...Albert Bandura had a theory of learning called the Social Learning Theory. The Social Learning Theory is a theory in which people learn through observing other people and their actions and reactions. (Woolfolk). Psychology cannot tell people how they ought to live their lives,. It can however, provide them with the means for effecting personal and social change.” (Bandura)"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” (Cherry) Bandura performed an experiment with a doll. This famous Bobo doll experiment was observations by children of adults being aggressive with a doll. In turn, the children were observed being aggressive with the doll also. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory identifies three basic models of observational learning. The first model is a live model which is a person performing an observable behavior. A second model is a verbal model which is behaviors described and explained by a person. The third model is a symbolic model which shows humans or fake beings performing certain behaviors in T.V programs, movies, books or online. (Cherry). Observational learning is not always an effective observation due to the many people involved. This theory involves both the model and the learner (Cherry). The Social Learning Theory has four components: paying attention, retaining information or impressions, producing behaviors, and being motivated to...
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...Essay 4 Pieter van Rooyen 17333652 Albert bandura can be regarded as one of the most important representatives of social cognitive learning theories. He’s theory on observational learning (learning by observing behavior) is the single most important form of learning. He argues that people learn most of their behavior through observation and only a little through direct contact. The reason for this is the complexity of most behavior, and that this can’t be learned through verbal instructions. This essay will focus on the principles of observational learning, highlight the strength and weaknesses, and also how observational learning can promote positive intergroup relations on campus at the University of Stellenbosch. Observation is a common learning tool and many, if not most do it unconsciously. The term modeling is used to describe this. This is when an observer observes the behavior of a model and then repeats the behavior. There are a few factors that influence this observational learning. They are the nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer, the result of the models behavior and the self-efficacy perception of the observer. The nature of the modeled behavior refers to the actual behavior. The situation in which the behavior takes place and if it is new or old behavior. New behavior attracts more attention than old behavior. The characteristics of the model plays an important role in observation learning....
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...Reaction to Bandera’s Social Cognitive Theory Video In order to explain his social cognitive model Bandura started his video presentation with a negative view of the world social situation. The picture of the middle class women in New Delhi, fighting for water around a water tanker, as the water supplies are depleting looks so alarming. Violence. Child traffickers, inhumane conditions, AIDS and high population growth statistics. 40% of the population in the Mideast is under 15, and this population is doubled. Young populations, living in poverty, under autocratic rulers, and plagued by corruption, in addition they’re very easily recruited for violent activities. Then he continued with woman discrimination: “In these societies women are marginalized, they’re devalued, they’re disallowed aspiration, and they’re denied their liberty and dignity”. At this part of the video Bandura opens the door for change and his social cognitive theory. He explained that the fastest way for a society to increase its human capital is to educate their women, because that is half their talent. We need to educate women and we need to do a better job with the half of the population that is written off. He confused me when addressed that we don’t need more babies. Educated woman should be prepared to have babies, career and a better status in society. He showed his model from a drama in Sudan. They include the benefits of family planning, educational opportunities for daughters, the injustice...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada) is a psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. For almost six decades, he has been responsible for contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology, and was also influential in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth most-frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget, and as the most cited living one.[1] Bandura is widely described as the greatest living psychologist,[2][3][4][5] and as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.[6][7] In 1974 Bandura was elected to be the Eighty-Second President of the American Psychological Association (APA). He was one of the youngest president-elects in the history of the APA at the age of 46. Bandura served as a member of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs from 1968 to 1970 and is well known as a member of the editiorial board of nine psychology journals including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology from 1963 to 1972.[8] At the age of 82, Bandura was awarded the Grawemeyer Award for psychology and is known as one of the most influential psychologists...
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...Critique of Jung and Bandura Terrin M. Schnee Psychology 1400 Psychology of Personality Theories Spring 2014 Critique of Jung and Bandura Throughout the semester we have examined numerous psychological theorists and their theories. Their ideas were displayed focusing on the major components of each. Through this lens, we were able to familiarize ourselves with each. While each theory had many interesting parts, it was only natural that we would begin to form a bias toward some and against others. I personally took a strong inclination to Bandura and his theory of reciprocal determinism. Towards Jung, my attitude was not as positive. Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism spoke to me on a personal level. I see applications and implications of it in both my personal life as well as in the career path I have chosen. Unlike many other theories, Bandura recognized that behavior, environment, and personal characteristics all influence one another. While I think some things may influence other things to a greater level, I agree that there is influence occurring from all components. I find other theories to be a bit flawed since they tend to focus primarily on one part as a causal agent. Bandura also believed that people were in control over their behavior. Cloninger points out that Bandura believed people controlled what they did, but vary in how they exert this control (251). To me the clearest...
