...The issues of global climate change and global warming have attracted more and more concerns. It is commonly agreed that CO2 is the most important and critical anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The predicted growth of global economy and world population in the near future will lead to an increased demand for energy [1], resulting in an even further increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration [2]. In recent years, the amount of CO2 liberated by the utilization of fossil fuels has been over 30 gigatonnes. Global GHG emissions have doubled since the early 1970s, and the emissions would double again by 2050 without appropriate and effective emission abatement. Although international attempts have been made to reduce CO2 generation by promoting...
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... Cape Town “If we do not know where we are going, we could claim a step in any direction as progress” (Overheard during a robust discussion on the Presidency’s outcome‐based approach to prioritisation, planning and reporting) “Set a target for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as part of our responsibility to protect the environment and promote sustainable development, and to participate in sharing the burden with the global community under a common framework of action” (One of the climate change resolutions of the ANC’s 52nd National Conference in Polokwane in 2007) Presentation overview The mitigation challenge – the South African Greenhouse Gas (GHG) profile A quick introduction to Arithmophobia Concerns around the numbers. The ‘non‐numbers’ – The Long‐Term Mitigation Scenarios’ (LTMS) Required by Science trajectory – “our aspirational goal” Cabinet’s 2008 ‘peak, plateau and decline’ directive The 2009 ‘Copenhagen Undertaking’ Finding a definition that is sensitive to the concerns. A possible way forward. South Africa’s GHG profile (2000) South Africa’s GHG profile – Energy Emissions South Africa’s GHG profile – Fuel Combustion Energy Industries South Africa’s GHG profile – Initial update figures Arithmophobia ‐ Fear of Numbers Arithmophobia is also known as 'numerophobia'. Having a fear of numbers has an adverse effect on the persons who suffer from it. It hampers them from carrying on with their normal day to day activities. Peopl...
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...large amount of Carbon Dioxide emission. This Green House gas (GHG) attributed to the environmental warming and resulted in an increase of 0.74 degree for past 100 years. Rising global temperatures will cause sea level to rise and alter local climate conditions, affecting forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It may also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand and some of our countryside may be permanently altered. This concern has drawn World attention towards Carbon Management. The last 20 years have witnessed increasing momentum for international environmental policy efforts in order to avoid 'dangerous' anthropogenic climate change. Major achievements in the process so far have been the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1997, which entered into force in 2005. Carbon Management Carbon management is the control of carbon emissions within the economic, social, and technical and policy constraints through the reductions of carbon sources and the enhancements of carbon sinks. When implemented effectively, CPM techniques can reduce operating costs, realizing gains in brand equity, competitive advantage and stakeholder value. It basically focuses on developing break-through technologies for the large scale reduction (e.g. alternative, low carbon, energy sources), removal (e.g. gas separation from flue emissions) and sequestration (e.g. long term...
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...8/8/2014 SHELL AND THEIR IMPACT ON LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Table of Contents Introduction 1 Life Cycle Assessment 1 Findings and Analysis 2 Conclusion and Recommendation 10 References 11 Introduction The major accumulations of “oil were found in the 19th Century, fossil fuel seemed to” propose an unlimited foundation of drive to motivate expansion. Drilling, extracting severe and long-lasting risks, fires and doddles, work-related wound and illness, can prime to lasting damage to vegetables and bodily societies. (Andrew Inkpen & Michael H. Moffett, 2011) This report will discuss Shell Upstream and downstream activities with the LCA model and give critical analysis of what they need to show concern of environmental management and sustainability issues. Finally, give conclude by recommending how should shell lessons their impacts in the future. “Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a procedure used for measuring the possible ecological features and possible features linked with a manufactured goods (or” facility). - “ISO 14040.2 Draft: Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Guidelines Life Cycle Diagram Findings and” Analysis Shell Upstream Activities with the LCA Model The Upstream department of Shell business includes developments, probing, recapture of unrefined oil and its...
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...Abbreviations GHG – Greenhouse Gas CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O – Nitrogen oxide LNG- Liquefied Natural Gas Abbreviations GHG – Greenhouse Gas CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O – Nitrogen oxide LNG- Liquefied Natural Gas Highlights * We model two major oil and gas companies. * We examine causes of Climate Change * Increase in further research may produce other alternative to exist source of energy * Combined efforts will help to meet carbon reduction target ABSTRACT Playing a major role in the world, the oil and gas industry is faced with the challenge of climate change. This paper establishes the fact that climate change troubles our planet today. In establishing this fact the paper examines the causes of climate change, the relationship between climate change and the oil and gas industry through CO2. It further evaluates the various methods available to reduce CO2 emissions and the challenges the companies have in implementing the methods. This paper uses two major oil companies as case studies, to establish the above stated facts and concludes that oil and gas companies need to be involved in more research and development of alternative supply of energy, in order reduce CO2 emissions, in collaboration with other sectors of the economy in achieving the targets made regarding climate change, environmental laws and policies. Keywords: CO2, Climate Change, Industry, Oil and Gas. 1. INTRODUCTION Climate change is a global...
