...Osteomyelitis is a bone infection mainly caused by bacteria. It can however be caused by fungi or other germs. Risk factors of this disease are a recent injury like an open fracture, after a surgical procedure that involves a bone, diabetes, hemodialysis, poor blood supply, a weakened immune system, and a blood infection. The bacterium causes an inflammatory response which cause many nonspecific symptoms. Some of the more common symptoms associated with it are bone pain which can be severe aching, fever, malaise, edema, and or an open wound that may show pus. A physical exam can show swelling and redness around the area affected. A physician or health care provider may order a few laboratory and diagnostic tests such as a blood culture to check...
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...The skeletal system is made up of bones, associated cartilages, and joints of the human body. Together they form the human skeleton. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the appendicular skeleton which consists of shoulders, arms/hands, pelvis legs/feet and the axial skeleton which consists of the skull, vertebrae, and rib cage. There are six functions the skeletal system preforms. The first function is support for the softer tissues and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles. The second function is mechanical protection for many internal organs, decreasing the risk of injury. For example: the cranial bones protect the brain. The third function is assisting in movement. When the muscles attached to the bone contract, they move the bone. The fourth function is storing several minerals and when needed the bone releases the minerals into the blood. Major minerals, like calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur, are found in our body in amounts larger than 5 grams. Trace minerals, like chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, are found in our body in amounts less than 5 grams. (Embar, 2005) The fifth function is the production of red and white blood cells and platelets. The sixth function is the storage of adipose cells which are an important source of chemical energy. While there are many skeletal diseases people develop at various times in life some require frequent doctor’s visits...
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...Haemophilus influenzae. This bacteria is this because meningitis would mean the doctor believed the disease was an infection affecting the nervous system. All of the gram negative diseases that affect the nervous system are Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium leprae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Treponema pallidum. The organism cannot be Neisseria meningitides because it has diplococci. Mycobaacterium leprae doesn't stain with gram stain but rather stains with carbol fuchsin as well as it takes several weeks for the sample to mature or the bacteria to grow. Trponema palladium also needs a special stain like deterle stain. Haemophilus influenzae on the other hand can be .2 to .8 um and can be long like worms or even dots. The bacteria grew in both the blood agar and the chocolate agar because it grows when it has factors that are present in blood which is an agar at 80 degrees with blood added in. 2. Yes knowing that the child is unvaccinated really helps in knowing the diagnosis because a normal Hib Vaccination would have prevented Haemophilus influenza and all of the infections caused by it. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B is what Hib stands for and is usually given at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and one year. If the child had received these vaccinations the child would not have the bacteria in their system. 3. The resin the CSF is cloudy is that when there is an infection in the body, like Haemophilus influenza the body has increased protein, decreased glucose, high white blood...
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...Effects of Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a genetic hemolytic anemia that is considered a significant public health issue (2). It is mostly common among black Americans and black Africans (3). Every year there are almost sixty million carriers of SCD, and 1.2 million sickle cell homozygotes are added worldwide (2). Not only 1 in 400 African Americans is affected by SCD, but also other families that have any ethnic background (3). Approximately 70% of inherited hemoglobin disorders seen worldwide result from SCD (2). It can cause serious complications that may lead to life-long disabilities and premature mortality (1). SCD can result in acute painful episodes, neurologic complications, and infection. The first effect of sickle cell disease is the acute episodes of pain. It can be the most frequent complication after the age of two, and the reason why patients seek medical help although some of these episodes can be managed at home (1). A higher death rate in patients over the age of 19 can be associated with more repeated episodes (1). The frequency and severity of episodes have a considerable variability among patients. Any area of the body can be affected by the episodes, especially the back, chest, extremities, and abdomen (1). An objective clinical signs such as fever, hypertension, nausea, and vomiting can accompany these...
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...soreness can typically by way of subsided readily by resting. That being stated, there are others who have joint discomfort for various reasons comparable to infections, autoimmune illnesses, inflammatory conditions and degenerative ailments. Damage-related joint soreness: persistent joint suffering can be as a result of a stressful injury prior to now. Some individuals may even expertise continuous joint agony since of an injury for the leisure of their lives. Some injuries that may cause affliction within the joints are: severe bruising Dislocation or separation of a joint Sprain of a ligament Overuse of the joint or repetitive action of a specific...
