...The cranial buttressing system has many important roles, mostly surrounding the act of mastication. Reinforced pathways within the skull are called buttresses; these are thicker and much more dense areas of bone within the skull, which is necessary for many reasons. The buttressing system within the skull is made up of many buttresses running both vertically and horizontally across the skull to create a lattice of thicker and stronger bone necessary for structure and support. [4] These pathways are needed in order to absorb high traction forces from mastication as well as allow for the muscle attachment necessary for mastication. [8] The strongest buttresses are vertically oriented, whereas the weaker buttresses are horizontally oriented. [5] This allows the weaker horizontal...
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...Introduction- The purpose of this paper is to discuss a rarest case of hidden maxillary tooth in infra-orbital space following trauma. Pediatric dental injuries leading to traumatic tooth displacement is common in children, although it very rare and sometimes challenging to diagnose and treat traumatically embedded tooth in vital tissue spaces which may lead to serious complications if ignored. Case report- A 4-year old male child was brought with injuries on his face and mouth and swelling over left side of face, resulting from fall. The intra-oral examination revealed absence of all maxillary incisors. The paranasal sinus view showed a vague tooth-like object embedded in the floor of left orbit. The correct location and type of tooth could not be ascertained till the end of procedure. Comments- The above case is about the importance of seeking every tooth lost in trauma. It discusses complications of not following standard protocol for diagnosis and treatment in such rare cases. Key Words: dental trauma, embedded tooth, hidden, infra-orbital space, seeking, standard protocol. Introduction...
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...December 2014 Introduction: On the 23rd day of October 2014 at approximately 8:45 a.m., Dr. Robert Routh presented human skeletal remains to the Anatomy & Physiology class. The remains were comprised of both coxal bones, right and left femur, skull, and remaining parts of the skeleton. Also a radiograph was given to the class which included the ulna and patella, dentures and the metacarpals. The class was given the instructions to estimate the individual’s sex, age, and also note and record evidence of trauma. Information about the recovery was given to the class, subsequent care of the material was not given to the class. Condition of Remains: All significant observations related to the bony materials itself are limited to this section. The bones exhibit a slight acrid odor, and are slightly greasy to the touch. Pupa cases can be seen in a foramen found within the infratemporal fossa of the skull; also in the pubic symphysis ridges of the left coxal bone. Some plant materials, or soils are immediately apparent, and the right coxal bone demonstrates a substantially lighter color than the rest of the postcranial skeletal remains. Summary: Sex: Female Age: 14-19 Trauma: Ante-mortem and Peri-mortem trauma present; no post-mortem trauma is readily apparent. Sex: Based on an examination of gross morphology of the innominate, the following female features are listed: wide obtuse sciatic notch, the presence of a ventral arch on the pubis, circular...
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...After the initial discovery of the bodies, they are processed and taken to the lab. Because of the lack of soft tissue won’t allow for a typical autopsy, Dr. Brennan must analyze the bones to determine the details of the case. In the lab, Dr. Brennan requests an x-ray of the head and macerates the bones by boiling it in water to remove the flesh. Dr. Brennan can determine the race because the victim has red hair, and the remaining skin appears to be Caucasian. To determine the sex, Dr. Brennan analyzes the facial features, and build of the body. Dr. Brennan notes that the facial features were “delicate” (Reichs 28), and then goes on to analyze the pelvis to confirm her hunch that the body was a female. I would agree with her assessment and...
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...aging Musculoskeletal System LaToya Johnson ITT-Orland GE 258 April 28, 2015  Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone condition that makes bones thinner and more fragile because of reduced bone density, and it puts people at risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spinal vertebrae and wrist. Bones in the spine are not broken they are compressed together, and leads up to kyphosis. Kyphosis is a deformity of the spine which is a curve shape to the upper spine. There are different causes/ risk factors that leads up to osteoporosis such as reduced sex hormones, particularly in women due to less estrogen after menopause, eating disorders, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, decrease calcium and vitamin D, inactivity or immobility. Both men and women are affected. Osteoporosis can have a profound impact on daily living, fractures can occur with little trauma. Which make ADLs harder to do and eventually need assistance. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, when the cartilage of the bone wears down over time it commonly effect the joints of the hand, knees, hips and spine. People in the occupation with repetitive and stressful movement should find ways to reduce the trauma. . Causes / risk factors that increases or could lead up osteoarthritis is age, sex women is at more risk, obesity, joint injuries, bone deformities, certain jobs genetics. ( web MD). There is no cure that exists at this time however you could slow the down...
