...patients; vital signs, lab values, and measurements of all sorts. We also conduct clinical trials in vast numbers collecting data on efficacy, treatment variation, modalities, and outcomes. 2. One example of descriptive statistics we use in our work place is yearly charts depicting prevalence of falls hospital wide. These charts are shown in a number of ways and are divided by unit so that each unit can be compared one with the other. Additionally, they have charts showing the yearly trends by unit and hospital-wide. They get fairly detailed on some of them showing specific categories of fall occurrence, for example; assisted vs. unassisted; Falls due to toileting; falls by time of day; falls by assessed risk category. This practice is highly effective and allows everyone to see where, when, and how falls are occurring. It also provides insight into how to go about reducing the instances. 3. Where I work we do use inferential statistics, in fact we apply it a lot. We administer chemotherapy and study its effects. We collect data from sample populations (trials) and based on the analysis develop protocols to treat patients for side effects that are commonly associated with the treatment, regardless of actual occurrence or rather before assumed occurrence. An example of this is the chemotherapy “nadir” effect; data that shows a drop in blood cell count in ten to fourteen days after initiation of therapy. We have a slew of measures to prevent this drop in blood counts...
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...USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) Sample Test Questions A Joint Program of the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, Inc., and the National Board of Medical Examiners® This booklet updated July 2015. Copyright © 2015 by the Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, Inc. (FSMB), and the National Board of Medical Examiners® (NBME®). All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE®) is a joint program of the FSMB and the NBME. 1 CONTENTS USMLE Step 2 CK Test Question Formats …………………………………...………. 3 Introduction to USMLE Step 2 CK Sample Test Questions ………………………….. 5 Normal Laboratory Values ………………………………...………..…….….……….. 6 USMLE Step 2 CK Sample Test Questions………………………………………….... 8 Answer Sheet for USMLE Step 2 CK Sample Test Questions……………………….. 52 Answer Key for USMLE Step 2 CK Sample Test Questions……………………….… 53 2 USMLE Step 2 CK Test Question Formats Single-Item Questions This is the traditional, most frequently used multiple-choice format. It consists of a vignette and question followed by three to twenty-six options that are in alphabetical or logical order. The response options in this format are lettered (eg, A, B, C, D, E). You are required to select the one best answer to the question. Other options may be partially correct, but there is only ONE BEST answer. Items with an associated abstract or pharmaceutical...
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...European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use Doc.Ref:EMEA/501324/2008 ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR FILGRASTIM RATIOPHARM International Nonproprietary Name: filgrastim Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/824 Assessment Report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 74 18 84 00 Fax (44-20) 74 18 84 16 E-mail: mail@emea.europa.eu http://www.emea.europa.eu © European Medicines Agency, 2008. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE PROCEDURE................................................... 3 1.1 Submission of the dossier ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Steps taken for the assessment of the product........................................................................ 3 2 SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Quality aspects ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Non-clinical aspects ..................................................................................................
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...http://hwsoloutions.com/?product=qnt-351-week-1-4-dq Visit Our website: http://hwsoloutions.com/ Product Description PRODUCT DESCRIPTION QNT 351 Week 1-4 DQ, QNT 351 Week 1-4 DQ, How would you define dependent and independent variables? What is their significance in research? Explain with examples. Independent variables are the variables that are manipulated to then analyze the effect on the dependent variable. Although, there is not necessarily manipulation of the independent variable but allows for breaking them into groups that fit into specific properties for the study. An example I found to explain this a little clearer is a study of white cell count between the two genders. There is not a manipulation, but the independent variables are male and female and the dependent variable (what is measured) is the white blood cell counts of the genders (StatSoft Electronic Statistics Textbook, 2012). An example from a previous class would be studying childhood obesity and the relationship to fast-food restaurants close to their school. The independent variable would be the fast-food restaurant in proximity to the school and the dependent variable would be the classifications of the children (normal weight, overweight, obese). The important of dependent and independent variables is the ability to study if and/or how much of an effect the independent variable has on the dependent variable. In the example I provided the study was to determine if fast-food restaurants in close proximity...
