...BEVERLY TIONGSON HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 19th CENTURY: SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES 19th CENTURY SPAIN • Spain during the first three quarters of the 19th century was a country of instability and chaos. • Conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte, he made his brother Joseph as king. • Guerilla warfare against the French ensued • In 1812 a constitution was made by the Liberal Cortes • Ferdinand VII was restored to power by 1814, he returned to absolute government • Civil wars broke out between the Liberals and Carlists (supporters of Don Carlos) • Maria Cristina as regent of her infant daughter Isabella (successor to the throne under the terms of Pragmatic Sanction • 1868 a revolution against Isabella took place and she was forced to abdicate • Alfonso XII of Spain became king, which finally brought Spain into a period of stability and reform 19th Century Philippines Economic Development • Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade • Reforms made by Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas • Real Compania de Filipinas 1785 • Tobacco Monopoly • 1830 – growth of export economy from the British and American merchants • Philippines exported agricultural products resulting to the growth and profit of Filipino hacienderos and inquilinos of the friar haciendas • Economic Development as a whole is a non-Spanish initiative • Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 Social Development The Native Population • PRINCIPALIA they are the rich landowners; local gov’t officials • ILLUSTRADO educated middle-class ...
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...After the loss of the American colonies in 1783 Britain began to look for new colonies in order to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion of the empire. Britain held the...
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...Practice Questions 1. Self assessment tools can be useful in your career planning by a. Helping you prepare a personal profile 2. In contrasts to formal tests, informal measures a. Rely on subjective opinions 3. People who believe that rewards in life are generally outside their control a. Have an external locus of control 4. Your career interests include your favorite kinds of work activities. Most of these interests a. Will still be enjoyable after many years 5. Career interest assessments a. Identify occupations or occupational groups that most likely match your interests 6. Recent research about life stages suggests that a. Adults make dramatic changes in their personal lives and careers as their core values change 7. The works of John Holland and Carl Jung serve as the basis for two major career assessment approached related to a. Personality 8. According to Duane Brown’s career model a. People have different values because they have different experiences and opportunities 9. ESTP is an example of a. Myers Briggs temperament type 10. Among the three most common types of measurement in a complete battery ability tests, you should expect to be tested on a. Psychomotor abilities 11. The College Level Examination Program is an example of a. Achievement measures 12. In assessing your skills...
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...citizen has the right to think as they wish, and speak their beliefs. But freedom hasn’t come cheap. America struggled to separate from Britain in the 19th century. The successful parting of Britain’s rule and authority can often be seen as undervalued in terms of culture development. Not to say that thinkers and doers didn’t exist beyond the boundaries, but, as a group, Americans have led the charge in paving the way for future existence. Much of the foundational work was done in the 18th and 19th centuries. Early in the 1800’s, the power of steam was invented, which led to the great Industrial Revolution and its successor, the second Industrial Revolution. During the times of this revolution, people were working more often and increasing their money flow. More people with more money equated to better and longer lives, as they were now able to provide for themselves and their growing families. But as many know, with money comes greed. Social Darwinism’s “most fit”, brought about some ugly and often embarrassing times for America. Slavery was instilled as an idea suggesting power of wealth, and means of lowering the cost of production. However, with the inabilities of predicting the future, slavery was quickly frowned upon by many. There began to be a significant spread between business owners and the working people. Workers acknowledged new ideas brought about by socialists in hopes of creating an equal society. Equality stuck then and since has been an influential stance...
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...very important time period of industrialization, in the 19th century many rural societies in America became industrial. While industrialization brought about an increased volume of variety in manufactured goods and improved standard of living. Most workers in this time period went through grim employment, and horrible living conditions for the poor and working classes. At the same time this time, an age known as the Gilded Age, was an era of rapid growth, especially in the North and West America. In addition to Gilded Age, came a movement named the Progressive Movement. The Progressive movement's main goal was to wipe out corruption in government. At this very key time in history, there were many...
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...'White City' of a Lie H.H. Holmes proved his madness in his design of his hotel near the World's Fair in Chicago. He had a litany of evil deeds that would take a lot of lives of innocent people. Holmes’s personality is perfect for someone who could be able to commit murder, someone with, “dark hair, and striking blue eyes” (35). On the surface H.H. Holmes seemed to be a productive member of society. Born and raised in the small state of New Hampshire, he turned his fascination with the human body into a career when he graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1884. Wealthy, well-educated and refined, the young doctor moved to Chicago where he became the owner of a drugstore, and eventually opened a hotel. His design of the building reflected Holmes’s desires to hide bodies, and clothing within the basement of the building to cover his crime. Later, the building was destroyed as a death chamber. Holmes wanted his hotel, “just comfortable enough and cheap enough to lure a certain kind of clientele and convincing enough to justify a large fire insurance policy” (85). He was a total lady-killer. Holmes knew how to make women feel special and knew how to use the greater liberalism of the time by carefully, gently flouting convention, which women away from their homes and families desired: "He stood too close, stared too hard, touched too much and long. And women adore him for it." (5). Even after he was discovered women defended him: "Holmes, she swore, had...