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...COP 17 Position Paper on Negotiations on Climate Change and the Suggested Steps by the Russian Government In a fight to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change, the Russian government acknowledges that there is an immediate need to collectively take action to combat this global issue. Russia feels that this can be accomplished, with the implementation of strict resolutions, whilst avoiding any detrimental effects to a growing economy. In 1997, Russia made a responsible decision to join The Kyoto Protocol. Albeit it a small step on the long road to reduce CO2 emissions; it was never the less, a decisive action which proved Russia’s commitment and accountability to reduce climate change. Originally Russia set out to reduce its CO2 emissions by 5% since 1990. Today, however, Russia has re-evaluated its target to a 15% reduction by 2020. To date, Russia has already successfully cut more emissions than required by the Kyoto Protocol. Due to its size and geography – much of Russia being located in the Polar Regions, It is expected to be hit hardest by climate change. Climate change is expected to manifest itself in the form of increased frequencies and severity of natural phenomena such as floods, winter melts, and gas leaks. According to Russian Natural Resources Minister Yury Truntyev, “Over the last 100 years, sea levels have risen approximately 10 centimetres – if this tendency continues they will rise by 10 to 20 centimetres by 2050. If the oceans rise by 10 centimetres...
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...Name: Julian Burroughs Grade: 12 Subject: Biology Topic: Global Warming Intro: Define Global Warming Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations. What Causes the Greenhouse Effect? Life on earth depends on energy from the sun. About 30 percent of the sunlight that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer atmosphere and scattered back into space. The rest reaches the planet's surface and is reflected upward again as a type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation.The heat caused by infrared radiation is absorbed by "greenhouse gases" such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane, which slows its escape from the atmosphere.Although greenhouse gases make up only about 1 percent of the Earth's atmosphere, they regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a kind of warm-air blanket that surrounds the planet.This phenomenon is what scientists...
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...Markets: Jobs and Opportunities Executive Summary This brief discusses how investment in clean energy technologies will generate economic growth and create new jobs in the United States and around the globe. The United States stands to benefit from the expansion of global clean energy markets, but only if it moves quickly to support domestic demand for and production of clean energy technologies through well-designed policy that enhances the competitiveness of U.S. firms. Clean energy markets are already substantial in scope and growing fast. Between 2004 and 2007, global investments in renewable energy more than doubled. Forecasts of investment totals over the next few decades vary according to assumptions made regarding the nature of future global climate agreements. Annual investments in global renewable energy markets could reach $106-$230 billion a year in 2020 and as much as $424 billion a year in 2030 (in year 2000 dollars). Over the next decade, assuming strong global action on climate change, cumulative global investment totals for clean power generation technologies could reach nearly $2.2 trillion. Recognizing the potential of these markets, China, Europe, and other nations are moving to cultivate their own clean energy industries and position them to gain large market shares in the decades ahead. In 2009, China invested more money in clean energy technologies than the United States for the first time, and Europe continued to lead the world in clean energy investments...
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...Iowa State University Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2012 Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade Jingbo Cui Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Agricultural Economics Commons, Economics Commons, and the Natural Resource Economics Commons Recommended Citation Cui, Jingbo, "Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 12304. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact hinefuku@iastate.edu. Three essays on biofuel, environmental economics, and international trade by Jingbo Cui A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Economics Program of Study Committee: Harvey Lapan, Co-major Professor GianCarlo Moschini, Co-major Professor Sebastien Pouliot John Schroeter Rajesh Singh Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright c Jingbo Cui, 2012. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION ...
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...Research Articles Emissions Trading and Carbon Credit Accounting for Sustainable Energy Development With Focus on India A. N. Sarkar Senior Professor (International Business), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi, India Abstract Global climate change is inextricably linked with the enhanced build-up of greenhouse gases. Emissions- trading in the form of carbon credits or CERs is opening up a new vista of trade opportunities with prospect for gradual reduction of emissions particularly by the developed nations under Annexure-I categories. Various national and international programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily by the non-government agencies have positively impacted on progressive reduction of emissions in many parts of the world. The paper highlights the emerging issues linked to the modalities of emission-trading, together with scope for developing sound accounting procedures for trading carbon credits. Paper discusses the opportunities for developing a sound marketing system of carbon credits with built-in efficiency in transactions, accountability and transparency in reporting systems with focus on India. Paper also GMJ,VOL 4,ISSUE 1 & 2, JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 underlines the need to comply with the Global Accounting Standards, Tax Planning, access to Multi-commodity Exchange Market, certification, verification and enforcement procedures for proper execution of emission-trading initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. The aspects...
