...Does the Spanish Conquest constitute genocide? Do you agree or disagree? The late 1400’s brought about the period of colonial expansion, initiated under the crown of Castile and the Spanish Conquistadors. This expansion continued over the next 4 centuries, seeing the Spanish Empire expand over most of Central and South America. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Incas spanned over decades and was not a peaceful conquest without bloodshed. The Conquista unleashed violence, death and destruction on a scale unknown until then. Charny acknowledged that it was possible for genocide to occur during the process of colonisation, as seen in the colonising of North America and similarly in Australia. This essay will discuss the various elements of genocide as defined by the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, as well as other sources. Through this discussion, the essay will relate it to circumstances and events related to the Spanish Conquest of Latin America, discussing the possibility of a connection between the conquest and genocide. There are a number of elements that must be satisfied in order to find a case for genocide. When defining an act of genocide, the UN definition is the internationally recognised and the framework by which this essay will follow when referring to an act of genocide. As found in the UN definition of genocide; the act committed must have the intent to destroy the target, in whole or in part, a national, ethical,...
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...Substitution and Industrialization in Latin Amercia: Experiences and Interpretations Author(s): Werner Baer Source: Latin American Research Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Spring, 1972), pp. 95-122 Published by: The Latin American Studies Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2502457 Accessed: 26/08/2009 09:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=lamer. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Latin American Studies Association is collaborating...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Tsinghua University] On: 19 March 2014, At: 22:22 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of Peasant Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fjps20 Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor Published online: 28 May 2012. To cite this article: Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor (2012) Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39:3-4, 845-872, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently...
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...Cervical Cancer Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection in Latin America: A Focus on Populations in Rural Honduras Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide, but is the most common cause of cancer death in women in developing countries, disproportionally representing 80% of the cervical cancer deaths in women throughout the world (Ferrera et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2011). More specifically, in 2008, statistics recorded over 80,000 women in Latin America and the Caribbean were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and nearly 36,000 died from the disease (PAHO et al., 2012). This accounts for over 16% (incidence) and over 13% (mortality) of the world’s public health burden due to cervical cancer. These numbers indicate that incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America is among the highest in the world, along with Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia (Arrossi et al., 2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in...
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...Research on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean Read the following articles in GGR: pp.151-230 These readings review the status of research in women's and gender studies in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean After I read the articles, I see women from Latin America and the Caribbean are facing similar issue with women from Asia and Africa. Sure that women’s right has come a long way and women role have change from only working in the houses or farms to working outside of the house support their families’ financial, but still they are suffer from gender inequality, poverty, and violence. Women are often treated as subordination to men in many ways like in economic or social life and when they want to work they are disadvantaged by childcare and housework responsibilities. To me, it seems like Latin America and the Caribbean special in Puerto Rico and Cuba have made more progress in women’s right than in Africa or Asia. Violence against women is still a serious problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. High rate of women have been a victim of sexual, physical, or psychological violence by partners just because they are women and seen as the weaker sex, even though there is law to protect women but usually get overlook especially in cases of domestic violence. I am also agree with Marta Nunez Sarmiento that there are more studies on women than men and in gender studies we should look on men perspective too. Cuban women have gained women equal in economic...
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...Intro. This book seeks to answer these and other questions by focusing on the study in perception of Colombian birds from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, as a pretext to analyze social, scientific and environmental relations between the United States and Colombia. Understanding how ornithologists and collectors formed bird collections reveal s a rich story of international scientific relations and power structure throughout the 19th and 20th century. Reconstructing the story of Colombian birds allows the author to build a history that not only analyzes the early and complex scientific relations between the United States and Colombia, but also takes into account the importance of North America's growing influence over Latin America as well as Colombia's changing economic, cultural and social history to understand different perception of the natural world in both countries. For a North American, the study of birds brought forth a natural world where US imperialist intentions over Latin America were entirely legitimized. For Colombian naturalists, the study of birds offered another way to promote relations with the United States and incorporated Colombia into the international arena of science. At the same time, a toucan in 1940 had a different meaning to a North American, who in the midst of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy, approached Latin America as an important economic and political ally, than to a Colombian rooted in the...
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...the IVEY British Airways case study, Mark Dunkerley has several constraints to contend with in order to implement change within the Latin America division of the corporation. The two most significant constraints I identified include: 1) lack of proper talent/change agents in Latin America to carry out organizational restructuring and operations’ changes and 2) a communication breakdown that is currently reinforced on the organizational level by British Airways’ corporate structure. Dunkerley begins hinting at the issue of lack of proper talent/change agents in Latin America to carry out organizational restructuring and operations’ changes on page 106. In speaking about BA’s poor performance he states that it is “an absence of vision, focus, and investment…There was no clear sales and marketing strategy. There was no teamwork between different functional areas.” These comments, that clearly highlight a communication issue, are really the symptoms of the deeper problem—lack of change agents on the ground in Latin America to implement or champion change. Although one could argue that the London headquarters should be aware of problems in Latin America (economic and organizational), even if headquarters begins working on a vision of how the LA division could change, run more efficiently, and be more profitable; it would still need a team/coalition on-site to oversee the changes on both a gradual and daily basis. Since Dunkerley arrived in Latin America in 1997 and has had time...