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...Osteoblasts 17. Calcitriol 18. Metaphysic 19. Metaphysic 20. Osteomalacia True and false 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T Testing Your Comprehension 1. Osteocytes adjacent to a central canal and transfer osteocytes by way of these processes. 2. expect to see increased density in all weight bearing bones of the appendicular skeleton. 3. Blood calcium concentration is hormonally regulated within a narrow range of the homeostatic set point. hormone lowers the calcium level by stimulating osteoblast activity. 4. The trabeculae of spongy bone are not arranged randomly like the fibers of a kitchen sponge, but rather, are aligned along lines of stress in the bone so they can bear the greatest amount of stress for the least amount of bone mass. 5. If the epidermis blocked all UV radiation from reaching the blood vessels in the dermis. If no vitamin D were taken orally to compensate for this, then we would expect to see rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults. Both of these diseases result from inadequate bone deposition in the absence or insufficiency of vitamin D. Chapter 8 Review 1. B 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. E 7. C 8. D 9. E 10. B 11. Fontanels 12. Temporal 13. Sutures 14. Sphenoid 15. Anulus 16. Dens 17. Auricular 18. Styloid 19. Pollex, hallux 20. Longitudinal ...
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...Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition, is a long-term chronic disease involving the thinning of cartilage in joints which results in bones rubbing together, engendering stiffness and pain, which often results in impaired forms of kineticism. Osteoarthritis withal can damage ligaments, menisci, and muscles. Bone or cartilage fragments may float in the joint space, causing exasperation and pain. Bone spurs, or osteophytes, may additionally develop, causing adscititious pain and potentially damaging circumventing tissues. OA is cognate with age, but is associated with a variety of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, including obesity, lack of exercise, genetic predisposition, bone density, occupational injury, trauma, and gender....
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...Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become fragile and causes them to become brittle and break easier. Untreated this will cause it to painlessly deteriorate the bone until it breaks and will cause little to no trauma. Fractures most often occur in the hip, wrist, and spine. All of which would require a trip to the hospital and surgery. In the case of a spinal injury one may lose height and become deformed. This disease is much more relevant for women than it is men, as one in two women over the age of 50 years old have a fracture of some kind from osteoporosis. Naturally over time calcium is lost in everyone’s bones with age. Osteoporosis occurs when that process is accelerated. Calcium determines bone density and without it, you become more susceptible to all of the aforementioned fractures. Many risks that come from lone density and for osteoporosis itself are being too thin and having a very abnormally small frame, in women’s cases an estrogen deficiency, low lifetime calcium intake, possible medication uses that could hinder daily performances, a very inactive daily routine and a possible excess in alcohol use according to our LRC. While some of the risk factors are under our control we have many ways available to us to prevent calcium loss while even in some cases increase bone density. By testing our bones we can determine our fracture risk and pretty much hit a spot on diagnosis. All women over the age of 65 should be scanned, some doctors would recommend...
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...Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease is the most common inflammatory joint disease and disability in the United States. It is referred to as the “wear and tear” of joints. Osteoarthritis is a disease of the entire diarthrodial joint, including the articular cartilage, synovium, joint capsule, and subchondral bone, including surrounding muscles, bone, and ligaments (Pharmacotherapy, p. 1599). Osteoarthritis can affect any joint, but often occur in knees, hip, lower back, and small joints of the fingers causing pain, swelling, tenderness, decrease range of motion, weakness, and joint instability. In osteoarthritis, cartilage, a firm, smooth, connective tissue that covers the ends of each bone lubricated by synovial fluid,...