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...Study of Japanese Experiences es on Sustainable Urban Development el including Pollution Control and Management, Resource/Energy Efficiency and GHG Reductiion o GH FINAL REPORT T February 2011 y THE WORLD BANK JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY STUDY OF JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE / ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GHG REDUCTION FINAL REPORT The First East Asia Eco2 Program, including this study, was funded by the Cities Alliance through a non-core contribution of the Japanese Government, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank February 2011 ALMEC CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN TEXT 1 SUMMARY 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Context of the Study....................................................................................................... 1-1 Study Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1-2 Analytical Framework of the Eco2 Initiative.................................................................... 1-3 Urban Development Process, Urban Management, and Environmental Initiatives in Japan.......................................................................................................................... 1-5 Responses of Stakeholders ........................................................................................... 1-8 Lessons from Japanese Experiences...
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...Corporate Carbon Strategies Threats and opportunities arising from the new energy imperative Reference Code: BI00036-019 Publication Date: March 2011 1 About the authors Professor Merlin Stone Merlin is Head of Research at The Customer Framework. He is author or co-author of many articles and thirty books and also on the editorial advisory boards of several academic journals. He has a first class honors degree and doctorate in economics from Sussex University, UK. In parallel to his business career, he has also pursued a full academic career, holding senior posts at various universities. He is now a visiting professor at De Montfort, Oxford Brookes and Portsmouth Universities, teaches economics for the Open University and marketing for Exeter University. Jane Fae Ozimek The author is a writer and researcher in the areas of IT, Business and the Law. Jane is currently editor of the Journal of Database Marketing and has previously published works on the use of statistics in business and Marketing Resource Management. Recent research papers include publications on the misuse of security protocols by major corporations, and a re-evaluation of the Loyalty Ladder concept in marketing theory. Jane was also co-author of the recently published Carbon Trading and the Effect of the Copenhagen Agreement (published by Business Insights, 2010). 2 Disclaimer Copyright © 2011 Business Insights Ltd This report is published by Business Insights (the Publisher). This report...
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...TOPIC: CLIMATE CHANGE The topic of climate change is like a puzzle with many different pieces—oceans, the atmosphere, ecosystems, polar ice, natural and human influences. Scientists have been working on this puzzle for more than a century, and while there are still gaps in our knowledge, most experts feel we have the puzzle is complete enough to show that human activities are having an adverse effect on our planet. This talks looks at many of those puzzle pieces, the evidence behind them, and the conclusions we can draw from them. OUTLINE • What changes climate? • Is it real? • How do we know? • Why should we care? • How sure are scientists? • What next—what can we do? What changes climate? Changes in: – Sun’s output – Earth’s orbit – Drifting continents – Volcanic eruptions – Greenhouse gases Scientists have a good understanding of what has changed earth’s climate in the past: • Incoming solar radiation is the main climate driver. Its energy output increased about 0.1% from 1750 to 1950, increasing temperatures by 0.2°F (0.1°C) in the first part of the 20th century. But since 1979, when we began taking measurements from space, the data show no long-term change in total solar energy, even though Earth has been warming. • Repetitive cycles in Earth’s orbit that occur over tens of thousands of years can influence the angle and timing...
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...Ethics University Name PART A Question 1 The Three Gorges dam project in China is a venture of monumental magnitude. Its impact is global, regional and local. The Hydro Electric Power project when completed can generate over 22 500 MW of electricity. That is a clean source of power as opposed to the traditional coal that emits huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. The proponents of the project said it would lead to better health and higher living standards. Excessive carbon in the atmosphere has been the cause of global warming. That implies that the residents, some of whom do not have access to electric power will have it in their homes. Electricity implies greater comfort and leisure such as TV and better studying for the students. The long-term benefit is better academic performance and therefore a better life. The fast-growing Chinese economy is another major beneficiary from the project. It will be able to supply cheap electricity to the industries and so increase their output. The improved capacity enables them to meet the needs of the fast-increasing number of the middle class of the population. Additionally, there is the prestige that comes with the title of the biggest Hydro Electric power project on earth. That would bring tourists to view the wonderful scene of the dam and an artificial lake. The reservoir lake would create an inland water way that got into Chongqing. The economy of the area would benefit greatly (Tan, 2007). The project has faced criticism...
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...ec rg 2040 Ene 2035 es 2045 chn rs olo g y P e p Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy Secure Sustainable Together 2014 edition INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including...
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