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...Improper use of syringes can lead to bacterial infections and viruses that can affect the blood vessels, heart valves and cause death among the most prominent ones are HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C. Meth can enter the respiratory system two ways, but still end up with its catastrophic results. One way is by smoking it; as the smoke enters the lung it is filtered and all of its harmful chemicals enter the bloodstream. Snorting in the other hand takes the powder into the nasal cavity and then is absorbed into the bloodstream. Smoking and inhaling meth can lead to a variety of respiratory problems just like cigarettes and marijuana like bronchitis, emphysema and lung...
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...1. Musculoskeletal system :joint pain, muscle ache. 2. Urogenital system:Acute kidney injury, 3. Hematological system: anaemia, 4. Respiratory system:Acute respiratory distress 5. Cardiovascular system: enlarged heart and palpitations. CAUSES OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE. Sickle cell anemia is known majorly to be caused by gene mutation of the normal cell structure of the Red blood cell but this can always be precipitated by the following factors as follows: 1. Local tissue hypoxia 2.Dehydration secondary to a viral illness by parvovirusB19, or nausea and vomiting, all of which lead to hypertonicity of the plasma, may induce sickling. 3.Acidosis 4. Infection 5. Exposure to cold 6. Alcohol intoxication 7. Psychosocial stress and pregnancy can increase the sickling process.(medscape2017) SIGNS AND...
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...Skeletal.eap3am 8/20/02 1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3....
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...Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology Bones Bone remodeling Minerals have to be deposited into the bones and to be remodeled Osteoblasts = builds the bone Osteoclasts = corroding the bone, originate from stem cell * Big cells, a number of nuclei * Ruffled edges to increase surface area * Mineral resorption (dissolves crystals and releases minerals into the blood) * Acid dissolves the bone minerals Things can do wrong * Preventing bones from generating in other parts of the body * Inhibitors include hydroxyapatite crystal deposition and thus not calcify * Calcification of arteries SMC (Smooth muscle cells) in calcification Media Contractile phenotype Low proliferation, low synthesis, expression of SMC markers Intima Synthetic phenotype Proliferative, migratory, secretory Osteoblast-like phenotype Mineralising, expression of osteoblast markers It is more common to have hypocalcemia than hypercalcemia Common cause of hypercalcemia is thyroid tumour Calcium homeostasis * Controlled by 3 hormones: calcitriol, calcitonin and PTH (parathyroid hormone) Calcium is not strong/high enough weak bones Calcium into blood from our bones (99% Ca stored) * Two hormones to tell osteoclast to reabsorb Ca out of the bones and back into the blood (PRH and Calcitriol) or redeposited into the bones via osteoblast * Adults have low levels of calcitonin (children have higher levels since their bones are still forming, stronger effect...
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...problem of it’s over use is a global phenomenon. In India the prevalence of use of antimicrobial agents varies from 24 to 67%. As per kunin’s criteria it was observed that 64% of total antibiotics prescribed were either not indicated or inappropriate in terms of drug or dosage and was estimated that in India, they account for over 50% of the value of drugs sold. Antibiotics are frequently prescribed medicine in orthopedics unit. The antibiotics are prescribed both as prophylactically or to treat current infection. Infection is a very prevailing problem in the orthopedic surgery because of its continuing incidence, clinical important and serious sequels, and the treatment being very difficult and expensive. Rates of infection have been reduced by antibiotic prophylaxis, but the increasing number of implants used means that there are still many patients affected each year. Implants are avascular and therefore antibiotics can reach them only by diffusion from the surrounding tissues. Infection involving an implant cannot be cured simply with antibiotics and it often necessitates the surgical removal of the implant. The objective of this study was to assess the drug utilization pattern and drug interaction profile of antibiotic prescribed to patients at orthopedic hospital, Nadiad METHODOLOGY Study Site This study was conducted at Private Hospital, Nadiad. It is a 100 bed tertiary care hospital. Study Design This was a cross sectional observational study, which assessed the prescribing...
