...2.1 Bone classification and its cellular structure There are two major types of bone. They denote different stages of a bone lifecycle. 1. Woven Bone – It is an unorganized and premature bone that is found in either growing bones or at fracture sites as newly-formed bone. 2. Lamellar Bone – It is a mature bone that results from the further remodeling of woven bone. Lamellar bone may be further divided into: a. Cortical Bone – It is a dense or compact bone, which constitutes approximately 80% of the skeleton. It is approximately 20% porous and consists of a dense bundle of vascular channels containing blood vessels surrounded by mature bone. It forms the middle 80% of long bones of the body – tibia, fibula in the lower leg, femur in the upper leg, the radius and ulna in the lower arm, and the humerus in the upper arm. b. Cancellous Bone – It is a spongy bone, which constitutes approximately 20% of the skeleton. It is approximately 70% porous, highly vascularized and consists of loosely formed matrix of beams designed to withstand the principal stresses and strains applied to the bone. The density of cortical bone is four to six times higher than cancellous bone. Cancellous bone constitutes the remaining 20% of bone located at the ends of the long bones and predominates in the pelvis and the 33 vertebrae from the neck to the tailbone. A fibrous membrane called the periosteum covers bone. In general, bone constitutes minerals, proteins, hormones, water, other molecules...
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...Current reports in the literature show that micro-cracks involve in the bone remodeling process by triggering the remodeling mechanism. Since the micro-cracks influence the remodeling, it can be confirmed that the micro-damages have an indirect relationship to material changes in bone. In order to understand the operation of the harvesting bone and test methods, the test preparation process of different papers will be explained in the method section. In this report, the current experiments on the micro-crack influence (linear and diffuse) will be discussed and presented. Introduction Unlike engineering material, healthy bone can maintain its reliability by restoring the micro damage and remodeling itself. Bone remodeling follows two...
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...When the police or any government agency finds bones in the crime scene or suspect they belong to the victim, they call those who have extreme expertise in the osteology and forensics, Anthropologist. Anthropologist use their knowledge of bones to whether to determine how old the victim was when they died, the sex of the bones, the race of the bones and their previous medical history. Forensic anthropologist use the pelvic bone to determine the sex of the bones. Female pelvic bones are larger and wider due to the fact they give birth to children, the identifier of race is shown by the shape of the victim eye socket, nasal spine and their mandibular traits. Eventually the forensic anthropologist can determine height of bones by using the length...
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...Bone is composed of two different components. Collagen which is a protein that creates the woven like framework. Collagen also helps bones become flexible. Bones are also made of Calcium, which strengths them. Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down old bone, while osteoblasts are responsible for replacing them with new bones. Bone remodeling consists of removing the old bone and replacing it with new bone. There are three phases that occur during this process. Resorption, which is basically digestion of the old bone. Reversal, which is when mononuclear cells appear on the bone. And lastly, formation, when new bone is laid down until the old bone is finally replaced. These steps are crucial in the initial stages of life. In early development, bones are sculpted which allows new bone to grow at...
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...The skeletal system is considered the “framework” of the body. Individual bones and groups of bones provide structural support and placement for attachment of soft tissues and muscles. The skeletal system is an essential component of life; without them, the individual could not perform basic tasks or functions, could not walk, and could not exist in the form that it does today. The skeletal system offers protection for the body’s internal organs, produces blood cells, and acts as a storage container for calcium. Furthermore, delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal structures for protection. The skeletal system is typically divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the median axis of the body and includes the skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, 24 ribs, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull is comprised of 8 cranial bones, and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones are flat and consist of the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietal bones and 2 temporal bones. These are connected by immovable, fibrous joints called sutures. The facial bones include the vomer, the mandible and two of each of the following: maxillary, palatine, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic and lacrimal bones. The vertebral column is composed of irregular bones called vertebrae, which are connected by cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral disks. There are seven cervical or neck vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and...
