...mine valid association rules, which are identical to the content Professor Chen introduced to you in class. Note that you do not need to pay more attention to the algorithm or codes of this method. Instead, ideas and related examples are more important for you to understand this method and it is enough to help you complete the assignment. Furthermore, to resolve the problem 2.(c) in EXERCISE 3, you need to read section 5.3.1 to know how to do. This part gives you the concept of multi-level association rule or generalized association rule. 基本阅读：英文资料 5.1,5.2.1 和 5.2.2，这部分内容与老师上课所介 绍的内容一致，不必过分专注于其中的算法和代码部分，更重要的是 理解方法意思,过程及其中的相关例子。扩展阅读：为了解决作业问 题 2 中的（c）小问，你还最好阅读 5.3.1 部分。 Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations, and Correlations Frequent patterns are patterns (such as itemsets, subsequences, or substructures) that appear in a data set frequently. For example, a set of items, such as milk and bread, that appear frequently together in a transaction data set is a frequent itemset. A subsequence, such as buying first a PC, then a digital camera, and then a memory card, if it occurs frequently in a shopping history database, is a (frequent) sequential pattern. A substructure can refer to different structural forms, such as subgraphs, subtrees, or sublattices, which may be combined with itemsets or subsequences. If a substructure occurs frequently, it is called a (frequent) structured pattern. Finding such frequent patterns plays an essential role in mining associations, correlations...
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...Quantitative Association Rule Mining Using Information-Theoretic Approach Mary Minge University of Computer Studies, Lashio dimennyaung@gmail.com Abstract Quantitative Association Rule (QAR) mining has been recognized an influential research problem due to the popularity of quantitative databases and the usefulness of association rules in real life. Unlike Boolean Association Rules (BARs), which only consider boolean attributes, QARs consist of quantitative attributes which contain much richer information than the boolean attributes. To develop a data mining system for huge database composed of numerical and categorical attributes, there exists necessary process to decide valid quantization of the numerical attributes. One of the main problems is to obtain interesting rules from continuous numeric attributes. In this paper, the Mutual Information between the attributes in a quantitative database is described and normalization on the Mutual Information to make it applicable in the context of QAR mining is devised. It deals with the problem of discretizing continuous data in order to discover a number of high confident association rules, which cover a high percentage of examples in the data set. Then a Mutual Information graph (MI graph), whose edges are attribute pairs that have normalized Mutual Information no less than a predefined information threshold is constructed. The cliques in the MI graph represent a majority of the frequent itemsets. Keywords: Quantitative...
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...Personalized recommendation based on overlapping communities using time-weighted association rules Haoyuan Feng1, Jin Tian1, Harry Jiannan Wang2, Minqiang Li1, Fuzan Chen1, Nan Feng1 1 2 Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA jtian@tju.edu.cn Abstract Modeling users’ ever-changing interests has been a critical topic in recommender system research. In this paper, we propose a new personalized recommendation framework by leveraging and enhancing overlapping community concepts from complex network analysis literature and developing a time-weighted association rule mining method. Experiment results show that our proposed approach outperforms several existing methods in recommendation precision and diversity. Keywords: personalized recommendation; overlapping community; time-weighted association rules; user interests 1. Introduction Recommender systems have been implemented by many commercial websites, such as Amazon and eBay, to help users discover products of their interests. High-quality recommender algorithms and strategies can greatly increase profits and improve user loyalty. One of the most important aspects in personalized recommendation is the user interest modeling. Most of the conventional user interest models are static models, such as the user-based collaborative filter model, assuming that the users’ interests do not change over time. However, users’ interests are rather dynamic, e.g., users may prefer different...
