...Back in the late 1600s a spanish king, Montezuma was documented as drinking chocolate before visiting his wives. These properties are likely the result of increased blood flow, but regardless of reason, chocolate became a traditional gift to give our loved ones on Valentine’s day as a romantic gesture and at times to provide comfort. Such uses of chocolate instill powerful connotations that could contribute to stress-relieving effects. Another, alternate explanation relates once again to chemical properties. Since “59% of men and 91% of women experience cravings” (84), some scientists think this could be the body’s way of signalling us that we need a certain nutrient that we can only get from chocolate, but this theory is controversial, and the authors do not believe has enough evidence to support it yet. This still brings up the question, does indulging in chocolate cravings make you feel...
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...Mid-Term Examination The Clash of Civilizations and Its International Implications By: Meidina Felita Alifandra 016201400183 IRE 2014 Diplomacy 2 Semester 7 I. Introduction As being stated by Samuel P. Huntington, the Clash of Civilization is a hypothesis in which the primary sources of conflicts in the post-cold war era are more dominant to the people’s cultural and religious identities. Civilization has three attributes which are the objective elements – language, history religion, customs, and institution; the subjective elements – variable levels of self-identification; and civilization itself is dynamic – they rise and fall, divide and merge. II. The Relation between the “Kin-Country” Theory by Samuel P. Huntington and The U.S. Attitudes Towards the Palestinian-Israeli Issues. Samuel P. Huntington also stated a theory about civilization rallying – or well-known as “Kin-Country Syndrome”. In his “Kin-Country...
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...behaviors and take certain metaphysical, ontological, and epistemological assumption about the ultimate nature of reality and being into consideration. Example, is reality subjective or objective? Is causation simply a human construct, or is it something that can be definitively and objectively established? The latter were two questions to approach some explanation of the theories of white collar crime and the criminological concept of the offenders in this sector. There are the sociological, biogenetic, psychological, and sociogenic explanation to white collar criminology and crime. The most basic theory of criminality states that criminals are different in some fundamental way from non-criminals. Then the nature of the difference must be identified. On a Sociological level the propensity to commit crimes, is shown to vary among various segments of the population or among different organization. The biogenetic explanation of criminality became especially influential in the nineteenth century. This states that criminals are inherently different from other people, even down to their appearance. This explanation was promoted by: The Austrian anatomist Franz Joseph Gall’s phrenology and Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso’s concept of the “born criminal.” The significant of this notion is that it has persisted in the public imagination long after it was discredited by criminologists. Biogenetic...
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...culture of a group of Mexican inhabitants who lived in the hot coastal plain of the modern cities of Tabasco and Veracruz, between 1200 and 400 BC this area was also referred to as heartland due to the large numbers of this community and the their monuments. These inhabitants are one of the most fascinating communities to ever exist. They were the first society in Mexico and it is from this group that all other inhabitant of Mesoamerica followed. The community came to existence from around 1200 to about 400 BC and they inhabited in the forests, savannas, and rivers of the Gulf of Mexico. Very little is known of the Olmec’s community but what remains out clear is that the group followed a 365-day year, constructed pyramids using different types of designs , planted some crops such as avocado, corn and cacao, and had comparable religious practices as the Mayans who followed them practiced hunting and fishing (COE, M 77). The wide range of distribution of Olmec work of art and Olmecoid iconography during much of Mesoamerica is a sign that the group practiced long-distance trade. Foreign, impressive and high-value materials for instance greenstone and sea shell were transported in large numbers over very long distances. Whereas the Olmec were not the first community in Mesoamerica to practice the long-distance trading, the Olmec era saw a major expansion in interregional trade routes, more range in material goods traded and a greater variety in the sources from which the base materials...
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...discussed in class and their racial attitude towards Africa showing whether it is true or false * It is false; this is brought about by the German philosopher Wilhen Fredrick Hegel where he said that Africa is divided into THREE different parts namely; Egyptian Africa where there is philosophy and civilization, European Africa where there is philosophy, civilization and critical thinking and finally the is Africa proper where there is no philosophy, no critical thinking and no civilization. * Basing on Africa proper, just as viewed they is no philosophy, no critical thinking and no civilization, this is because geographical does not allow this. Not all Africa countries have acquired civilization and are critical and creative thinkers, thus Fredrick Hegel was correct regarding his views. * Being more precise, some Eastern African countries have been viewed to lack knowledge and critical thinking. This is categorized as follows; * Firstly, most Africa countries involves themselves in violence, the rebelling parties has taken advantages to make their fellow suffer by burning, raping, killing and kidnapping the old aged and young ones. If there was some kind of civilization, they would have solved their differences and engage in more productive activities rather than immorality...