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...Abstract: Bones are the framework of the body. Tissue present in bones are continuously growing, remodeling and repairing itself for homeostasis of body by providing support and protection. Bone fracture occurred due to some pathological conditions and its mechanism of healing and the treatments involved in it like ayurvedic treatment, allopathic treatment and other are reviewed in following text. Treatment options consist of invasive surgical techniques, such as internal and external fixation, bone grafting, and amputation. Noninvasive options include bone growth stimulation. However, with the increasing development of the human mind and the development of different technologies, the process of development and sophistication of the bone...
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...Osteomyelitis (bone infection) Overview: Osteomyelitis is an infection / inflammation of the osteo-articular bone is affecting both his bone marrow and is the most serious infection that can affect the bones of the human skeleton. The term derives from the greek osteomyelitis "osteon" (bone) + "myelo" (spinal) + "itis" (inflammation). The disease can be caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses and other factors that we discuss in more detail in the next section. The bone can be infected or by blood, or by proximity to other infected areas or because of penetrating trauma (prosthesis, fractures, etc.) Causes: The microorganisms responsible for osteomyelitis may colonize the bone and its marrow following a serious bill (exposed), a surgical...
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...Bone formation also known as ossification and osteogenesis, is the process by which bone tissue replaces with fibrous or cartilage structure to form the bony skeleton to early childhood to adulthood. It takes about 8 weeks or so, for the bone tissue to begin developing in the fetal state. In addition, as the body grows so does the bone in thickness and length, this is called bone growth. There are multiple of factors influencing bone development, growth, and repair. These include nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise. (p 183-198) Nutrion: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the bone and constitute its structure and strength, it is vital for muscle contraction and nerve transmission, besides other roles. Magnesium is needed for bone structure and strength, (Integration.”)Trace minerals are also important for encouraging bone growth in lesser amount. These type of nutrition helps to maintain and balance vitamin D in the body between bone resorption and formation, the two key processes of bone remodeling. Vitamins and minerals, also help bone formation, strength and mineralization, and decrease the risk of bone fractures. It helps harden bone. promotes bone growth, protects vitamin D levels and contributes to calcium absorption....
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...Sally James EXP-201 Professor Atlas The Lovely Bones The story “The Lovely Bones” by Alice Sebold takes place in the 1970s in Philadelphia, and focuses on a 14 year old, Susie Salmon, and her family’s methods of coping with her murder. On her way home from school, Susie is taking a shortcut through a cornfield near her house, and is stopped by a neighbor, George Harvey, who says that he wants to show her an underground room. Mr. Harvey, however, ends up raping and murdering Susie that day. Susie watches from her heaven as her family struggles with their emotions about her death. She follows her father as he takes the investigation of her murder into his own hands, her mother as she drifts from her father and has an affair and her siblings as they do things that Susie knows she will never have the opportunity to do. As Susie watches her sister start a relationship with a boy named Samuel, she longs for her life back, and wishes that she could start a relationship with Ray Signh, her first and only love. While her father suspects that George Harvey is the murderer, the detective in charge of Susie’s case, Len Fernerman, doesn’t have the evidence to prove that he is guilty because Mr. Harvey dumps Susie’s remains into a sink hole and collapses he underground room. Meanwhile, as Susie’s father attempts to gather evidence; her mother begins an affair with Len. In the Fall Susie’s sister, Lindsey, breaks into Mr. Harvey’s home and finds evidence to connect him to Susie’s murder...
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...Bone is a living tissue that supports our muscles, protects vital internal organs, and stores most of the body's calcium. Bone also contains living cells, including some that nourish the tissue and others that control the process known as bone remodeling. Throughout life, our bones are constantly being renewed by means of this remodeling process, in which old bone is removed (bone resorption) and replaced by new bone (bone formation). Bone remodeling is carried out through the coordinated actions of bone-removing cells called osteoclasts and bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are mono-nucleated cells that synthesize bone. These cells are fully involved in the anabolic activity in bones. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells responsible...
