...the mid-1960s. (Lindert, p. 2-652). Ostensibly, a rising tide of economic growth seemed to be lifting the boats of both the wealthy and the working class. The strong and steady income gains and economic growth of the postwar boom proved temporary as the historic anomalies that came about after the end of World War II began to fade in the face of an increasingly competitive global economy....
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...Crisis in the 1970s and 1980s During the 1950s and 1960s, Europe experienced a period of prosperity. Harold Macmillan gives a sense of just how well these times really were when he says, “Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good,” (Judt, 324). As political parties moved more towards a common center, rather than towards extremism, a rebirth of democracy was created, underlined by growth and full employment. The support for social democratic ideas flourished along with the prosperity of the 1950s and the 1960s in Western Europe. This time was characterized by conservative individualism and economic growth through regulated capitalism (Mazower, 327). With the help of the Marshall Plan, a global market was encouraged among the European Community. Europe began to prosper, as economics were structured more towards a consumer society. To provide for this new consumer society, unemployment rates in the 1950s and 1960s naturally were low, at about 4-5% (Dr. Shearer - lecture), and therefore created an increase in the productivity of the European worker. When compared to the previous eighty years, labor productivity in Western Europe rose by three times between 1950 and 1980 (Judt, 326). However, as this prosperity continued, problems eventually began to arise. The prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s gradually evolved into a crisis of “post modernity” (Mazower, 328). A gradual increase in the prices over time during the 1950s and 1960s introduced a new...
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...governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period. Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and theStockholm Metro, Sweden. The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession. Narrowly defined, the period spanned from 1945 to 1952, with overall growth lasting well until 1971, though there are some debates on dating the period, and booms in individual countries differed, some starting as early as 1945, and overlapping the rise of the East Asian economies into the 1980s or 1990s. During this time there was high worldwide economic growth; Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war, such as Greece (Greek economic miracle), West Germany (Wirtschaftswunder), France (Trente Glorieuses), Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), and Italy (Italian economic miracle). ------------------------------------------------- Terminology In academic literature, the period is frequently...
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...The significant and new cultural attitudes that emerged in the 1960s were a reflection of the recognition by the dominant majority that racial and ethnic prejudice had no place in society that drowned itself on equality of opportunity. Martin Luther King Jr., an African American, started the Black Revolution of the 1960s with a nonviolent civil rights movement. In August 1963, some two hundred fifty thousand Americans, black and white, came together on the nation’s capital to achieve racial justice in what was known as the March on Washington. There, King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech, one of the most well known events in history. Northern blacks in cities campaigned against segregated public schools, demanding that their kids be accepted...
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...Second Wave Feminism: 1960s In the early 1960s, many middle- and upper-class white women begin to question their domestic roles—a phenomenon that becomes known as “the problem that has no name.” In the late 1960s, a culture of revolution emerges, with protests against the Vietnam War, formation of the first lesbian separatist communities, student protests in Europe, guerrilla movements in Latin America, liberation struggles in Africa, a cultural revolution in China, and a tide of socialism and Marxism. This culture fuels the strength of the women’s movement going into the 1970s. Height of the Movement: 1970s In the 1970s, women convene consciousness-raising groups to educate about gender oppression, create community, and share common experiences. The first women’s studies departments are developed at universities, and the United Nations designates the 1970s the “Women’s Decade.” However, some black women challenge the women’s movement as failing to acknowledge non-white concerns, and many become disillusioned. Lesbian feminists challenge the women’s movement to reconsider their attitudes toward the nuclear family, calling upon women to become “political lesbians” and stop “sleeping with the enemy.” Backlash Era: 1980s The 1980s and the Reagan years saw a backlash against feminism and the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment. 1973: In Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, the Supreme Court declares that the Constitution protects women's right to terminate an early pregnancy, thus making...
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...greatly and some bands which are still paving the way for the future of southern rock music. Southern rocks origins lie mainly in the American South. In the 1950's many Southern Rock stars came about such as Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis but however in the 1960's British invasion and the rise of folk, and psychadelic rock shifted the focus away from Southern Rock and the rural south and to large cities like Liverpool, London, New York, and San Francisco. Although this shift changed interests in rock in the late 1960's bands revived roots of southern rock such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, and The band. Creedence Clearwater Revival was among the best southern rock group in the 1960's. Also known as Creedence or CCR consisted of a lead guitarist, lead vocalist, and songwriter. Also rhythm guitarist Tom Fogerty, bassist Stu Cook, and drummer Doug Clifford. Their musical style infused roots rock and swamp rock genres but overall portrayed a southern rock style singing about popular elements of Southern Icons such as the Mississippi river, bayous and catfish. Creedence Clearwater Revival's music is still a staple in America's and worldwide airplay. In their early career Creedence suffered a setback when John Fogerty and Doug Clifford were drafted into the military service. Fogerty enlisted in the Army Reserve and Clifford the Coast Guard Reserve. By 1969, Fogerty and Clifford...