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...have guns, germs and steel shaped the history of the world? There have been people living in the rainforests of New Guinea for at least 40,000 years – long before the settlements of North and South America were formed. But one of the few places on earth where it’s still possible to find people hunting and gathering is the rainforest of Papua New Guinea. They are among the most culturally diverse and adaptable people in the world. So why is it that they are being ravaged by rampant poverty while their European and American counterparts sit in bungalows and have their lavish their meals? Advanced technology, large populations, and a well-organized workforce have been common characteristics of majority civilizations. To understand the pace of the progress of each civilization in the course of history, we must need to dwell deep into the roots of the formation of each of these. To comprehend the origins of inequality, we need to move back into the time when people all over the globe were on an equal footing. Hence, we move back 13000 years back, just after the lasting remains of the last Ice Age. Middle East, much less arid than it is today, was the area where populations flourished at that time. They were of a hunter-gatherer nature,...
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...The best kind of art celebrated by Navajo people are the colored rugs made by women. Presently, Navajo people have established commercial studios for the purpose of painting (Iverson and Roessel 2002:43). The arts practiced by the Hmong people are normally very colorful with similar pattern to the Aymara tribe in South America. To the Vietnamese, the arts created by Hmong people are beautiful and show some level of civilization of the Hmong people. Major works of art for the Hmong people include needlework, embroidery, and love songs (Wunder 2009:32). There are strikingly similarities the embroidery clothing items made by the Hmongs and the traditional embroidery and weaving by the Aymara...
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...Of the four types of religion that Wallace (1996) identified, the simplest form is the shamanic religious structure. Shamans are unlike priests, in that they are not considered full-time religious representatives, rather part-time religious officials who act as mediators between the common people of their society and the supernatural entities and forces they worship or believe in. Shamans have a primary focus on dealing with individual issues, and are known for going into trance states. Shamans often symbolically differentiate themselves from the common population by enforcing an ambiguous gender role or even abstaining from sexual intercourse, as is observed by nuns and priests of nation-states. According to Wallace’s observations, Shamanic religions were...
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...Introduction Known as one of the founding fathers of economics, Adam Smith is one of the most influential writers of his time. His works seem to be able to transcend time and cultures to the extent that his books are still in circulation today and are heavily debated. From his first famous work “Theory of Moral Sentiments” to “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” Adam Smith showed that he was a leading mind in the field of political economy and for that matter human nature. He is able to explain a variety of economic influences based on his overlying concept of rational self-interest in a free-market economy. But just like any other great mind revered in history they all have to start somewhere, and his was in Scotland. Adam Smith was born and raised in Scotland in the year 1723. At the age of 14 years old he was admitted into the University of Glasgow on a scholarship. He studied moral philosophy there until he switched colleges and then attended Balliol College at Oxford. He graduated with an extensive knowledge of European literature and moral philosophy. Preceding his graduation from Oxford University he returned to his home country to give a series of lectures that contributed to him being elected as the first chair of logic in 1751 and subsequently the chair of moral philosophy in 1752 at Glasgow University. A few years later Adam Smith published “Theory of Moral Sentiments” which was well received by the general public and eventually...
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...POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT & CIVILIZATION ISTAC, IIUM, MALAYSIA Course code and title: IITC 5011 COMPARATIVE CIVILIZATION Assignment title: A STUDY ON THE LINK BETWEEN DIVINE GUIDANCE AND RISE OF SOCIETY. Student’s (official) name: AHMAD SHAMSUDDIN BIN AHMAD Student’s matriculation number: G1333003 Tutor’s name: PRO DR ABDULLAHIL AHSAN INTRODUCTION In line with Islam, the civilization of a nation would be built when there were good values and manners in a society. If a society values good to ignore or violate the main goal the development of civilization, then the community will collapse in no time. For example, as for the Western civilization such as Greek, its civilization ended in failure not...