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...Should professional sports people (such as AFL footballers, national cricketers) be role models? In this context, consider the role of observational and social learning, and what role they are modeling. Make sure that you primarily address psychological rather than sociological aspects of being a role model. Sport has always been a fundamental principle of Australian Society. The social and cultural roles of sport have provided Australians with unity as well as a sense of patriotism. Our interest in sport has not only contributed to expanding our “national consciousness” but was also a factor towards federation in 1901 (Cashman, 2003). Currently, almost 70 per cent of Australians engage in some form of sporting activity every week (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2012) and through this our passion towards sport has even extended to an elite level. Within Australia there is a considerably large football culture, where “thousands of Australians descend on football stadiums” to support their respective teams (Australian Government, 2008). Of these codes the most “loyal and dedicated fans” are those devoted to Australian Rules Football (AFL) (Australian Government, 2008) and their devotion also spreads to those who play it. Due to the physical and social benefits that sport has on young Australians, the negative consequences which may arise due to them idolizing sports men and women, are quite often overlooked. In most cases, young boys view sportsmen such as AFL players...
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...What is Social Learning Theory? The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that all learning was the result of associations formed by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, Bandura's social learning theory proposed that learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling) this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. People learn through observing others behavior , attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social Learning Theory explains human beahvior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive , behavioral and environmental influences. Necessary conditions for effective modelling are: ATTENTION: various factors increases or decreases the amount of attention paid. In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. RETENTION: remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic...
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...Outline & evaluate one social-psychological theory of aggression One social-psychological theory of aggression is the social-learning theory. Bandura suggested that as well as being learnt through direct experience, aggressive behaviour can be learnt indirectly, through observation of others. If a person observes aggressive behaviour in a model, they may imitate their behaviour, especially if they identify with or admire the model. The observer forms a mental representation of the event, including the consequences (rewards or punishments) of the models behaviour. Vicarious reinforcement is when the model is rewarded, and this will increase the chance of the behaviour being repeated. In this way, children learn appropriate and effective ways to use certain behaviours. When a person imitates the behaviour, they gain direct experience. The outcome of aggressive behaviour will influence the value of aggression for a child. When a child is rewarded for behaviour, this is direct reinforcement, and will make them more likely to repeat the behaviour. A child develops confidence in their ability to use aggressive behaviour successfully. If they are unsuccessful, they will have lower self-efficacy, so will be less confident that they can use aggression successfully, and will turn to other behaviours. A strength of social learning theory is that it is supported by empirical evidence, for example Bandura’s Bobo doll studies. Children who were shown a video of an adult being aggressive...
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...from one another via: observation, imitation, and modeling. “Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” - Albert Bandura (1977) To start, Bandura believed most human behavior is learned by watching other humans interact and perform. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura: 1977). For example, you will notice children constantly watching others, or particularly their parents, while they are cooking, doing a project, or interacting with others. Notice the child may start to mimic the parent and try to reenact what they just saw. This is what Bandura is explaining by watching the performance and later using it in your own life. He also explains how this also influences our personalities as well. Certain actions we may have observed we will never end up using ourselves because the situation never occurs where we would use it or it is not something we would do, possibly due to our personality. Bandura himself gave an example when he had children observe an adult interacting with a Bobo...
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...crime and factors that influence its occurrence with a certain social context. The social learning theory explains that a person acquires knowledge through observation and interactions which models the behavior. The theory proposes that the behavior of an individual can be shaped through reciprocal interaction between the forces of cognitive, environmental and behavior systems. The understanding of the theory will help in determining its effectiveness in handling events of crimes in the society. Albert Bandura as a way to help in understanding the criminology and give the necessary information in relation to addressing the problems caused by crime advanced the social learning theory. The theory is a combination operant theory of Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess and the theory of differential association by Edwin Southerland. The theory has been discussed by various scholars who needed to test its accuracy in addressing the various causes of crime in the society. Bandura argued that social relationships are vital in shaping the behavior system of an individual in the society. In his argument, he said that observation accelerates the process of learning of social ideals with which a person lives. The major premises of the social learning theory are the reciprocity of learning ideas and the experience of observation. According to...
