...Mrs. Kid Knee vitals were as follows: blood pressure 139/60 mmHg, temperature 97.7 °F, heart rate 56, respirations 20. Her weight was up five pounds from last visit that was one week ago. She was a well- dressed woman. Her skin was warm, dry and intact. The mucous membranes were moist, and hearing was intact. Rales were auscultated in her right lower lung field. Her cardiovascular system was negative for chest pain. There was not any jugular vein distension, audible gallop, or heart murmur noted. She had bilateral +1 pedal edema, and peripheral pulses were found to be +2 at the radial and pedal location. Abdomen was soft with normal bowel sounds. An electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm with a first-degree heart block. Pertinent labs from the previous visit were as follows: WBC was 10.3, Hgb was 9.7, potassium 5.2, creatinine 3.2, BUN 24, GFR 27 and thyroid function studies were normal. Chest x-ray did not show significant change from her previous exam. However, there was significant cardiomegaly present. The diagnosis was volume overload with end-stage renal disease. There were no changes made to her medications at this time. Plan of care was discussed with her, and contact was made with her nephrologist. She was sent to the center for...
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...Awareness Campaign of Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem in the United States and worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), over 10% of adults nationwide have CKD to some degree. The disease is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, other health problems, and even death. People diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Researchers have determined that people with hypertension or diabetes remain undiagnosed, even though many of these people could undergo treatment at low cost and lifestyle modifications (Plantinga et al., 2010). Kidney Anatomy and Physiology The kidneys...
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...exact scenario is a daily way of life for those suffering from cognitive impairments. According to the Centers for Disease Control, cognitive impairment is when a person has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2011). Non-white Hispanics suffer from cognitive impairment at an alarming rate. The rise in cognitive impairments is the result of several factors including the prevalence of certain medical conditions and socioeconomic status. The term cognitive impairment is classified under several axis I mental alterations. These alterations include delirium, dementia and amnestic disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). Many internal and external factors can lead to the development or exacerbation of these mental alterations. Internal factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, nutritional, metabolic and endocrine disorders and infectious disorders are all examples of medical conditions that can contribute to cognitive impairment (Round, 2010). External factors include educational background and socioeconomic factors. Already the largest minority, Hispanics are also the fastest growing ethnic population in the United States (The Americano, 2011). The rise in the population of Hispanics also makes the prevalence of certain conditions, such as cognitive impairment, much more visible. That is especially...
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...read is this article is done by Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology in Haifa, Israel. This for me is always a good sign because it seems to be credible right off the jump. We begin by stating one of the most obvious or at least it should be the obvious that cigarette smoke is a leading cause of cancer and cardiovascular disease worldwide. This should be known no matter who you are. The effect of cigarette smoke has many damaging effects on the body that are irreversible. Some toxicity in CS are linked with alpha and beta unsaturated aldehydes and saturated aldehydes. The aldehydes have interactions with thiol compounds ( organosulfur compound) that contain a sulfur-hydrogen bond. When these reactions happen there is an alteration in function that is not good. With studies showing significant decrease in the ability for are amylase enzyme to function properly this can be detrimental for any positive function we need to digest and break down what is potentially harmful. Although they were able to find glutathione has protective effect against the damage CS has on the body I still feel that it is almost inevitable that CS will ruin all function of enzymes. It is great to find cures or help for something damaging don’t get me wrong. This article needs more to it for it was really short and had a very good message of how CS is damaging to are vital enzymes but I really have a personal feeling towards cigarettes and the effect it has on loved ones so finding...
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...structured steps work in harmony for the purpose to control gene expression (Capell and Berger, 2013). Disruption in DNA methylation, histone modification or non-coding RNA can result in the silencing of genes which can cause diseases. There are several human diseases that are caused by the effects of epigenetics due to the silencing of genes. Mutations in genes can cause disease in humans which can be acquired somatically or inherited. Many of these epigenetic defaults arise in the form of chromosomal alterations and learning deficits. Table 1: Epigenetic...
