 10ms ) + ( 5ms ) + ( 200K / 10MB/s) = 35ms Block modification ▪ Byte-level modification not allowed ❖ Can be modified by blocks...
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...Contents Decision Making 3 Theory of Constraints 4 IMA Guidelines for Ethical Behavior 4 Competence 4 Confidentiality 5 Integrity 5 Credibility 5 Corporate Social Responsibility 5 Manufacturing Costs: 6 Non-Manufacturing Costs 6 Product Costs vs. Period Costs 6 Prime Costs vs. Conversion Cost 7 The Activity Base (Cost Driver) 7 Fixed Cost and Variable Costs 7 Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior 7 Mixed Costs 8 The High-Low Method 9 Cost Classification for Decision Making 10 Opportunity Cost 10 Sunk Costs 10 Types of Product Casting Systems 10 Why use an allocation base? 11 Manufacturing Overhead Application 11 Decision Making Decision making involves making a selection among competing alternatives. * What should we be selling? * Who should we be serving? * How should we execute? Strategy Strategy is a game plan that enables a company to attract customers by distinguishing itself from competitors. Focal point of a company’s strategy should be its target customers. Customer Intimacy Strategy – Understand and respond to individual customer needs. Operational Excellence Strategy – Deliver products and services faster, more conveniently and at lower prices. Product Leadership Strategy - Offer higher quality products. Enterprise Risk Management A process used by a company to proactively identify and manage risk. Lean Production – Just-in-time (JIT) production Customer orders – create order...
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...vowel. It resembles the sound of the second vowel in the English word roses, where the [ə] has a rather high allophone for many speakers. This sound occurs only as a stressless vowel in English. To practice making it, you can try to say [u] and then unround your lips completely and hold the vowel (try smiling as a way to make sure your lips are not rounded — smiling pulls back the sides of your mouth). Huave, along with Russian and Modern Irish (for example), has the important characteristic that most of the consonants can be either plain (regular) or palatalized. A palatalized segment has in addition to its ordinary articulatory gestures an additional movement of the tongue body upward and forward in the mouth, as if to pronounce a [ j] (y-like sound). For this reason palatalization is notated with a small superscript ʲ to the right of the affected segment. So for example in Huave [kɨtʲ] the final [tʲ] is palatalized. To English speakers a palatalized consonant sounds a bit like a consonant followed by [ j], so [mʲut] sounds like mute whereas [mut] sounds like moot. There is, however, a difference between a palatalized consonant and a consonant followed by [ j] — the proper transcription of English mute is [mjut]. The difference in articulation is that for a palatalized consonant the tongue...
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...Week 1 – Chapter 3 Measuring Macroeconomic Performance: Output & Prices * The main indicators of macroeconomic performance: 1. Rising living standards – economic growth | * Tendency for level of output (quality and quantity) to increase over time * Growth in the material wellbeing of the population * Is the responsibility of governments and international organizations | 2. Stable Business Cycle | * Low volatility in fluctuations of actual output around its trend or potential output Avoiding extremes of short-run macroeconomic performance * An economy that is growing excessively may be prone to inflation | 3. Relatively stable price level | * Maintaining the real value of the currency * Low (positive) rate of inflation | 4. Sustainable levels of public and national debt | * Public debt: during a budget deficit, the government must borrow from the private sector to meet its spending * Foreign debt: borrowing by domestic residents from foreign countries, influenced by economy’s current account deficits | 5. Balancing current and future consumption | * The relationship between investments and saving in an economy | 6. Full Employment | * Providing employment for all individuals seeking work * Does not mean zero unemployment | Measuring national or aggregate output/Production: Gross Domestic Product...
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...Problem Books in Mathematics Edited by P. Winkler Problem Books in Mathematics Series Editors: Peter Winkler Pell’s Equation by Edward J. Barbeau Polynomials by Edward J. Barbeau Problems in Geometry by Marcel Berger, Pierre Pansu, Jean-Pic Berry, and Xavier Saint-Raymond Problem Book for First Year Calculus by George W. Bluman Exercises in Probability by T. Cacoullos Probability Through Problems by Marek Capi´ski and Tomasz Zastawniak n An Introduction to Hilbert Space and Quantum Logic by David W. Cohen Unsolved Problems in Geometry by Hallard T. Croft, Kenneth J. Falconer, and Richard K. Guy Berkeley Problems in Mathematics (Third Edition) by Paulo Ney de Souza and Jorge-Nuno Silva The IMO Compendium: A Collection of Problems Suggested for the International Mathematical Olympiads: 1959–2004 by Duˇan Djuki´, Vladimir Z. Jankovi´, Ivan Mati´, and Nikola Petrovi´ s c c c c Problem-Solving Strategies by Arthur Engel Problems in Analysis by Bernard R. Gelbaum Problems in Real and Complex Analysis by Bernard R. Gelbaum (continued after subject index) Wolfgang Schwarz 40 Puzzles and Problems in Probability and Mathematical Statistics Wolfgang Schwarz Universit¨ t Potsdam a Humanwissenschaftliche Fakult¨ t a Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24/25 D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany wschwarz@uni-potsdam.de Series Editor: Peter Winkler Department of Mathematics Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 USA Peter.winkler@dartmouth.edu ISBN-13: 978-0-387-73511-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-73512-2 ...
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...20.01 The particles in the pulse do not travel from one place to another. The particles are like people trying to make a wave in a football stadium. Each person stays in their seat, waiting for their turn to briefly stand up and then sit back down without moving to any other seats or anywhere else. 20.03 If the period of a wave is 0.20 s, it means each particle in the wave completes one vibration in 0.20 s. The wave does not continue to travel for 0.20 s before stopping; a period is the time it takes for a wave to complete one vibration, so after 0.20 s the wave still continues to travel, completing another vibrations. The wavelength is not 0.20 s; wavelength is the length of the wave, and the unit is in meter. 20.04 If the speed of a wave is 300 m/s, it means the wave disturbance travels 300 m during each second. The wave disturbance does not travel 300 m for each wavelength since its wavelength is not necessarily 300 m. The period or the frequency of the wave has to be known to determine the exact length of the wavelength. Each particle does not move at a speed of 300 m/s; like people making a wave in the stadium, the wave made by the people is moving at 300 m/s, each person (the particle in the wave) does not move at 300 m/s. 20.05...
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...2015 A mind map is graphical representation of data originating from a concept and it includes: images, tables, words etc. This mind map is built around the people who have contributed in the areas of Leadership and Management and their theories and principles have helped the generation to understand the topics in depth. Every theorists had a different viewpoint regarding the concepts of leadership and management. Top Hopkins defined leadership as "(Leadership is) the ability to make your followers believe that you possess superior knowledge of the situation, greater wisdom to cope with the unknown, or greater moral force. Unless you seem to have more of these things than the average follower does, they won't follow you around the first corner." And Management is defined by Henry Fayol as “To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control”. This mind map will give a quick understanding of all those concepts. Explanation of the Theories: Scientific Management Theory (Frederick Taylor): Taylor defined this theory as “The systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process for higher efficiency”. This theory was published in 1911 and is also known as “Taylorism”. It was introduced to increase work efficiency in the employees. He wanted to find out the strong points of every employee and challenge them for more productivity in the organisation. The four main...
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