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...Differential effects of incentive motivators on work performanceAlexander D Stajkovic, Fred Luthans. Academy of Management Journal. Briarcliff Manor: Jun 2001. Vol. 44, Iss. 3; pg. 580, 11 pgs | Abstract (Summary) In this field experiment, first compared is the performance effects of money systematically administered through the organizational behavior (O.B Mod.) modification model and routine pay for performance. This was compared with the effects of O.B Mod.-administered money, social recognition, and performance feedback. The money intervention based on the O.B. Mod. outperformed routine pay for performance and also had stronger effects on performance than social recognition and performance feedback. Full Text (7144 words) Copyright Academy of Management Jun 2001 [Headnote] | In this field experiment, we first compared the performance effects of money systematically administered through the organizational behavior modification (O.B. Mod.) model and routine pay for performance and then compared the effects of O.B. Mod.administered money, social recognition, and performance feedback. The money intervention based on the O.B. Mod. outperformed routine pay for performance (performance increase = 37% vs. 11%) and also had stronger effects on performance than social recognition (24%) and performance feedback (20%). | | Although behavioral management, as a systematic approach to increasing employee effectiveness, was formulated about 25 years ago (e.g., Luthans...
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...MY PERSONAL ILLUSTRATION OF AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT Many have spoken about what should be an effective school environment is. But for me, just having these two characteristics is well enough.Firstly, the physical features must just not be tidy, clean, spacious, well ventilated and lighted. It must be a school that brings out the inner self of the students at helps them to achieve what they wanted to be. And secondly, the psychological as well as the social atmosphere must be non-threatening where they feel they are respected and accepted for who they are and for what they say or do. | Providing an effective school environment is not just the duty of the school administrators nor the teachers only, it is the responsibility of school heads, teachers and of course, by the students. As a future educator, I can foresee the things that are highly needed in enhancing one’s school environment. Yes, financing will matter but being creative and inexpensive should always take into consideration. The teachers must be guided to reconstruct his/her classroom and let the students to take their own task and duty. We are all aware that environment really affects students learning so teachers should maximize the effort to accomplish this in his/ her room. Sadly, some teachers are lack of trainings and seminars on how to produce that well-useful classroom. In the same manner, school should be clean, well- organized and attractive. Classrooms, together with other centers, should...
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...Importance of Understanding How People Form Perceptions In the case of Joe Salatino, he is the new president of Great Northern American and he bases the success of his company by the amount of money he pays the employees. The firm’s salespeople sell millions of products each year. The lead person of this telemarketing company believes that spending money on commissions and bonuses is necessary to keep his salespeople motivated. The company uses all kinds of motivational tactics in the salesroom to keep the employees engaged at work. Many of Joe’s top workers earn thousands of dollars a year plus commission, but usually it takes about a year for an employee to build up their clientele. With in the article it goes to discuss how the salespeople go above and beyond to build a strong relationship with the customers. Joe believes it increases sales when the employees for a memorable relationship with the customers. As a result, when Joe is looking to hire new people; he looks for them to have great communication skills, be highly motivated and considerate. Finally, Joe looks for workers that know their strengths and weakness and thrive to take the initiative without having to be direct all the time. In the workplace, perceptions quickly become formed whether accurate or artificial. Perceptions and inaccurate assumptions of work habits, personal relationships are mostly form over company gossip. Joe Salatino needs to explain to his employees that perceptions in the workplace can...
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...Concept of the self in the social world Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Concept of the self is a system of the individual representations about himself; realized part of the personality; the image of the self. (Sedikides, 2007) The formation of the self is influenced by a range of factors, which are the self-concept, self-esteem, social self and self-knowledge. In particular, the body, abilities, social relations and many other personal manifestations can be the subject of self-perception and self-esteem of the individual. Based on the self-concept, the individual builds interaction with others and with himself. Therefore, the formation of an adequate self-concept, and self-awareness as a whole, is an important condition of education of conscious member of society. The concept of the self was created in 1950 by Maslow and Rogers in branch of the phenomenological and humanistic psychology, and it was considered as the integrity human self, as a fundamental factor of behavior and development of personality. (Sedikides, 2007) Often the term is used as a synonym for self-awareness, but the self-concept is less neutral, it includes an evaluative aspect of self-awareness. In essence, the self-concept does not define just what an individual is, but also what he thinks of himself as looking at his active principle and development opportunities in the future. Throughout adulthood, the self-concept of man simultaneously seeks to preserve the continuity and but...
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