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...Running Head: CHRONIC CONSTIPATION TREATMENT Prucalopride for the treatment of chronic constipation in women in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Prucalopride for the treatment of chronic constipation in women in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief Structured Abstract The literature analysis was carried out to determine the degree to explore former researches that have been carried out in the area of the usage of Prucalopride. In this regard, the usage and utility of Prucalopride was explored with reference to women who do not respond to the usage of laxatives in chronic constipation cases. An exploration of a vast volume of research established that the usage of Prucalopride has been explored extensively but there is a lack of literature that pertains to the usage of Prucalopride with regard to women in particular. Through a sequential elaboration of chronic constipation, chronic constipation in women, and an exploration of the trends that have come forth in the experimentation that has been carried out to ascertain the utility of Prucalopride for women where laxatives have not yielded results; it was revealed that there is a lack of extended experimentation in the area. Background Constipation Constipation is generally observed in western societies and it is not an uncommon recording in clinical practices. Due to the high frequency of the occurrence of constipation, it is generally...
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...Temeka Campbell NURS 337 SEC 01 Instructor Susan Growe-Rosenthal, MSN/Ed, RN Alterations of Thyroid Function April 18, 2014 Abstract Disorders of thyroid function develop as a result of primary dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland, or secondarily, as a result of the pituitary or hypothalamic alterations. Both primary and secondary disorders result in some sort of alteration to the thyroid hormone (TH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If these levels are elevated or showing inadequate production of the hormone, then the result would be hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Of course there are underlying causes for these hormone levels to alter such as, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto disease to name a few. This paper will describe the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the anterior part of the neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx. Internally, the gland is composed of hollow, spherical follicles, which have follicle cells that produce thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone (TH) derives from thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone is referred to as the body’s major metabolic hormone. TH is actually two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine or T4 , and triiodothyronine or T3. TH is regulated through negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland. TRH, which is synthesized...
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...Cardiovascular fitness shows how the heart and lungs supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement. The ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles is affected by many physiological parameters, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and maximal oxygen consumption. Cardiovascular conditioning utilizes and transports the necessary oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. In order for the body to deliver adequate oxygenated blood and nutrients to the muscles, the body has to be well conditioned. By the body being well conditioned it improves the muscles capacity to use extra oxygen. Cardiovascular training is the most important style of training both for general health and for overall athletic performance. Cardiovascular Benefits of Conditioning The circulatory system is one of the major systems which is effected by cardiovascular conditioning. Your circulatory system consists of your heart, blood vessels and blood, and is responsible for transporting life-giving oxygen throughout your body. When you exercise, your body's need for oxygen increases; the harder you work out, the more oxygen your body demands. To ensure that sufficient oxygen is available for your muscles during activity, your body makes short- and long-term changes. The heart becomes strong and is able to use energy more efficiently with proper exercise. Blood pressure becomes lower as the heart muscle does not have to work...
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...Cardiovascular Disorders Dawn Moury Walden University NURS-3015-1,Pathopharmacology 6/15/2013 Cardiovascular disorders include such aneurysms, angina, arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, congested heart failure, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and the major cause of disability in Americans ("Heart diseases," 2013). The purpose of this paper is to examine and evaluate the prescribed medications of a patient with a cardiovascular disorder who was recently admitted to the hospital with a history of pain in her left shoulder radiating up to her neck. Explanation of new medications and contraindications Mrs. K was admitted to the hospital due to having a 3 day history of pain in her left shoulder radiating up to her neck. She was admitted to the telemetry unit. EKG and enzymes ruled her in for a myocardial infarction and she successfully completed a catheterization and angioplasty. Her past medical history was significant only for hypertension for 10 years which was managed with HCTZ 25 mg daily. She is slightly overweight, and reports that she does not have time to exercise regularly, as she commutes over 1 hour each way to her secretarial job daily. Her meals are irregular, and often consist of convenience foods. Prior to her discharge home, her physician informed her she is now a type II diabetic and has coronary artery disease which he has added three medications...
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...and also due to the insufficient amounts of blood reaching certain parts of the body which lack in oxygen. A blood clot can be formed when a plaque is ruptured, and if a blood clot forms in a blood vessel leading to the brain or heart, this could cause a patient to have a stroke or heart attack. {1} Having atherosclerosis means that there is a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. These diseases affect the flow of blood. Heart attacks and strokes are an effect of cardiovascular disease {1}. The main focus of this report is to explore the idea of whether ACE should be the main treatment for atherosclerosis and what other treatments are available which could prove to be more effective. Treating Atherosclerosis...
