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Network Layer: transport layer relies on the network layer (3) to provide host-to-host communication. There’s a piece of network layer in every host and router in the network. Transport segment from sending to receiving host. On sending, Host 1 encapsulates segments into datagrams. On receiving, Host 2 delivers datagrams to transport layer. Protocols in every host, router. Router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it. Moves packets from sending to receiving hosts. Routers: forwards datagrams from input links to output links, done by using destination IP address in datagram header, which indicates target network. (Network layer functions=forwarding and routing)
Transport Layer: provides process-to-process communication (layer 4). Only resides on end systems.
Network devices: hub, bridge/switch, router. End-System: computer. Encapsulation: (send)
Forwarding (switching): transfer of packet from incoming link to outgoing link within a single router.
Routing: involves all of a network’s routers whose collective interactions via routing protocols determine paths (routes) that packets take from source host to destination. Router: connects networks together, forwards packets, filters traffic, path selection, connects layer 1&2 technologies(UTP cable to fiber, Ethernet to WiFi/frame relay/ATM), (connects IP subnets/IP broadcast domains together), finds destination IP address in header, looks up IP address in forwarding table to find router’s output port, sends packet to right destination. Latency: delay for frame to reach destination, routers analyze packets through layer3, chooses best path, greater than switches. Forwarding table: determines best path, contains network addresses, router interface, cost based on some metric(hops, bandwidth, utilization, delay, reliability), uses destination IP address, tells router where to send packets, network

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