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...Bone turnover is carried out by osteoclasts, cells that resorb old bone, and osteoblasts, cells that lay down new bone matrix. Osteoclasts are large multi-nucleated cells derived from mononuclear hematopoietic cells that, upon stimulation, secrete lysosomal enzymes during bone resorption. Bone is resorbed by acidification and proteolysis of the collagen bone matrix and hydroxyapatite crystals [8]. Osteoblasts evolve from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage, along with adipocytes, chondrocytes, myoblasts and fibroblasts. Bone formation takes place in three stages: 1) production of osteoid matrix, 2) maturation of osteoid matrix, and 3) mineralization of the matrix. After the completion of bone formation, osteoblasts assume one of three fates: 1) undergo apoptosis, 2) remain on the bone surface as bone lining cells, or 3) are buried in the newly formed bone matrix as terminally differentiated osteocytes....
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...body, that is immediate bone deterioration, and muscle atrophy due to the presence of anti-gravity. Currently, NASA invests millions of dollars in research in order to figure out exactly what happens to both bones and muscles when experiencing zero gravity (Barry). The top researches in the field of life sciences have been spending the last 50 years rigorously testing both humans and animals and the effects that anti-gravity have on their bones and muscles. Very significant results have come from all of the research, and scientists are now looking for different ways to mitigate bone and muscle loss in space. A ‘cure’ for detrimental bone and muscle loss is crucial if humans wish to travel within our galaxy, for example to Mars, as these missions would involve astronauts being exposed to anti-gravity for years at a time. Currently, there are multiple solutions to bone and muscle loss, such as weight bearing exercise, and nutrient supplementation, however nothing has been perfected yet. If the human race wishes to continue to explore space within our galaxy, and hopefully one day outside of our galaxy, it is extremely important to determine what causes muscle and bone loss, and to develop a solution to this problem. Bone loss occurs naturally, even with the presence of gravity, throughout every single humans lifetime. However, gravity plays an important role in the sustenance of bone density, as it can be seen that astronauts lose up to 1.5% of bone mass for every month spend...
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...discuss our bone system, osteoporosis and treatment for osteoporosis. Let's begin. The 206 bones in our body have a big job. They are responsible for keeping out structure, movement, protection, mineral storage and blood cell production. These bones provide the structure to which the muscles and ligament cling, maintaining posture. By providing the structure bones also allow for cohesive movement. Along with structure and movement the bones of the cranial cavity, ribs and spinal column provide a wall of protection around our brain, organs and spinal...
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...but people who have adjacent relative with bone development suffered from bone cancer. In individuals with intrinsic retinoblastoma that is a kind of eye growth that most regularly influences extremely youthful kids. People who are suffering from Li-Fraumeni disorder that is a remarkable hereditary condition. But scientists are finding ways to prevent it. There are no way to prevent bone cancer. Genetic syndrome like Li – Fraumeni and hereditary retinoblasts. Paget disease of bone can increases the risk of bone cancer....
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...The Lovely Bones Review I'm the type of person that will pick up a book and read it until completion if I enjoy the book. There is nothing worse than purchasing a book because it received great reviews and your find yourself disappointed. The Lovely Bones was a bitter disappointment, no disrespect to Alice Sebold but I found myself bored and struggling to complete this novel. When I purchased The Lovely Bones at Borders, I asked the store clerk what she thought of the book. Not that it matters what she thinks but I have received some excellent recommendations on authors and books because of them. The clerk's response to me was "it was a waste of time". I honestly didn't know how to take that comment. We have our likes and dislikes when it comes to reading. I originally thought her response derived from this novel not being a happy one. The emotions you feel while reading this novel leaves you sad and grateful to have your children alive. However, I do understand what the clerk meant but I do not agree with her. Let me clarify, the first eighty or so pages engulfed me and I was very much into The Lovely Bones. The way Alice described Susie's heaven blew me away, I could see what she was describing. I was dreading reading about Susie’s demise but Alice handled this sensitive subject rather tactful in my opinion. I could feel and see what Alice was writing when it came to her characters but as the book continued onto how her family coped with the loss of their family member;...
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