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...ourselves with only seven different classes. Using a minimum support threshold of 30% and a minimum confidence level of 60%, (manually) apply association rule mining to the set of transactions given below to identify all valid rules. Clearly list out all relevant steps and report the support, confidence and lift for each valid rule that you generate. Customer ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Food Yoga, Pilates, Weight Loss, Step Aerobics Zumba, Cardio, Weight Loss, Spinning Yoga, Zumba, Pilates, Step Aerobics Yoga, Pilates, Step Aerobics Zumba, Cardio, Spinning Step Aerobics, Spinning, Weight Loss Zumba, Pilates, Yoga Yoga, Spinning Pilates, Step Aerobics Step Aerobics, Pilates, Spinning Solution 1] Given: A) Minimum Support Threshold = 30% B) Minimum Confidence level = 60% Applying Apriori Algorithm: Support greater than the user-specified support threshold min_sup (minimum support) , and Confidence greater than the user-specified confidence threshold min_conf (minimum confidence) Formulae to be used: a) Support = No of Transactions containing all items in antecedent and consequent transactions in the database. / No of b) Confidence = No of Transactions containing all items in antecedent and consequent No of transactions containing items in the antecedent. c) Lift = Confidence of the Rule / / Support of the Consequent. 1. One Element sets validity check: Step 1 – First look for most frequent item as a single set...
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...ABSTRACT As e-commerce is becoming more and more popular, the number of customer reviews that a product receives grows rapidly. This makes it difficult for a potential customer to read them to make an informed decision on whether to purchase the product or not. This paper proposes a novel tool named as Opinion Comparator for analyzing and comparing consumer opinions on competing products. This tool is useful to both potential customers and product manufacturers. A potential customer can see a visual comparison of products, which helps him/her to decide which product to buy. For a product manufacturer, the comparison enables it to easily gather marketing intelligence. This tool shows the features of a product along with their polarity on a bar graph. This tool uses language pattern mining and it extracts product features from the reviews of the format containing Pros and Cons of a particular product. Experimental results show that the technique is highly effective as it summarizes product reviews given by different customers. It visualizes this summarization using bar graphs with opinion polarity which helps user for better decision making. 1. INTRODUCTION The Web has dramatically changed the way that consumer express their opinions. They can now post reviews of products at merchant sites and express their views on almost anything in Internet forums, discussion groups, and blogs. There are also dedicated review sites, e.g., epininons.com. With more and more people using...
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...In this world, it is almost impossible if people live without rule. Rules are made to stop anarchy and to provide order. People need to be accountable for their actions so rules are needed. However in reality, some people still do not follow the rules or even they don’t care about the rules at all. This action of breaking rules or laws is called crime. Nowadays, the reported cases of crime all over the world are alarmingly increasing. It is believed that the main reason behind this is the rise in population which will lead to unemployment. The crime can be reduced with the involvement of the government to the society. Firstly, I would like to state that the population of a country will be the first and foremost reason behind this increase in crime. Take Indonesia for instance, it is a developing country and in the prevailing scenario its population is sharply increasing, which creates a significant number of problems. With respects to that, unemployment is the major one, because of that, educated and sophisticated people survive without jobs and result in indulge in the crime to bear their expenses. To combat this grave problem, governments can arrange educational classes and programs to increase public awareness about the adverse effects of the increase in population. If the increase rate of population decrease, there will be less unemployment which will of course decrease the number of crimes. Eventually, after analyzing all the views, I would like to conclude that...
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... found the history of St. Francis to be interesting and inspiring. His resolve to glorify one master, God, was remarkable. The new order rules of St. Francis were concise and strict. His rules seem to be dependent on one another. Obedience to God was carried out in his daily work, consisting of prayer and worship, which are two more new order rules. Prayer was so important that St. Francis and his followers would bind themselves with rope while they slept so not to disturb others in prayer. I can’t imagine doing this or taking a vow of poverty. The rule of poverty is extreme to me. He wore rags and owned nothing. He underwent a severe change from that of a party person to one that follows such strict and extreme rules. He had a love for only God, which is shown in his chastity rule. He would not let himself or his followers be tempted by the opposite sex. All the rules put forth by St. Francis seem unimaginable to me. However, the sacrifices made by him caused others to take notice and listen. A positive aspect of the new order rules is no responsibility of possessions. Owning items itself is a responsibility. The rule of poverty would remove this responsibility allowing focus on worship and prayer. Today, we put too much value on material things. The new order rules value only God. Simplicity of daily life would be another positive aspect. No other obligations or thoughts except obedience, prayer, and worship...