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...GSICS Working Paper Series Infrastructure Development for the Economic Development in Developing Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan Byoungki KIM No. 11 November 2006 Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies Kobe University Infrastructure Development for the Economic Development in Developing Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan Byoungki KIM Abstract Infrastructure is indispensable to achieve the main development targets in developing countries, such as urbanization, industrialization, export promotion, equitable income distribution, and sustainable economic development. Late developing countries can benefit from previous development experience provided they choose the right model1. However, the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth is still frequently debated. This paper will examine the experience of Korea and Japan in infrastructure development for economic growth to acquire some valuable lessons that infrastructure development contributes to economic development in developing countries. 1. Introduction The lack of infrastructure is hindering the economic growth in many developing countries2. Infrastructure investment has the effects of contributing to increase the productivity and it is expected to contribute to future economic growth in developing countries where infrastructure is still insufficient. Therefore, infrastructure development is one of the most integral parts of the public policies in developing countries...
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...1970s From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Seventies" redirects here. For decades comprising years 70–79 of other centuries, see List of decades. From left, clockwise: U.S. President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office after the Watergate scandal in 1974; Refugees aboard a US naval boat after the Fall of Saigon, leading to the end of the Vietnam War in 1975; The 1973 oil crisis put the nation of America in gridlock and caused economic damage throughout the developed world; Both the leaders of Israel and Egypt shake hands after the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978; The 1970 Bhola cyclone kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (which would become independent as Bangladesh in 1971) in November 1970; The Iranian Revolution of 1979 ousted Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi who was later replaced by an Islamic theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini; The popularity of the disco music genre peaked during the middle to late 1970s. Millennium: | 2nd millennium | Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century | Decades: | 1940s 1950s 1960s – 1970s – 1980s 1990s 2000s | Years: | 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 | Categories: | Births – Deaths – ArchitectureEstablishments – Disestablishments | The 1970s, pronounced "the Nineteen Seventies", refers to a decade within the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1970, and...
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...women and their difficulties as there were basic rights which were being denied and discriminated against in the workplace during 1960 through 1980. As a setback that women faced in the 1960s and the early 1980s were that men realized what women were trying to do as much as they could, but men wanted to keep fully qualified women out of their workplace. During the early the 1960s, many changes were put in place to help women get to the top in a sense it would be fair to say that women as individuals have always been viewed as the underdog to a man especially in the workplace. Rex 1978 “stated that in the 1970’s women were heavily discriminated against when it came to what jobs they received and would the pay be equal to a what a man is paid”. Changes for women has progressed over time however in the 1960’s and 1970’s certain jobs like construction and policing made it hard for a woman to strive equally as a man in these types of fields during this time frame there were several activist that attempted to take a stand. Prophet Gail Cook addressed the issue of women being treated equally in the work field it is important to understand that changes that have been made to equal the playing field when it comes to a woman being treated equally to a man Sawhney stated that women have been denied basic rights and this has been occurring since before the 1960’s Changes that was effective and helped to succeed by more jobs being offered it opened up room for women to start applying for...
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...scientific chaser. He used to chase the storm in a scientific manner. He made many new ideas about the forecasting of upcoming storms. Early Measurements and Observations After the Thunderstorm Project in the late 1940, some of radar observations of tornadic storms were first made in 1953 in Illinois by radars in State Water Survey. These early observations showed that some of hook echoes are related to tornadoes. From the late 1950 onward, and especially in the 1960s to 1970s, Ted Fujita at the University of Chicago made some of amazing painstaking analyses of tornado damage, photographs of tornados, and integrated these analyses with “mesoanalysis” of surface data. Based on photographs of the Fargo, ND tornado of June 1957, he introduced terminology such as “wall cloud” and “tail cloud,” which persists to this day. On the basis of aircraft flights...
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...Was permissive legislation in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s a response to social change or did it create it? In 1959, six years before becoming Labour’s Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins said that ‘the state should not impinge excessively on peoples private lives and personal morality’. Permissiveness is routed in this idea of a new relationship between society and the individual, representing ‘striking changes in public and private morals’. According to Andrews, social change began in 1956 with a ‘class initiative’, caused by rapidly growing affluence. The affluence of the 1950s is proven by the proportion of homeowners in England and Wales rising from 31% to 44% between 1951-60, representing vast economic growth. Many politicians, particularly those on the Left, believed that ‘the affluent society was directly responsible for the permissive society’. Rising affluence occurred amid the re-emergence of Conservative values in the post-World War Two period, with Brown claiming that ‘the 1950s were about perfecting Victorian values’. The conservatism of the 1950s gave the 1960s a cause for rebellion, creating the unique conditions for permissive legislation to be passed. This paper will focus on acts passed between 1967-1970, including the Abortion, NHS (Family Planning) and the Sexual Offences Acts of 1967, the Divorce Reform Acts (1969), and in 1970 the Matrimonial Property Act. These permissive acts symbolised the breakdown of Victorian and Christian morals, particularly surrounding...
