...metabolic reaction. Peroximoses were named because of its enzyme contains that usually remove hydrogen atoms from particular organic substrates with molecular oxygen. This oxidative reaction will produce hydrogen peroxide. [pic] However, during “peroxidative” reaction (H2O2 + R′ H2 → R′ + 2H2O), catalase (an enzyme in peroxisomes) will capitalize on the H2O2 produced by other enzymes in the organelle, in order to oxidize other substrates such as phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol. These reaction were quite important in kidney and liver cells, because the peroxisomes responsible to detoxify different toxic molecules that enter the bloodstream. In addition, when excess H2O2 was generated in the cell, catalase will converts it to H2O through the reaction: [pic] Pulping the liver will increase the total surface area of the liver. This means the production rate of catalase has been raised because more particles have been exposed to the other reactant, which lead to a higher rate of collision between the particles of reactants. Thus, there’s a higher chance to gain the activation energy in order to carry out chemical reaction. Rate of reaction increased. Catalase was a biological catalyst (enzyme) which made of protein and will denature in high temperature due to the breakage of bond between molecule. In this case, boiling the liver will cause the enzyme inside the peroxisomes to be denature. When the enzyme was denature, its active site would be altered. This...
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...range of the factors that affect enzyme controlled reactions. Enzymes are affected by very many factors. It was the main aim of this experiment to establish these factors and the manner in which they affect them. This experiment also seeks to establish the manner in which some enzymes like Catalase affect the rates of reactions (Cohnheim 2009). Methods To establish the factors that affect enzymes, the procedures for the experiments to be carried out had to be almost perfect. For this reason the apparatus to be used had to be cleaned thoroughly just before commencing the experiment. To avoid differentiated results, similar kinds of apparatus were used all through the experiment. In this case glass test tubes were used. Also measuring apparatuses used were of the same size and volume. In this case four experiments were carried out. The first experiment is to establish the manner in which the enzyme Catalase affects reaction rates. The procedure of this experiment is as follows; using a pencil, label tree test tubes as test tube 1, 2 & 3. On these test tubes, label two marks using the pencil. These are at the 1cm mark and at the 5 cm mark. For the first test tube, pour in Catalase enzyme up to the first mark and add Hydrogen Peroxide up to the second mark. Swirl the mixture and leave it for about 20 seconds for it to bubble. Measure the height of the bubble column and record your findings in table. Repeat the same procedure for test tube 2 & 3 but replace the hydrogen...
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...ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION Lab 5: Investigating an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction September 24, 2014 Principles of Biology 120.601 Mrs. Annemarie Duncan Abstract: (Burmania) This experiment was performed in order to examine ways in which a potato catalase enzyme reacts to various assays with differing variables. To do so a baseline assay (undiluted extract and room temperature H2O2) was used within the experiment with only one other variable changed in the other assays. These variables included a boiled, frozen and then thawed, and frozen potato extract and dH2O instead of the potato extract. It was noted that the temperature and or way the potato extract was prepared effects how the enzyme with the potato will react. Therefore the results of each assay varied, suggesting there is more than one way that a catalyzed reaction can occur. Introduction: (Burmania) The main purpose for this experiment was to explore how an enzyme catalase caused a reaction to catalyze through doing various assays using potato extracts. Enzymes are catalysts that are crucial in helping to speed up reactions, and catalase is a common enzyme found in almost every living organism that is exposed to oxygen. For this experiment, potatoes were used because they were previously known to have significant catalase activity. The potato catalase was mixed with hydrogen peroxide because the catalase helps to breakdown the hydrogen peroxide which helps determine how long a paper disk takes to float to the...
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...Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction...
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...Introduction The independent research project will consist of multiple experiments that test the reaction rate of the catalase in the enzymes. The experiments will include tests on the following foods: nuts (peanuts and almonds), pineapple, chicken liver, and bananas (ripe and regular). There will be multiple tests on each food in order to gather accurate results. Research Louis Jacques Thénard first discovered hydrogen peroxide in 1818 and suggested that an unknown substance broke it down. Oscar Loew was the first to discover the catalase substrate reaction in 1900 based of the Thénard’s previous research on hydrogen peroxide. Scientists know that the 20 amino acids make up proteins and determine the jobs of each enzyme. There are three million...