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...SHRIPAD COMPUTERISED CLINICAL LAB. Add- Dr.Harne Hospital. Shriramwadi GHOTI. Ph.9822215939/ 8793350162 Mrs.Pragati R.Harne. Time- 9 am-9pm. (B.Sc.D.M.L. Patient's Name Mr.Bhaskarrao Shirsath. Date- 10/5/13 Reffered By Dr. R.P.Harne.(DHMS) HAEMATOLOGY Haemoglobin (Hb) - 13.9 gm%(N.R.-11-15gm%) White Blood Cells - Total Count - 2,700 mm(N.R. - 4000-10,500cumm) Deffential Count Neutrophils - 69 % N.R. - 45-65 %) Lymphocytes - 24 % N.R. - 25-45 % Eosinophils - 06 % N.R. - 1-6%) Monocytes - 01 % (N.R. - 4-8 %) Basophils - 00 % (N.R. - 0-1 %) Red Blood Cells - Pletelet Count - 1.23 Lakh /cumm (N.R- 1.5-4.5 Lakh) ESR - mm/hr (N.R.- 0 - 20 mm/hr) Blood Group - Rh Factor - Bleeding Time (BT) - . (N.R. - 1-3 min.) Clotting Time (CT) - (N.R. - 3-5 min.) Mrs.Pragati R.Harne. SHRIPAD COPUTERISED CLIN ICAL LAB. Add- Dr.Harne Hospital. Shriramwadi GHOTI. Ph.9822215939/8793350162 Mrs.Pragati R.Harne. Time- 9 am-9pm. (B.Sc.D.M.L.T.) Patient's Name- Mrs.Taibai Chavan. Date- 6/5/13 Reffered By Dr.- R.P.Harne.(DHMS) HIV I & HIV II ANTIBODY TEST RESULT - HIV I - Non Reactive. HIV II - Non Reactive. METHOD - Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA) for the detection...
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...Subjective data Identification: K.G. is a pregnant 23 year-old Caucasian female. Chief complaint: Ms. G. enters the clinic today for a routine obstetric exam. History of present illness: Ms. G. is 34 weeks pregnant and is a G1 P0. Last menstrual period was 10/23/13. Past Medical History: The patient has a history of gestational thrombocytopenia. Past Surgical History: Ms. G. had a benign cyst removed from her anterior neck in 2013. Family History: Ms. G. states that her mother and father both alive and her father has a history of asthma. Ms. G. states that her mother has rheumatoid arthritis. Ms. G. is an only child. Social History: Ms. G. is single. Ms. G. does not smoke or drink alcohol. Ms. G. does not use or has never used illicit drugs. Ms. G. works full-time in the banking industry. Ms. G. does not participate in any form of exercise on a regular basis. Current medications: Ms. G. states that she does take prescription medications. The patient takes prenatal vitamins. Allergies: Ms. G. states she has no medication allergies. Review of Systems General: Ms. G. has gained 30 Lbs. with this pregnancy. Ms. G denies any fever or chills. Ms. G. does have normal pregnancy fatigue. Skin: The patient denies any rashes or lesions. The patient denies any changes in moles or skin growths. Head, eyes, ears, nose and throat: The patient denies any sore throat, cough, congestion. The patient does not wear contact lenses or glasses. The patient denies any...
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...System (LIS) and also briefly explain the Hospital Information System (HIS), that are being used in the healthcare industry. Laboratory Information System A laboratory information system (LIS), is a type of software that handles receiving, processing and storing information generated by Medical laboratory processes. These systems must interface with instruments/analyzers and other information systems such as hospital information systems (HIS). An LIS is a highly configurable application which is customized to facilitate a wide variety of laboratory workflow models. Deciding on an LIS vendor and installing of an LIS software could take a lab from a few months to a few years, depending on the complexity of the organization. LIS’s are complex software applications. There are as many variations of LIS’s as there types of lab work. Disciplines of laboratory science include many aspects such as hematology, chemistry, immunology, and several others. Hospital Information System On the other hand, there is also what is knows as a hospital information system (HIS). It is a comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial and clinical aspects of a hospital. This encompasses paper-based information processing as well as data processing...