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...or other susceptible bone attributable to osteoporosis ( Pamela W McCoy, Dec 2001). Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bone tissue deteriorates to a point where the bone becomes fragile and may fracture with minimal trauma. There are many risk factors for osteoporosis. These include; genetic, nutritional and behavioral. For many years there has been research to find treatment for osteoporosis. For postmenopausal women the drug that is preferred is estrogen. Bisphosphonates and calcitonin are useful for those who cannot take estrogen. For men bisphosphonates is the only treatment. Supplements of calcium and regular exercise help prevent or slow down the rate of bone loss. Osteoporosis progresses for many years without causing symptoms. But some signs are decreased bone strength which result in deformities of the skeleton, lack of bone density which can cause loss of height and bone quality which makes bone more fragile and prone to fractures. Many levels of the hierarchy are unmet with osteoporosis. There are the physiological needs which are the basic physical needs. A person with osteoporosis can have pain due to deformities and can also fall into the body integrity need. Rest is also a need because the person may not be comfortable in bed or while resting on a chair due to backaches resulting from kyphosis. Physiological needs are also unmet, because of limitations. Sex, exercise and activity are limited due to pain or risks of fracturing a bone. Another unmet need...
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...Textbook Review: What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis is the most common musculoskeletal condition and is a long-term chronic disease “characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage with hypertrophy of the underlying and adjacent bone” Without the articular cartilage providing a smooth surface for one bone to glide over another, it will cause stiffness, pain, and impaired movement. Osteoarthritis is related to age but associated with a variety of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, including obesity, lack of exercise, genetic predisposition, bone density, occupational injury, trauma, and gender. Osteoarthritis is the major cause of disability in elderly populations. There are two types of osteoarthritis: primary...
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...This degeneration of the articular cartilage and joint can then cause bone-on-bone contact allowing for remodeling, thickening, and hardening of the subchondral bone and the formation of osteophytes, bony extrusions produced when bone is stressed or in contact with other bone (3). Several primary causes of osteoarthritis include aging, and the wear and tear of the cartilage involved in everyday activities. Also, any other specific degenerative or erosive joint diseases may bring upon osteoarthritis. Secondary causes of osteoarthritis can include mechanical stress, trauma, infection localized in the joint, or congenital abnormalities of the joint (2). The most affected areas are the knees, hips, spine, and hands with symptoms that include pain, stiffness, and loss of normal function of that area (4). While current treatments mentioned above adequately treat and help with the symptoms of osteoarthritis, they are not a cure. They do not stop the progression of OA, which means that a patient will always have the disease and will be affected by it unless surgical...
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...does not treat the immediate issue of getting a knee evaluated for total joint replacement or arthroplasty. The main causes of body breakdown are poor diet, lack of exercise and not getting treatment early enough for minor injuries, which leads to early onset of arthritis. Screening is available to assess bone loss but this test is only available with an order from a physician. Poor diet and attention to the amounts of food people are consuming is a hot topic in the media and in public schools. The volume of food consumed has risen and people waistlines have expanded as a result. Schools are changing the foods they offer and the number of calories children can eat at lunch. Removing vending machines and extra snacks from their daily choices of food is happening in schools too. There is a diet option that not many people know about that when implemented into children’s diets and an early age and continued throughout life can help with obesity that has a direct link to orthopedic health. Super foods give other nutrients the body needs in addition to calcium to maintain a healthy body. According to The Joint Pain Institute, “Generally, the best foods for healthy bones are fresh fruits and vegetables and other whole foods, organically grown. Foods...
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...Joint Pain Joints form the connections between bones. They provide support and help you move. Any damage to the joints from disease or injury can interfere with your movement and cause a lot of pain. Joint pain is a matter of serious concern, primarily because joints play a huge role in the overall functioning of the human body. Joint pain is the result of an injury, infectious disease, or medical condition or is the result of structural damage within the joints. There are many different types of painful joints, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, gout, strains, sprains, etc. Joint pain is extremely common. Knee pain is the most common, followed by shoulder and hip pain, but joint pain can affect any part of your body,...
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...Musculoskeletal system: The Musculoskeletal System’s function is to allow movement, supporting the body, protecting vital organs, and provides form for the body. The organs include bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues. HOW IT WORKS WITH THE OTHER SYSTEMS The Musculoskeletal System works with the Nervous System because you're brain and nerves control the movement of you're muscles The Musculoskeletal System works with the Digestive System because you're teeth are bones which chew your food up and that's the first step in digestion. The Musculoskeletal System Works with the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems beacasue in order the move you have to have oxygen for your muscles. The Respiratory...
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