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...year. From those 2.5 million patients, 60 thousand patients die from complications (Cooper & Gosnell, 2015, para. 4). In this essay, I will be explaining the normal causes, common treatment (tx), and prognosis for healing. Pressure Ulcers (PU) overall usually occur when there is sufficient pressure on the skin over bony prominences causing blood vessels in an area to collapse. Pressure ulcers result in ischemia or lack of oxygen and nutrients to the cells. PU usually take place over bony prominences such as: sacrum, scapula, elbows, heels, inner and outer knees, back of the head, and the hips. Since we are talk about stage III pressure ulcers, PU involves full thickness tissue loss where the subcutaneous fat is sometimes visible, but bones, tendons and muscles are not exposed. Stage III pressure ulcers vary depending on the location which also include: bridge of nose, ear, and the occiput. Deep stage 3 PUs develop in areas within layers of deep adipose tissue. The two main factors that play a role in development for pressure ulcers are shearing force & friction. Shearing force involves when the tissue layers of the skin slide on each other, which can cause the subcutaneous blood vessels to stretch, resulting in interruption of blood flow. On the other hand, friction is rubbing on skin against another surface producing friction which removes layers of the skin. Individuals who are at risk for pressure ulcers are individuals who have urine and/or feces that touch the skin...
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...Who is the Greatest Canadian of the Twentieth Century? Thomas Clement Douglas was born on October 20, 1904 in Falkirk, Scotland. He was often called Tommy. He and his family immigrated to Canada in 1911. They settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba. When Tommy was 10, he had a bone infection in his leg, osteomyelitis, which needed many operations. None of the operations helped him and his family could not afford to send him to a special doctor. He was extremely fortunate when a visiting surgeon volunteered to operate on him for free. He was also a minister and a politician. Tommy Douglas is the greatest Canadian due to the fact he achieved Medicare, became the first national leader of the NDP and fought for social programs even in the presence of strong oppositions. Tommy Douglas learnt from the experience of his sickness the importance of doctors. The sickness and how he was saved was his inspiration for the Medicare. He wanted everyone to receive the Medicare they needed, even if they did not have a great deal of money. During one of his speeches as a politician, he said, I came to believe that health services ought not to have a price-tag on them, and that people should be able to get whatever health services they required irrespective of their individual capacity to pay. This inspired him to work hard so as to make health care available to all Canadians at no cost. In 1959, Tommy announced the plan to establish a medical insurance called Medicare. He faced...
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...Smart E – pants (all we need to know) Cures – pressure ulcers Problems with pressure ulcers - Pressure ulcers that affect the deep tissue may not be recognized until the wound is externally visible, by which time extensive injury may have occurred. Pressure ulcers are an adverse event that also increases the risk for further adverse events, including infection, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), sepsis, and death. Due to the intensive treatments involved, pressure ulcers are costly. An Ontario study estimated that the net hospitalization costs of treating hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in patients older than 65 years ranged from $44,000 for stage II pressure ulcers to $90,000 for stage IV pressure ulcers.18 This study also determined that the treatment costs of pressure ulcers that developed before individuals were admitted to hospital ranged from $11,000 for a stage II pressure ulcer to $18,500 for a stage IV pressure ulcer.18 A small Canadian study (n = 12) of the cost of caring for community-dwelling individuals with pressure ulcers due to spinal cord injury found an average monthly cost per patient of $4,745 (ranging between $3,400 and $18,000). About the product – The undergarment — a cotton and Lycra fabric, similar to biking shorts, with a front zipper to accommodate patients needing catheterization, markers on the thighs to guide alignment, and belt loops for the electrode leads * The surface electrodes — two for each buttock, contained in mesh panels on...
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...BEATRISA SHEKHTER NRS 433-V Literature Search Wound Care is very important topic in modern medical field. Pressure ulcers are the major problem in the long term facilities. Having an understanding of the exact cause of pressure ulcers helps place the role of repositioning into context. Demographic and epidemiological data suggest that health-care demand will increase considerably in the future as a result of an ageing population and a rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes. This phenomenon has come to be referred to as the ‘health care time bomb’ in the popular press and political discourse. The authors seek to look beyond the headlines and political rhetoric to clarify the extent to which they reflect the likely future reality with a specific focus on wound management. The present-day burden that wounds and current wound management practices place upon the health-care system are detailed and clarified, and the potential future implications of increasing wound prevalence on the current picture are explored. Possible opportunities to enhance current wound management practice as identified in the analysis are discussed. Declaration of interest: Alistair Biel by is a contractor for Smith & Nephew. Richard Searle is and employee of Smith & Nephew. This project was supported by an unrestricted grant from Smith & Nephew. As such, a pressure ulcer is defined as localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result...
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...Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Meningitis Pathogenesis – Bacteria * Infection begins with nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal colonisation * IgA proteases are secreted...
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