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...Diana Frias LACS 271 Professor Almendros March 23,2014 The chagas disease The spread of the chagas disease is most common in places of greater poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean. The chagas disease is a parasitic disease named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas who discovered it in 1909. It is spread to animals and people through a bite of an infected insect named triatomine bugs or “kissing bugs” that carry the parasite known as Trypanosoma cruzi (Boston College). The triatomine insect feeds on the blood a mammal infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, ingesting the parasite. The insect then becomes infected and now moves on to bite a human transferring the parasite. As the insect bites, it releases its feces near the site of the bite wound allowing the parasite to enter the victim. The parasite then invades the first cells it comes in contact with. They use the victim cells to multiply then releasing itself into the victim bloodstream where they will then continue to multiple and spread into different areas in the body. There are many other ways in which the disease can be spread. For example, infections occur from mother to baby, through contaminated blood transfusions, organ transplant from an infected donor and rarely though contaminated food or drinks (FAQs). Symptoms do not show immediately after being bitten by the triatomine bug. It takes from five days to two weeks for slight symptoms to show. Some symptoms are mild fever with body ache and swelling...
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...the People’s Republic of China’s Influence in the Americas: Potential Consequences facing the United States, Brazil &Venezuela Abstract This research seeks to examine the strategic implications facing the United States of America’s due to its benign interest in the Caribbean and Latin America (Americas) given the People’s Republic of China (China) increasing economic interest in the region. It is intended to first define the current security environment of the Americas and the relations between Brazil and Venezuela with that of the United States of America (United States) and China. Thereafter, China’s economic and domestic agenda in the Americas will be examined with hypotheses of the emerging global power potential growth success, challenges or possible collapse in her foreign policy. The likely consequences facing Brazil, Venezuela and the United States will also be examined. The assessment will be done across a continuum of China’s realized economic growth, development of hostile relations due to competition for scarce energy sources or possible collapse due to the country’s internal problems. Finally, the research seeks to encourage proactive thinking by the United States on China’s increasing political and military influence in the region and its possible underlying agenda of becoming the next global super power or hegemony. Introduction A general perception persists in the Caribbean and Latin America that the United States is disinterested in the...
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...SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION SCIENCES NOVEMBER, 2013 INTRODUCTION This paper aims to describe and analyze the main theoretical currents of communication in Latin America from two main aspects: first, the current state of research and production on the subject exists in some Latin American countries and on the other, the sense that scores from the beginning of the last decade, the curriculum reform in schools of communication in Latin America and, consequently, in the definition of the subject matter of the communication. Since the nineties, academic and research application of the theory of communication in Latin America has experienced a renewal, healthy and necessary overcoming change. This change starts mainly from overcoming the tendency to ascribe the declining communication studies to a single discipline and go creating a growing awareness of their status and disciplinary forms revolutionize approaches to the analysis and production, dissemination and reception the message. These changes, in fact, the main underlying theoretical and communication research in Latin America current. ANTONIO PASQUALI Arnaldo Antonio Pasquali Greco, born in Rovato, Italy; on June 20, 1929, is a Venezuelan social communicator. He is considered one of the introducers of thought in Latin America Communication underlying theoretical sources of the Frankfurt School. To Pasquali, humans develop the ability to communicate in the highest degree, as a means of interaction...
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...It is a very common notion to define the group people based on their race and ethnicity but it often leads to completely wrong perception and assessment of the group of people. This is exactly what happens with the conventional definition of Hispanic identity. In order to fully understand how the concept of ethnicity has been constructed in Latin America it is important to start with some historic background. The formation of what will be known as “Hispanic Identity” started centuries ago when Portuguese and Spanish colonists arrived to the South America and started to oppress, enslave and exploit populations that had lived there for eons (Wade, 2003). In addition numerous African slaves have been brought in, especially in places like Caribbean and Brazil where today the significant part of the population is black (Ferreira da Silva, 1998). Because of the melting pot relationships a significant portion of populations got mixed and were called “mestizos”. This mixing occurred between ingenious populations, Europeans and of course African slaves (Wade, 2003). This mixing created a very interesting phenomenon when it comes to Latin America namely the fact that ethnic and racial composition of many countries is extremely diverse and not homogenous at all especially in places like Brazil, Chile, Mexico and others. However at some point even this has changed as the new approach was to define populations based on the culture rather than on ethnicity (De la Cadena, 2000). This was...