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...The rules proposed by Robert B . Reich are all important in making one an invaluable employee able to sustain the organizational success over a prolonged time period in the age when change is sudden and quick . The company has to be able to manage change and at the same time provide continuity to its actions , keep its identity in all the time of its existence . To achieve this , the management and employees have to meet the needs of today 's rapidly changing society For the company as a whole perhaps the ninth rule is the most important : Just do it ' Indeed , many companies are losing their share of the market because they prefer to stay where they are and enjoy what they have done in the past , rather than grasp the moment and make changes that will update their products and services . Thus , Sony Corporation is in many ways losing ground to its previously more modest competitors such as Samsung because they are more proactive and are able to seize the day and put innovative stuff in the market People are perhaps the most important factor of business because in the long run it is people that generate all the benefits . That is why the first and second rules are so useful in creating an efficient workforce I they give supervisors a chance to look at the familiar things from a new perspective . Sometimes it helps to have someone fresh to assess what has been going for years without change simply because no one gave it a thought . At the same time the legacy of the...
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...The Art of Love, written by Ovid, was a set of three books, the first being a guide or rule book on how to “pick-up” women and the second book a rule book on how to keep the woman you have or “caught” satisfied and interested in you. The third and final book that he wrote was written for women on what to do to catch and keep a man, since he felt it was only fair for women to also be “armed” when it comes to picking- up men. The rules that Ovid describes in The Art of Love are similar to the rules that most people follow in the “cruising and catching” game because they are effective and produce results, although not all the rules described in Ovid’s book are still used, a great majority of them are and have not changed after so many years. My overall perception for Ovid’s poem would be that of surprise. I would describe it as surprising because the “moves” that were implemented thousands of years ago are still very accurate and being used today. What Ovid’s poem tells me is that the “game” between men and women has not changed even though men and women have. Although most of the rules that Ovid writes about are now common sense in the dating world, such as choosing the best place to meet women just as fishermen know the best places to cast their nets to catch fish, and are followed by everyone. Ovid’s poem must have been written by experiences that he had and by the experiences that yielded the best results. In order for him to write a poem that describes what goes on today...
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...on your blog. 2. Label your tolerance level for abusive comments. 3. Consider eliminating anonymous comments. 4. Don't feed the trolls. 5. Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary who can do so. 6. If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so. 7. Don't say anything online that you wouldn't say in person. After reading the seven rules I have to agree with them and they should be followed because they are very down to earth things that all people can follow and they clean up messes if people follow them. If you follow step 1 you will stop all the baiting that happens in most online forums. Step two informs your viewers of potentially subjects that may arise to keep issues that might start from even occurring and this helps keep younger views away from said sites. I believe that rule three is the best one of them all because people typically say things they would not if they believe no one knows who they are that is a very normal human instinct. Step four keeps your users from leading on conversations that normally would not be happening. Rules five and seven are very similar in the mindset that you are talk straight to the person and not a group which gives you a much different aspect with the other user that really changes how a conversation is talked about. These steps are very compatible with Freedom of speech because it doesn’t stop you from posting it just giving you an outline of thing to not doing while posting...
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...PROBLEM PREVENTION PLAN Introduction Rules and procedures for the classroom, regardless of the level, are imperative and will be used accordingly in order for a classroom to be effectively managed. The most effect approach to classroom management is effective instruction (Evertson & Pool, 2008). Starting the school year with rules and procedures will set a standard that will set a tone for the remaining school year. This customized plan will focus on a first grade classroom. Rules and Procedures Since students do not share the same knowledge or behavioral characteristics, the classroom will support the diverse learner in many ways. Van Brummel suggests, “To create an optimal learning situation, indicate your expectations clearly.” One of these supports will be classroom rules. These rules will be for the entire classroom, which will be set at the beginning of the school year. The rules will be simple and easy to understand for young students. The rules are as follows: 1. Respect everyone in the class. 2. Follow directions. 3. Be polite. 4. Raise your hand. Respecting everyone in the class is rule that is to include many aspects of classroom activity. This rule can include offensives such as interrupting and disruptive behavior. A classroom has to behave in a way which depicts Christian character. Students are also expected to follow directions, but it is an important class rule, because they need to be able to be ready and have the...