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...seizures in pregnant women. The criteria for preeclampsia are the following: blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 on two occasions at least four hours apart after 20 weeks gestation in a woman with previously normal blood pressure, proteinuria greater than or equal to 300mg per 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 0.3, thrombocytopenia with a platelet count less than 100,000 microliters, renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, and cerebral or visual symptoms. California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) discussed the acronym HELLP,...
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... Case Study # 1; Anemia Anemia is a one of the most common blood condition that affects over 3 million people in the United Sates of America. Nursing case studies benefits the nursing professional in the process of diagnosis, treatment, planning and nursing interventions of patient that they care. It helps the nurses for critical thinking and also to resolve the health problems of patient’s. In the case study provided Ms. A. presents with symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is a medical condition where quality and quantity of hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC) are decreased, which in turn decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to the body parts, tissues and organs. The normal level of hemoglobin in male and female are different. In men hemoglobin level less than 13.5gram/100ml and in women hemoglobin level less than 12.0gram/100ml is considered as anemia. The most common causes for anemia are RBC destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, acute, chronic blood loss, and nutritional deficit (Bryan &et al, 2012). Here the author explains and assesses Ms. A. and her presented signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia which is a common type of anemia affects young women of reproductive age. Signs and Symptom of Iron Deficiency Anemia Malnutrition is the main cause of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia causes almost 841,000 deaths every year. Ms. A. has the signs, symptoms and lab values of iron deficiency anemia. Iron is the main component...
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...contractions push blood throughout body, average heart beats 60-80 times per minute, 4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles. * Right heart pump | * Left heart pump | (Deoxygenated) | (Oxygenated) | Right atrium | Left atrium | Tricuspid valve | Bicuspid valve | Right ventricle | Left ventricle | Pulmonary valve | Aortic valve | lungs | body | ii. Arteries: transports blood from right & left chambers to body; large arteries branch into arterioles; carry oxygenated blood (bright red); has thick elastic walls; pulse; located deep in muscles/tissues; highly oxygenated vessels that carry blood away from heart. iii. Veins: transports blood from peripheral tissues back to heart & lungs; large veins branch into venules in peripheral tissues; carry deoxygenated blood (dark red) back to lungs to release CO2; have thinner, bluish walls; have valves to prevent back flow of blood; located deep & superficially. iv. Capillaries: connect arterioles with venules via microscopic vessels; exchange O2 and CO2, nutrients, & fluids in tissue capillaries; pass waste products from tissue cells into capillary blood, then onto removal from body; carries mixture of arteriole & venous blood. Properties | Arteries | Veins | Capillaries | Thickness of vessel wall | Thickest elastic | Thinner | Thinnest to allow gas exchange | Direction of blood flow | Away from heart | To heart & lungs | From arteries and veins | Color of blood | Bright...
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...can affect heart rate. Chronotopic drugs are able to affect the heart rate in a positive or negative way. Positive additives would increase the heart rate where negative additives would decrease heart rate. In order to compare the difference of certain chemicals on heart rate, a lab testing the effects on a daphnia magna will be performed. A daphnia magna is a flea that lives in water. Five different commonly used solutions will be ingested by five different daphnia magna. These agents affect daphnia magna much like they affect humans. The normal heart rate of each daphnia magna will be recorded before the solution is added, and afterwards...
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...Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is described by elevated blood pressure and proteinuria that happen after twenty weeks of gestation and can last up to twelve weeks after delivery before blood pressure return to normal. Although hypertension and proteinuria are the diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia, PIH can cause decreased perfusion in almost all the organs of the mother’s body, as well as many other complications to mother and fetus. In addition, PIH is the most common cause for a premature birth and underdeveloped fetus (Grossman & Porth, 2013). Signs and Symptoms PIH is characterized by classic sign of proteinuria and hypertension. If proteinuria is already present, then a sudden increase in the level is also indicative of PIH....