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...Arianne Cerize A. Aman The Meaning of Development: Brazil and Costa Rica Economic development is the presumed solution to absolute poverty and to many of the world's other most pressing problems. But what is development, and how do we know it when we see it? The term, development, has been used in several ways. Traditionally, it was equated with growth of per capita income. Since the 1970s, other indicators of development have become widely used by development scholars and development agencies such as the World Bank. The meeting of basic needs (or, equivalently, reduction in absolute poverty), the creation of modern employment opportunities, and the achievement of a less unequal distribution of income and farmland have all become important criteria in determining the level of development. Traditional measures of growth, especially in developing countries, may be misleading in that they fail to account for the environmental destruction that often accompanies spurts in temporary and unsustainable economic growth; and economists are devising measures of the national capital stock that includes environmental wealth. The United Nations has placed both educational attainment and health standards on equal footings with per capita income as development criteria, in the widely followed United Nations Development Program human development index (HDI). Some leading development scholars, such as Amartya Sen, Denis Goulet, and Dudley Seers, have gone further. They argue that more intangible...
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...CORPORATE OWNERSHIP IN LATIN AMERICAN FIRMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DUAL-CLASS SHARES Luiz Ricardo Kabbach de Castro Rafel Crespi i Cladera Universitat de les Illes Balears Ruth V. Aguilera University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign We assembly new data on dual-class firms in Latin America and analyze the relationship between the largest shareholder characteristics and its decision to leverage voting rights. First, we describe who are the largest shareholders in Latin American firms. Second, we find that both the type and origin of the largest shareholder, together with firm- and country-level characteristics, are important determinants to explain the decision to separate voting from cashflow rights. To tackle the determinants of ownership in Latin American publicly listed firms has both managerial and policy implications because the largest shareholders are those in charge to define business strategies and the allocation of firms’ resources. Key words: Corporate ownership; dual-class shares; voting rights; cash-flow rights; Latin America. 1 INTRODUCTION Most of the analysis of the Modern Corporation has focused on the conflicts of interest between managers and owners. Yet, recent literature, extending the discussion of the classic ownermanager conflict, adds minority versus majority shareholders conflict where more concentrated ownership structures takes place (La Porta, López-de-Silanes, & Shleifer, 1999; Villalonga & Amit, 2009; Young, Peng, Ahlstrom, Bruton,...
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...NOTE: THE FOLLOWING CASE IS COPYRIGHTED AND MAY BE COPIED AND USED ONLY BY CURRENT USERS AND OWNERS OF THE TEXTBOOK, BUSINESS ETHICS: CONCEPTS AND CASES BY MANUEL VELASQUEZ. CASES FOR DISCUSSION H. B. Fuller and the Street Children of Central America The article was one of many published on street children in Latin American cities during the early 1990s. The issue on which it focused was one that children’s advocates had brought to the attention of H. B. Fuller Company repeatedly over many years. The article read: On a sidewalk in San Pedro Sula, Honduras ... a lanky, dark-haired boy [is] sitting w i t h arms curled around his folded legs, staring at the passing traffic. The boy, a nineteenyear-old named Marvin, has been sniffing glue for ten years. Once the leader of a gang of street kids, he now has slurred speech and vacant eyes. A year ago, Marvin began to lose feeling in his legs. Now he can no longer walk. He slides on his butt, spiderlike, through gutters, across streets, and along the sidewalks. Still loyal to their chief, the younger kids in his gang bring Marvin food, carry him to a news stand to spend the night, and make sure he has enough glue to stay high. ... Doctors offer no hope that Marvin will ever w a l k again. Toluene, the solvent in the glue he sniffs, is a neurotoxin known to cause irreparable nerve damage. ... In Honduras, the drug of choice for children is H. B. Fuller’s Resistol, a common shoe-glue made with toluene. Toluene creates...
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... The Field Study America is a nation known by most as a nation of opportunity and freedom. America promised in the Declaration of Independence that all people should have equal rights and opportunities. A controversial issue exists in the American work field, about racial issues affecting workers’ pay, position and freedom. Whether people are paid based on race and not by performance is speculative. Nations of prominent stature like America should not let racism in jobs occur. America, one of the most happily diverse nations in the world must put an end to the existence of racism in the workplace. I would like to visit businesses and examine the activity of the workers, to conclude if there is truth to the allegations of racism. To prove these Allegations, I will visit two businesses in the area, one of which will be a privately owned company, and the other of which will be a state-funded business like a school, hospital, or prison. I plan to inquire employees’ pay if they agree to present that information, and compare similar positions’ pay based on racial differences. The reason two different types of businesses should be used, is to determine if different types of business are racist towards workers. Many cases have been recorded of minorities being discriminated against in the workplace. Statistics were found supporting the claim that racism does exist in the workplace. The fact that black, Latin and Asian workers are paid less than...
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