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...federal government and the public education system in Delaware. As Morgan so aptly describes Max Weber’s comparison between “…the mechanization of industry and the proliferation of bureaucratic forms of organization.” (Morgan, 2006), the emphasis on …bureaucracy…emphasizes precision, speed, clarity, regularity, reliability, and efficiency achieved through the creation of a fixed division of tasks, hierarchical supervision, and detailed rules and regulations” (Morgan, p17). Speed, in this writer’s opinion, seems to be dependent on the situation, but government and the education industry especially, present excellent examples of bureaucracy at its best. "The various leveled association of occupations expands on the thought that control must be practiced over the distinctive parts of the association" (to guarantee that they are doing what they are intended to do). Unthinking way to deal with association tends to constrain as opposed to prepare the advancement of human limits, forming individuals to fit the prerequisites of mechanical associations...
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...• Explain which of the eight steps from “Sherman’s Eight Steps towards Integrity” apply to Dalman and the Location Manager in this particular situation and why. • The Eight Steps toward Integrity include: doing what we say we will do, doing the right thing, taking responsibility, supporting our own weight, holistic thinking, checking the mirror, defining the rules and values. The first step is doing what we say we will do which “includes keeping promises and meeting deadlines… —and often, tough negotiation—prior to making commitments.” (Stratford Sherman). Doing the right thing includes being aware of what’s right and performing the right actions. This also includes accepting the consequences. Taking responsibility is simply taking responsibility for your actions. Supporting your own weight “means functioning as a whole.” (Stratford Sherman). Holistic thinking is “an appreciation of wholeness in the world supports its practice.” (Stratford Sherman). Checking the mirror is taking the time to do an honest review of you or as Sherman said pause for reflection. Defining the rules and values is simply rules about the basics that can be applied to almost anything from couples to organizations. The new laws that Sandwich Blitz is in violation with needs to be corrected. The enclosure that houses the trash dumpster is five feet from the property line. The government inspector has told the unit manager that he would be willing to approve this if Sandwich Blitz provides...
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...the symphony is its powerlessness to arrange the compensations of the workers. The greater part of the symphony's representatives are under contact that abandons them with the money related load of needing to pay rates paying little heed to the ticket deals. A fiscal quality of the symphony was the above normal gifts. The symphony was acknowledged to be at the high end of a Group II symphony ensemble and gained an above normal enrichment for its status. An initiative quality for the symphony was the way that they had two pioneers, one for its performers, Keith Lockhart, and Scott Parker, who was the executive of the board. The symphony's CEO reported his abdication in 2002, which is an authority shortcoming. Needing to swap a CEO in an association as the symphony is a troublesome undertaking. Discovering an expert and prepared individual to be the CEO of the symphony was a real issue for them throughout this time of pressure. Preceding the merger, Utah Symphony battled with a few budgetary challenges including a prevalent shortcoming described by its failure to arrange gotten representative's pay rates. The latter is a PR shortcoming because it kept them from any adaptability viewing ticket deals as they were committed to paying those pay rates in any case. However, a real quality for the symphony was that they were in the Group II classification with the refinement of getting above normal blessings for this characterization. PR qualities incorporate the way that Utah Symphony...
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...results_________________________________________________ 1. To inform the gender strategy which will be developed as part of the CO LRSP process 2. To build Yemen CO capacity and critical engagement around the issue of gender 3. Improve design and impact of future programmes in Yemen 4. Give feedback of results to participants and other key stakeholders including the IMLT team. Key research questions and sub-questions_____________________________________ Key question Is association formation an effective strategy for women’s empowerment and if so in what ways? If not, why not? Sub questions: 1. How does empowerment of women manifest itself? How is it expressed and felt by women who have been involved in association formation? What has changed for them and what are the major leaps of change? To what do they attribute this change? 2. Why do women join or not join associations and why do they remain in them or leave? 3. To what extent has change occurred beyond the individual and how? 4. Has association formation had any negative effects. Evidence Catagories________________________________________________________ The following key evidence catagories have been identified. A 3-days workshop was held to identify relevant indicators under these catagories, which gauge empowerment in the Yemeni context.[1] The following is a list of these catagories: 1. Self-image, self-esteem 2. Legal, civil and tribal rights/ awareness 3. Access to information 4...
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