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...Biology HL 20/9/2013 How Substrate Concentration affects a Catalase Enzyme Reaction RQ How does changing the substrate concentration affect the rate of a catalase reaction in an enzyme? Hydrogen peroxide was used as the substrate and the rate was measured by oxygen production. Hypothesis If the substrate concentration is increased then the rate of a catalase reaction will also increase until it reaches the optimal concentration or saturation point and will remain constant. This is because there will be more substrate molecules in a higher concentration therefore a higher frequency of collisions. This increases enzyme activity and more product will be formed. However at a certain concentration the enzymes will become saturated (all active sites are full), so an increase in substrate molecules will stop affecting the rate. Variables Independent Variable - Hydrogen peroxide concentration Dependent Variable – rate of catalase reaction by measuring the volume of oxygen produced after five minutes Controlled Variables – performed at room temperature (21 Celsius), catalase used (potato), weight of potato (1g) in each trial, time given for reaction to take place (5 minutes), method & apparatus Apparatus 1. Safety goggles & apron 2. Measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 (+/- 0.5cm3) 3. Large plastic tub 4. Access to sink/water 5. Clamp stand, boss and clamp 6. Rubber bung and delivery tube 7. 9 large test tubes 8. Stopwatch (+/- 0.01s) 9. Hydrogen Peroxide, range of concentration:...
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...[pic] FHSB 1214 BIOLOGY 1 FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE [pic] |Name |Chai Che Hoe | |Group member |Lim Chen Ye | | |Liow Yi Sheng | | |Foo Yong Hao | |Practical Group |P13 | |Date of lab class |13/7/2015 | |Program |Foundation in Science | |Unit code |FHSB1214 | |Unit description |Biology I | |Year and trimester of study |2015, Trimester 1 | |Title of lab report...
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...responsible for one particular reaction that occurs in the cell. In this lab, you will study an enzyme that is found in the cells of many living tissues. The name of the enzyme is catalase (KAT-uh-LAYSS); it speeds up a reaction which breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic chemical, into 2 harmless substances--water and oxygen. The reaction is: 2 H2O2 ----> 2 H2O + O2 This reaction is important to cells because hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced as a byproduct of many normal cellular reactions. If the cells did not break down the hydrogen peroxide, they would be poisoned and die. In this lab, you will study the catalase found in liver cells. You will be using chicken or beef liver. It might seem strange to use dead cells to study the function of enzymes. This is possible because when a cell dies, the enzymes remain intact and active for several weeks, as long as the tissue is kept refrigerated. MATERIALS: 1molar HCl solution 1molar NaOH solution 6 Test tubes Measuring Pipette 10-ml Graduated cylinder 40 ml 3% Hydrogen peroxide solution (found in stores) Straight-edged razor blade Scissors and Forceps (tweezers) pH paper (optional) Stirring rod Fresh liver, Apple, and Potato Test tube holders Ice bath Warm water bath Boiling water bath PART A - Observe Normal Catalase Reaction 1. Place 2 ml of...
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...DATA The Unknown #5 had the following morphology after Gram staining and observed under a brightfiled microscope: purple color, spherical shape and clustered like grape. After determining that it was a Gram positive staphylococcus, it was inoculated on a MSA plate, Blood Agar, DNA agar and Catalase test was also performed to help figure out the staphylococcus type. The Table below lists all of the biochemical tests, their purpose and results. TEST PURPOSE REAGENTS OBSERVATIONS RESULTS Gram Stain To determine the Gram reaction of the bacterium Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin Purple grape cluster arrangement cocci Gram Positive coccus Mannitol Salt Agar To determine the if the bacterium can tolerate high saline levels and grow If the bacterium can ferment mannitol None There was a full growth and the mannitol turned to yellow (acidic) Positive Blood Agar To determine if the bacterium can hemolysis blood None Metallic gray, Creamy – golden color ß-hemolysis Positive DNA Agar To determine if bacterium has DNase and can hydrolyze DNA None Clearing around the bacterial growth Positive Catalase Test To determine the presence of the enzyme catalase (converts H2O2 to H2O and O2) Hydrogen peroxide Immediate bubbles Positive DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION After...
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...Microbiology Final exam Study reference 1. Gram Stain * Verify if bacteria are present or not. * Controls – positive (purple) – S.aureus * negative ( red/pink) – E.coli 2. Endospore Staine Positive controller – B. magneterium Green spore- Positive Pink (vegetative ) – Negative 3. Acid fast Positive control – M. smeagmatis Blue – negative Pink /red- positive 4. Motility Positive control - P.vulgaris A. non motile is negative test B. motile is a positive test 5. Carbohydrates fermentation (test for gram -) ( glucose , manitol, lactose) Positive control – ecoli (yellow) Red- no color change – negative test Yellow – color change – positive test 6. Mae Conkey’s Agar Ecoli – positive control Selective for negative gram stain Differential for organism that could ferment lactase Growth pink – positive No growth – negative 7. Gelatin Hydrolysis ( Gelatinase) Positive control – P.aeruginosa Liquid –positive test Solid - Negative test 8. Blood agar Positive control – S. aureus A. Betahemolysis B. alphahemolysis C. gammahemolysis 9. FTM *broth – O2 relationship with 10. MRVP (mix acid fermentation) MR- methyl red (PH lower than 4.4) Positive control – e.coli red color- positive test no red – negative test 11. Voges Proskauer ( acetone) –precursor for those who fermented butane Positive control- E. aerogenosa Red color – positive test No color...