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...has been a controversial topic discussed by philosophers over many centuries. One of the arguments for God’s existence comes from the belief that the type of God that would exist is an all just and all-knowing supernatural being that has laid down objective moral laws for humans to follow. This is called the moral argument. In this paper I argue that the moral arguments does not stand against objections when trying to prove God’s existence. This paper has five parts beginning with a thorough outline and explanation of the moral argument (1). Next I will present four objections and the theists reply to them. First is that morality doesn’t depend on God’s existence only the belief in God (2). Second, that one cannot be truly...
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...Bullecer, Leur Anne Fay January 29, 2014 Calangi, Kirsten Iola Cusi,Anne Christine Bautista, Luis Fernando Ipinasa kay: G.Aaron A.Tolentino, Guro Proyekto Modernization Theory Background of the Theory The idea of modernization is relatively new. Its basic principles can be derived from the Idea of Progress, which emerged in the 18th-century, Age of Enlightenment, with the idea that people themselves could develop and change their society. French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet was involved in the origins of the theory with the concept that technological advancements and economic changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. Condorcet was the first to make the connection between economic and social development connection and that there can be continuous progress and improvement in human affairs. With that said, new advancements and improvements would need to keep pace with a constantly changing world. Furthermore, he encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition to social structure and the evolution of societies, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism, which stresses the interdependence of the institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most famous work is The Division of Labour in Society, which described how social order was...
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...the respective religious context where the apparition took place.” (Antes 3). Why don’t people ever see the God(s) from other religions, why do some people “...see Kali or Durga, while in Christian contexts, if the vision is that of a woman, St. Mary is seen instead.” (Antes 3). This thesis is rather profound in the fact that almost every religion claims to have religious experiences and divine visions, but never of the God(s) from other religions. An interesting contrast shown in the body of the article is between Madeleine Le Bouc, and Ramakrishna. The former, was said to be quite mad by Doctor Pierre Janet while the ladder was considered a saint. Antes points out that “...they had similar types of experience which, according to their surrounding milieus, found very different explanations: a medical one in terms of mental illness in the secular context of France, and a religious one in the Indian context of Hindu spirituality.” (Antes 2). By using this approach, the findings will be more valid as this argument explores “...the field of Psychology of Religion.” (Antes 3). There is an example that uses Paul’s conversion to Christ as a kind of example that is supposed to possible falsify the thesis. The example states that Paul did not believe in Jesus but had a vision of him and was converted. In the conclusion Antes states that “This...
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...outer self. And that from that entire information one can derive a blueprint on how to read and recognize the basic truths which were there when human kind made its first steps and will stay with us till the end. That one should really think upon in order to fill in the bits of lost puzzle in time, space and matter, so that one day we actually know who we are and why we are. Throughout his whole scientific work Freud supported the understanding that man evolved from his animal state, because of the cultural and social conditions that came along with civilization and he could not exist without them. However his attention is always drawn by the overwhelming hostility between human beings and civilization. Civilization is built upon bans and restrictions on what attracts humans and humans suffer and rebel against what their own civilization makes them give away. The paradox created by the human need of civilization and the hostility and...
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...in March 1968[2] and again by McDonald and James Harder while testifying before the Congressional Committee on Science and Astronautics, in July 1968.[3] Skeptic Philip J. Klass used it in his 1968 book UFOs--Identified. In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the "Extra-terrestrial Hypothesis" or "ETH" as the "idea that some UFOs may be spacecraft sent to Earth from another civilization or space other than earth, or on a planet associated with a more distant star," while presenting the findings of the much debated Condon Report. Some UFO historians credit Condon with popularizing the term and its abbreviation "ETH". Chronology Although ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept - one which owes a lot to the saucer sightings of the 1940s–1960s, it can trace its origins back to a number of earlier events such as the now discredited Martian canals and ancient Martian civilization promoted by astronomer Percival Lowell, popular culture including the writings of H. G. Wells and fellow science fiction pioneers such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, who likewise wrote of Martian civilizations, and even to the works of figures such as the Swedish philosopher, mystic and scientist Emanuel Swedenborg, who promoted a variety of...
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