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...AP2 Dr. Halstead Unit 8 case studies Tricia Kanipe The Case of the Man with the Swollen Kidneys Mr. Newman is a 49 year old male who has hematuria, fever and severe flank pain. He also has bilateral lumbar tenderness, bilateral renal enlargement, liver enlargement, ankle and facial edema, skin pallor, and lung sounds suggest pulmonary edema. His vital signs are as follows: BP 172/100, heart rate 92 beats per minute, and a temperature of 102.2 F. There have been some labs done. His red blood count is 3.1 million cells, white blood count is 22,000 cells, potassium is 5.4 mEq/L, calcium is 6.8 mg/dL, phosphate is 4.3 mEq/L, urea is 37 mg/dL, creatinine 2.0 mg/dL, albumin is 2.9 mg/dL, and pH is 7.29. With labs like these, more testing was done. A chemistry panel which showed protein 1.7 gm/24 hours, glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 ml/minute, and his urine sediment showed presence of gram negative bacilli, presence of white blood cells, presence of red blood cells, and granular and waxy casts. Mr. Newman had a genetic screening that showed a mutation on Chromosome 16. This mutation results in the formation of abnormal membrane protein called polycystin. It is inherited from one of his parents. The mutation takes place in 1 to 2 homologous chromosomes. With him only have one copy; it has stayed latent for many years. Now he has two abnormal polycystin genes. Polycystin genes act as receptors for extracellular growth. Cystic lesion has formed in Mr. Newman’s...
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...Pathophysiology lab questions Laboratory evaluation of hemostatic disorders 1. A 46-year-old obese woman was admitted to the hospital with subfebrility and malaise. Her right thigh is swollen, with tight skin and dilated superficial veins. A day ago she started complaining of nausea, sweating, dyspnea and chest pain. Laboratory data: RBC: 4.1 T/l; WBC: 13 G/l; PLT: 240 G/l ESR: 25 mm/h LDH: 600 U/l CK: 160 U/l D-dimer: high (> 3 μg/ml) AT-III concentration: 60 % of normal What may cause her symptoms? What tests would you perform to support your diagnosis? Clinical findings: Swollen right thigh with tight skin and dilated superficial veins - suspect DVT. DVT accompanied by chest pain and dyspnea are signs of pulmonary embolism or AMI (should always include AMI - suspect the worst). Lab findings: - RBC (3,8-5,2 T/l) - 4,1 T/L is normal. - WBC (4-10 G/l) - 13 G/l is a bit above normal, most likely due to an inflammation (also, the thormbus serves as an ideal site for bacterial growth). - PLT (150-400 G/l) - 240 G/l is within the normal range. - ESR (< 20 mm/h) - 25 mm/h is slight increased, and could result from an ongoing inflammation. - LDH (< 160 U/l) - 600 U/l is quite high. LDH in this case may either be released during lysis of RBC (DVT/PE), or from ischemic cardiomyocytes (if there is an AMI). - CK (< 200 U/l) - 160 U/l is within the normal range. If the patient have AMI we would see an elevation in this value. - D-dimer (> 3 μg/ml) -...
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...A pathologist is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests, and interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient’s diagnosis and treatment. He or she works closely with the patient’s other doctors and is a vital member of the patient’s primary health care team. Pathologists work in many areas of the medical laboratory and often serve as the Lab Director. Contrary to popular depictions of this career, the task of performing autopsies constitutes just a small part of the typical pathologist’s practice. A clinical pathologist oversees lab tests conducted on body fluids. For instance, together with clinical lab technologists, pathologists work to ensure that blood and blood products are safe. In microbiology, pathologists identify microorganisms that can cause infections – bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites – so that the most effective treatment can be selected for each particular case. An anatomic pathologist assists surgeons during operations by providing immediate diagnoses on biopsies (specially treated tissues removed in surgery and rushed to the lab). A forensic pathologist uses lab science to answer questions about evidence collected for criminal and civil cases. Other pathologists conduct research in pathology, developing new tests and new instruments to better diagnose diseases. Some pathologists devote their careers to research in pathology, developing new tests and new instruments to better diagnose diseases. Pathologists...
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