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...capitalize on the insecurity of citizens and the vulnerabilities of the marginalized. For example, In the mid-1960s, President Johnson issued a crime commission on law enforcement and administration of justice that called for more action to be taken regarding fighting crime and repairing the american criminal justice system. In its implementation, the crime commission resulted in severe evaluations and reforms, in turn, causing massive unrest among the people. Such harsh political influence over society is not uncommon. In fact, Mass social unrest existed throughout the 1960s and well into the early 1970s. Though, by the 1970s, political figures had begun to focus on targeting a suitable enemy (Wacquant, 1999). The suitable enemy is usually a vulnerable minority. In politics, the suitable enemy is used to convince a dominant group they deserve more or more generally that one group is more deserving than another. Judicial practices tend systematically to disadvantage persons who are or are perceived to be of foreign origin. In doing so, the criminal justice system is refusing to adhere to all of packer’s assumptions and is sequentially...
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...Each year globally many millions of dollars are spent on training. It would seem reasonable to establish just how effective this training has been if only to help justify the budget. Evaluation techniques are not new, indeed the most influential early work on evaluation was performed in the USA during the 1940s by Tyler. Probably the most important aspect of Ralph W Tyler’s work was the realisation of the importance of objectives in designing an effective school curriculum. This early methodology can be defined as the scientific/experimental approach. The model emphasised the importance of knowing the educational standards of the individuals in the control group before the new education initiative took place and then determining the change that had taken place by measuring the difference in attainment after the educational intervention was completed. In other words the aim was to determine the effectiveness of the training by scientific means on the level of performance of the individual. Although there have been some critics of this methodology it has proved to be valuable in that organisations have been able to quantify the relationship between their corporate objectives (often expressed as key performance indicators (KPIs) today) and the training aims and objectives. The main criticism of the scientific/experimental approach is that the methodology is unable to take into account the unexpected or unintentional learning that can take place within a dynamic and changing...
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...times. Specifically, the following periods are discussed: the pro-oil boom decade (1960-70); the period of the oil boom (1971 1977); the period of stabilisation and structural adjustment (1986 - 1993) and the period of guided deregulation (1994 -1998). GENERAL PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY The Nigerian economy has had a truncated history. In the period 1960-70, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) recorded 3.1 per cent growth annually. During the oil boom era, roughly 1970-78, QDP grew positively by 6.2 per cent annually - a remarkable growth. However, in the 1980s, GDP had negative growth rates. In the period 1988-1997 which con stitutes the period of structural adjustment and eco nomic liberalisation, the QDP responded to economic adjustment policies and grew at a positive rate of 4.0. In the years after independence, indus try and manufacturing sectors had positive growth rates except for the period 1980-1988 where indus try and manufacturing grew negatively by - 3.2 per cent and - 2.9 per cent respectively. The growth of agriculture for the periods 1960-70 and 1970-78 was unsatisfactory. In the early 1960s, the agricul tural sector suffered from low commodity prices while the oil boom contributed to the negative growth of agriculture in the 1970s. The boom in the oil sector lured labour away from the rural sector to urban centres. The contribution of agriculture to GDP, which was 63 percent in 1960, declined to 34 per cent in 1988, not because the industrial sector increased its...
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...Martha Wilson and Sarah Lucas are two artists who use the female body as their primary subject matter and whose work explores the social constraints that surround it. Before the 1970s, the art scene had for the most part enacted very narrowly defined gender roles: male artists ran the art world, making them the dominant voice for both genders and how they were portrayed. Women tended to be objectified, while men had the freedom of expressing their identities in more complex representations. In the 1970s, artists (mainly in New York to start with) began to interrogate traditional roles assigned to women, problematising dominant depictions of women in the domestic and public spheres as well as beauty standards. Though gender became a dominant subject matter and discourse in the 1970s, the artists of this period were not the first artists to deal with topic. In the early twentieth-century, artists like Claude Cahun, Hannah Hoch and Frida Kahlo produced self-portraits, which explored the fluid nature of gender, refusing to comply with the static categories of masculine and feminine, and producing a more complex image of what being a woman could look like....
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