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...In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several problems plagued America. Citizens were unhappy with low pay and long hours, a lack of safety in the workplace and the misuse of young children in the factory setting. Living conditions in cities were also very unpleasant, due to overpopulation by immigration and a serious lack sanitation of city streets. Reformers of the Progressive Era effectively addressed and resolved these issues. One area of reform in the late 19th century and early 20th century was in the workplace. Laborers were paid extremely low wages, were constantly at risk for injury or death, and worked in inadequate conditions. An example of workers being at risk is the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Due to locked doors and several infringements in fire safety, 146 workers–most of them young women–were either killed by the fire or jumped to their deaths from 8th and 9th story windows. As far as wages go, owners of factories could pay workers as little as they wanted to, since there was no minimum wage set. Owners could also...
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...Scotland 3. Rest of Europe III. U.S.A………………………………………………... 17 1. The growth of U.S. industry. 2.Organization of industrial relations. 3.Agriculture. IV. Developments and innovations……………………… 24 1. Colonialism 2. Apprenticeship 3. Science and technology 4. Machine tools 5. Textiles 6. Steam engines 7. Locomotives and Steamboats 8. The Electric Telegraph 9. Architecture 10. Rubber 11. Lighting 12. Time V. Conclusions………………………………………... 42 VI. Bibliography………………………………………… 44 3 I. General Concept 1. The First Industrial Revolution Between 1760 and 1830 the Industrial Revolution was mainly confined to Britain. Being aware of its head start on other countries, Britain forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers and manufacturing techniques. This could not last, as many Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad and continental European businessmen were keen to lure British know-how to their countries. Belgium became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically, having machine shops set up in Liège (c.1807) by two Englishmen, William and John Cockerill. Like Britain, the Belgian Industrial Revolution centred on iron, coal and textiles. The industrialization of France was slower and less thorough than that of Britain and Belgium. At the time that Britain was establishing her industrial leadership, France was immersed in its Revolution, the uncertain political...
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...primarily with growth and expansion. He broke up strikes, reorganized corporations and formed monopolies to gain more power and thereby grow his influence, resulting in a domino effect. It’s important to understand at this stage that his actions were not viewed as overly evil, because in the ambitions of Andrew Carnegie, one finds the driving spirit of Gilded Age America writ large. After the closing of the frontier, the nation remained a land of pioneers and pathfinders who were forced to look in different directions to find their destiny. Carnegie is not unique in that he pursued commercial success. Indeed, an entirely new class of self-made millionaires arose out of the economic and cultural transition of the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Carnegie however, is notable for the exceptional relationship between his personal beliefs, his business practices, and the ethical environment of his...
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...medicine beyond the level of nursing was limited. -By the late 1860’s medical colleges had strict controls on the number of women they admitted and allowed to graduate, largely as a result of opposition from male physicians. Nevertheless there was an increase at this time in the number of women beginning to be admitted into higher education generally. Growth of industry -The civil war acted as a catalyst in speeding up the progress of the US towards becoming the world’s leading industrial nation. This increased the work opportunities for women when the war ended. By 1870, 13% of all unmarried women already worked in domestic occupations or increasingly in factories. This figure was to expand significantly in the remaining decades of the 19th century. -The situation for married women, however, did not change significantly. Married women were often banned from working outside the home, either by the policies of some employers or by state legislation. In any case, the overwhelming expectation was that once they were married, women would give up their jobs and be entirely focused on home and family. Married working-class women, however, who needed to augment the family income or escape poverty could participate in laundry, mending or lodgers. Westward Expansion -Further westward expansion in the 1860’s and settlement on the hostile territory of the Great Plains proved especially hard for women in...
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...Queen Green MNGT 5950 June 7, 2007 WOMEN AT WORK IN CONNECTICUT: 1880-1920 In 1977 the average women could expect to spend 27.6 years of her life in the work force, compared with 38.3 years of men. Women workers are concentrated in low paying dead end jobs. As a result, the average women worker earns only about three-fifths of that a man does, even when both work full time year round (U. S. Department of Labor, “20 Facts on Women Workers,” 1980). How did women inherit this inferior position in the United States work place? Has it always been this way? Has their position improved since the country industrialized at the turn of the century? Do male or female workers have control over the types of jobs they get and the working conditions they find there? Though most American women have always been relegated to low-level, subservient jobs in and out of the home, many have been able to exercise varying degrees of choice in their work lives. Between 1880 and 1920 the choices available to women expanded due to the change in job definition, technology, the production pressures of World War 1, the growing militancy of women workers riding the tide of labor unrest during the war, and the increased acceptance of women in the work force. The period of 1880 to 1920 is of particular importance in our economic history because the structure of our present economic world developed at that time. Many new jobs were stereotyped by sex, while many jobs opportunities opened up for...