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...4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Print Lab 2 Biological Molecules and pH Introduction: Connecting Your Learning Biological organisms, like all things, are made up of elements. These elements combine to form organic molecules that create the basis for life. The main elements found in biological organisms include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). This lab describes how these elements form some of the most important molecules in life: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Resources and Assignments Multimedia Resources Required Assignments None Lesson 2 Lab 2 From the Lab Kit 7 test tubes Benedict's solution Biuret solution 15 micropipettes 10 pipettes Forceps pH test strips 4 unknown samples https://www.riolearn.org/content/bio/BIO156/BIO156_INTER_0000_v9/labs/lab02.shtml?print 1/21 4/15/2015 BIO156 Lab 2 Measuring spoons (teaspoon and tablespoon) 50 mL beaker Mortar and pestle Glass stirring rod 100 mL graduated cylinder Microscope slide Plastic funnel Test tube tongs Test tube rack 5 plastic cups Goggles Plastic gloves 1 tablespoon baking soda 1 tablespoon chicken soup 4 tablespoons sugar Required Materials 1 tablespoon cornstarch 2 tablespoons unflavored gelatin Student Provided Small saucepan Paper towel Oven glove or mitt Baking tray or aluminum foil (about an 18-inch sheet) Scissors Pencil Dime Microwave (optional) or Stove Permanent marker https://www.riolearn...
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...Ultimately, the data somewhat supported the hypothesis because it was justified as the amount of hydrogen peroxide (mL) increases, then the displaced volume of oxygen (mL) that is produced will increase and eventually level out. This is because the hydrogen peroxide is substrate specific to catalase which is found in the liver solution tab. The two products react to create an active site which produces water and oxygen. Therefore, as the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased then the displaced oxygen will increase but eventually it should level out due to the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity (Allot, 99-100, 2014). Catalase is an enzyme that is found in the liver of animals and it aids to catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (Allot, 99-100, 2014)....
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...Save and submit your assignment as: Matriculation No_ assignment 5.doc/PDF/docx. (e.g. "U0xxxxxx_Assignment05.doc) Assignment 5_Catalase Matriculation No.: A0094403 Name: FOO KAI JIE MARCUS Group 1. Describe your observation in the following table. If we set the gas produced during the first two minutes in the first reaction tube as a reference, describe the relative amount of gas produced during the same time in the rest of reaction tubes. (2 marks) |No of the reaction tube |Solution |Material |Relative amount of gas produced during the first two| | |(substrate + buffer) |(enzyme source) |minutes after the reaction started | |1 |3ml H2O2 + 3ml DDW |Fresh potato |Potato remained at bottom of test tube, | | | | |effervescence observed, potato floated to the top | | | | |after awhile. | |2 |// |Fresh chicken liver |Liver floated to the top immediately, thick layer of| | | | |bubbles formed. Much more gas produced...
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...Final Report Outline * Name of the enzyme: Catalase found in chicken liver. * The name of the organism is chicken (liver). * The substrate is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)|. * Hypothesis: If the catalase in the chicken liver is exposed to hydrogen peroxide, it will cause a chemical reaction. This reaction will result in the destruction of hydrogen peroxide in the chicken liver, which is harmful to the cells; the enzyme catalase works best in acidic solutions and enzymes are denatured in very high temperatures (boiling). * Method of measuring enzyme activity: observation of normal catalase reaction, the effect of temperature on catalase activity and the effect of pH on catalase activity. * Treatment: test the effect of temperature on catalase activity using different temperature water baths; ice bath, warm bath and boiling water bath. A solution of 1ml of hydrogen peroxide will be placed into 2 separate test tubes and a piece of liver into 2 separate test tubes. Place one test tube of liver and one of H2O2 into each of the following water baths: Ice bath and Warm water bath (not boiling).After 3 minutes, pour each tube of H2O2 into the corresponding tube of liver and observe the reaction. The boiling water bath will be left for 5 minutes, after which the liquid will be poured off and the liver will be placed into a 2ml solution of hydrogen peroxide. This is done to see the effect that boiling has one the enzyme. Record the rate of each reaction from 0(no...
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...One example of something that went well in the liver lab investigation was that each person in the group had the same roles (manager, bottle holder, chemical handler, and computer operator) between part one and part two. Another example of something that went well was that the program and technique used to find the data and graph of the results was the same between part one and part two. One example of something that did not go well in the lab investigation was that the amount of H₂O₂ and catalase was not consistent between part one and part two. Another example of something that did not go well in the liver lab experiment was a different liver and a different O₂ sensor was used. Also, the O₂ sensor was put in the Nalgene bottle at different...
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