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...Hypertension Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. Hypertension is the consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is also the most common primary diagnosis in the United States (Brashers, 2010). It is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research, widespread patient education, and a concerted effort on the part of health care professionals have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. I. Prevalence of disease (in US) and risk factors Hypertension is a major U.S. health problem affecting some 50 million individuals. Approximately 65% of Americans older than age 60 have hypertension. Of those diagnosed with hypertension, over 30% do not have their hypertension adequately treated and controlled. Ninety to ninety-five percent of hypertension is idiopathic and called primary hypertension. Five to ten percent of hypertension is the result of an identifiable etiologic cause and is called secondary hypertension. According to Center of Disease Control (CDC) the prevalence of hypertension, 45.3% had been treated...
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...For instance, screening for retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular, and peripheral disease is useful in this level of prevention. Patients need strict management of their diabetes because inappropriate treatment can lead to complications, which can cause death (Dornhorst & Merrin, 1994). Patients should be referred to and screened by an ophthalmologist. Ophthalmologists may be able to identify retinopathy and treat appropriately. Moreover, patients should have frequent feet examinations, specifically looking for any signs of peripheral vascular disease (Dornhorst & Merrin, 1994). Patients should have kidney function assessed and treated. Additionally, patients should be treated for cardiovascular issues such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia, which were mentioned in the second level of prevention as well. Again, lifestyle modifications are still important in this level of prevention. Patients should be educated on the importance of following a diabetic diet, exercise, and losing weight. In addition, they should be taught foot care. Patients may benefit from diabetic support groups (Dornhorst & Merrin,...
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...Blood pressure regulation and changes occurring after increase in blood pressure Each time the heart pumps, it sends blood all over the body to supply organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients. The strength of the force created as the heart pumps blood into the vessels together with the vessels’ resistance to the blood flow is defined as the body’s blood pressure (Darovic, 2002). A normal range blood pressure (BP) must be between 100-130mmHg systolic (when the heart is beating) and 60-90mmHg diastolic pressure (between heart beats) (Sherwood, 1997). Many factors can change blood pressure, including exercise and diet. The regulation of BP within the body is tightly maintained by nerves, hormones and renal control in relation to three factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood volume. However, malfunction of the controlling mechanisms can cause abnormalities such as hypertension that could have dangerous outcomes such as stroke or heart failure. The body contains physiological mechanisms that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance...
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...Maintenance of posture skeletal muscles contractions hold body in stationary position * Support skeletal muscle support soft tissue in abdominal and floor of pelvic cavity * Heat production skeletal muscles contractions produce heat 1. Skeletal muscle -works with tendons and bones to move body -produce movement by contraction of its cells 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth/visceral muscle Nerve system Nerve impuleses stimulus causes muscles to contract Moblity and the body systems * Cardiovascular system -exercise increase efficiency of heart -decrease bp and hr - increase blood flow to all body parts -increase fribogen-> breaks small clots -respiratory system and cardiac system work together to provide o2 To all part of body Better coordination Metabolic rate increase about 20 times with exercise Intestinal walls increase with exercise Exercise increase rate * Respiratory system= Reg exercise results increase in pulmonary function * Musculoskeltal system:Exercise= increase muscle tone better coordination * Metabolic process : Exercise= rate increase 20x with exercise * Gastrointestinal system:...
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...Alteration in the sequencing of genes in deoxyribonucleic acid Error Theory. Suggests that this leads to diminished functional ability of the cell Free Radical Theory. Free radicals are toxic compounds leading to oxidative stress which damages DNA. Accumulation of harm by the recurrent effects of free radicals within the body it has been linked to the development of chronic diseases. Immune Theory. Decline in immune system functioning where age-related changes in cells may result in them no longer being recognized as 'self and therefore viewed as foreign and targeted by the immune system. Or an increase in auto-immune responses where altered proteins are seen as 'non-self-triggering an immune response. Changes in Cell Replication. Loss of telomeres...
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