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...Running head: 19TH-CENTURY IDEAS 19th-Centuary Ideas 19th-Century Ideas Of all the movements in the 19th Century the one that took the most effect was the Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening started the path towards the United States facing some of the most momentous and controversial issues that they would face in the next 200 years. These issues were racism, women's rights, and the rights of workers. This movement was created by the new middle class of that time. The movement advocated the idea of a more caring people, to have more consideration for human life, and it also promoted religion. In the Second Great Awakening the people believed that they could reach salvation by doing good works and working hard. The belief was that humans could choose to do good or evil and if they choose to do good then there would be no more sin. People had to put them self into action during this movement. It seems everyone was looking for a religion at the time. The Christian word became very popular with women and the African Americans, it gave the idea of salvation. This movement had a huge impact on the United States history. Two religions grew to be the two largest churches in the United States by reforming their traditions, which was the Methodist and the Baptist. It is a thought that this movement helped to bring about some economic stability and security, because the successful new middle class interest in religion came from the economics. In my mind there...
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...and poor was changed forever. A way of life in Europe was passing away, when the lord of the manor, independent farmers, servants and workers that had previously lived independently in a vertically integrated society were replaced by a city based society of segregated social classes. The population grew rapidly, and people found work in the factories of cities. The industrial revolution began in Britain, which filled all the requirements for it to happen. As an aftermath of 1688 and the “Glorious Revolution”, British kings lost much of their power and influence to aristocratic landowners, who in turn sought to bring their own lands under greater control. This is known as the Enclosure Movement. This lead to two very important consequences; the land became more productive, which in turn lead to the agricultural revolution, and people who used to work the lands of the aristocratic landowners effectively became a poor, unemployed, new class of society in need of work. It was this class of poor that manned and worked in the factories that the industrial revolution brought along with it. They were ideal for the job, because they were in desperate need of work and would work for low wages. Although they were mostly unskilled labourers, it didn’t matter much since the jobs at factories required little skill from the workers. So, the factories had a big work force available at the very beginning, and this was not the case in other European countries. As the...
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...Nghi Bui Professor Kern History 1302 - 5055 Feb 2nd, 2015 Industrialization and reform (1870 – 1916) After the Civil War, the United States owned an abundant amount of natural resource, an expanding market for manufactured goods, a growing supply of labor and availabilities of capital for investment. In addition, the federal government vigorously promoted industrial development which stimulated the American economy to change dramatically from the Gilded Age to the Progressive Era. However, the progress of the industrialization affected every aspect of the American society in either positive or negative way. As the nation moved to the west, the United States was transformed by vast changes in technology and a large amount of natural resources which stimulated new industries. Particularly, steel came to be used in the expanding new railroads which contributed in linking the nation and created a national wide market. By the 1890s, there were five transcontinental railroads transported the raw material from the West to the Eastern markets and carried manufactured goods to the West (Foner 596). Though, the government was not able to deal problems formed by the industrial revolution. Both parties came under control of powerful political managers with close ties to business interests. Republicans intensely supported a high tariff to protect America industry. During the 1870s, Republicans established a financial system based on reducing federal spending, which helped to repay...
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...A. Topic: Jewish Migration in 19th and 20th Centuries to the US Title: The Jewish States of America Thesis: Even though the Jews tried to escape harsh conditions in Europe through emigration, they were met with the same level of opposition in the US. Summary: II. Body A. Reasons in Europe for Immigration 1. Where in Europe did majority come from B. New opportunities in the US C. Difficulties faced in the US D. How those issues were dealt with E. How things are better today for the Jewish people III. Conclusion A. Proved that when the Jewish people emigrated to the US, that the problems they ran away from were replaced by an equally confrontational frontier. David Foley Professor Geller Heritage: Civilization and the Jews 4/17/14 The Jewish States of America Have you ever found yourself wondering how, or why the Jewish people ended up in the US? When the topic of the Jewish religion comes about we think about one place normally. Israel is said to be the original holder of the world’s Jewish population in biblical times. Now times have changed and the worlds Jew’s have found themselves spread to every corner of our planet with amassing numbers and counting. This growth and emigration of the Jews has been caused by multiple reasons that have both stunted and also accelerated the prospering of this group of people. The biggest of all these emigrations occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries from Europe to the United States...
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