...Place of Birth/Origin prior to becoming a convict Francis Howard Greenway was born on the 20th November 1777, in Mangotsfield, England. Greenway was born to Ann née Web and Francis Greenway. Their generations have been stonemasons, builders and architects for decades located in the West. Greenway was a very successful architect working in Bristol and Bath for the Governor, and became very we'll known for his designs. Greenway has produced multiple buildings, for example: The Clifton Club, which is still standing today located in Mangotsfield. Details of crime/committed/reason for transportation In the year 1812 he was sentenced to death for committing forgery of faking a solicitor’s signature on a financial document, but the penalty then...
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...Women in the Australian colonies: Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Course Date Women in Australia colonies Port Philip grew at an amazing rate in the 1830s when free settlers and female convicts were sent to Victoria to respond to the labor shortage. Women were outnumbered by men with a ration 1 to seven respectively. Women were the small population and were the most vulnerable proportion of the whole population. Initially, the majority of women were unmarried free settlers. There was a great demand for single women to serve as house servants, and the government covered the travel expenses to Victoria with families or married couples. . However, the free female settlers were still vulnerable as they were not lucky enough to get employment and they had to meet their financial needs. If they lost their job or get pregnant, they were forced to depend on charitable organizations or move to the streets. . For the convicts that were sent to Port Philip, the place was worse, with prostitution being their unspoken sentence. Life was difficult on arrival as convict women were taken to settlers households to serve as domestic servants. Some were lucky to marry and start new lives, but the majority of them were victims of prostitution and crime. For the most women, de facto relationships or marriage ensured they were protected and provided for from the rough elements of the society, and security was given at a price. Alcohol was too common in the settlements...
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...Bryan Gronset 4/10/2015 Australian History Brutality to the Convicts in Punishment To what extent were Australian convicts subjected to brutal punishment? In your answer you need to show awareness of the variations across the convict system for the 80 year period of convict transportation from 1788 to 1868 To understand the Australian convict system and the punishments the convicts had to endure from 1788-1868 taking a look at a collection of documents that created policies and hand written accounts from peoples journals, newspapers, books, and private records. After looking at the written documents it is important to understand the view points of some historians such as Robert Hughes who convicts sees the of the fatal shores as victims of...
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...Early life before he came to Australia James Ruse was born on August 9,1759 in Launceston, Cornwall, England. James Ruse and his family lived on a farm and were pretty poor. He worked as a farmer. At the age of 23 James Ruse was sentenced to death for breaking into the house of Thomas Olive He stole 2 silver watches were valued at 5 pounds. They changed his capital sentence and he was transported to Africa for 7 years. During the next 5 years James Ruse was to spend a lot of his time in the hulk Dunkirk at Plymouth while the government was searching for ways to solve the convict problem. When it was established to send a boat to Australia for the convicts or free settlers, James Ruse was sent out with the first fleet in 1787. James Ruse ended being the first convict who set foot on Australian soil. This was because he chosen by a naval officer to carry him on his back as the Naval officer did not want to get his boots wet. Life in Australia...
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...performance has existed in Australia for around 200 years and the subject of Drama has been taught since the 1970’s. This is with the exception of Aboriginal corroborees, a form of dance drama which have been around for around 40 000 years. Australian theatre began officially on June 4th, 1789 with the production of ‘The Recruiting Officer’ months after the first fleet Arrived in Australia. The production was comedy that had been very successful in England. In Australia it was performed in a mud hut by convicts and had an audience of around sixty people. In the intermission things such as wheat, rum, tobacco and fowls were sold, as this was all that the convicts could afford. Theatre performance gained a new perspective in Australia in 1796 when Robert Sidaway, a convict, opened the first theatre in Australia, which seated 120 people and had an admission of one shilling. This theatre was closed due to pickpocketing and burglary, however another one was opened by Sidaway in 1800 though it did not last very long either. The main focus of Australian theatre has been on bushrangers and convicts. For over a century stories of Michael Howe, who was shot and killed in Van Dieman’s land in 1818, have been the types of stories that Australian plays have been written about. The very first play in Australian theatre was written by David Burn and was entitled ‘The Bushrangers’. In 1928 it was performed in Edinburgh and Scotland and was later published and performed in Australia in 1971. The Theatre...
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...either descent from prisoners who were shipped off to Australia, or they are descendants of free settlers, who ventured out to seek their fortune. This is the information that most non-British Europeans remembers about Australia from history lessons, if no further exploration into the matter is made. As a consequence it is often forgotten that this continent also is the home of the first people of the world. The fact that people lived in Australia more than 12000 years before there were humans in Europe is not fingertip knowledge, even though it could be argued that this information is of vital importance to knowing of the history of the human race. To illustrate how fleeting brief the history of the white people of Australia is compared with that of the black Aborigines; it is believed that the Aboriginals have lived in Australia for 1600 generations in contrast to the white people, who have only lived on the continent for 8 generations (f). The population of indigenous people of Australia has been estimated to have counted around 300.000 in number, at the arrival of the British. Nevertheless, the oldest people of our world were driven from their lands and have since the time of the British invasion on their territory been victims of the colonial rulers. A history of general disadvantage, dispossession, discrimination and institutional racism ensued and the results were - and are to this day a tragic as Aboriginals of Australia have...
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...Background Info Port Arthur was established in 1830 and governed by George Arthur (the Governor of Van demons land), hence the name Port Arthur. The small town was established as a timber station, designed to replace the closed timber camp at Birches Bay. Port Arthur grew in importance within the penal system because of all the natural resources. In 1840 the convict population grew over 1100 in Australia leading to secondary punishment areas (such as Port Arthur). Port Arthur referred to as a natural prison (low population and natural resources) soon grew as one of the biggest secondary punishment station. Governor Arthur developed a system built on punishment and discipline, classification and separation, religious and moral instruction,...
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...The mining sector has expanded significantly since the 1970s, with major discoveries of iron ore, petroleum, coal, and natural gas. When Australia was colonized by Europeans in the late 18th century, it was home to approximately 250 indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages ( Dixion, 1980; Walsh, 1997; Angelo etal., 1994; Austin, 1996), many of which are now either extinct, moribund, or endangered. Today, only 12 indigenous languages continue to be learned by children. There has been growing awareness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages among general Australian population, and Aboriginal language courses are now taught in secondary schools in Victoria, South Australia ( Nathan, 1996) , and soon to be introduced...
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...transportation. Thus, male and female prisoners of all ages were destined to board hulks bound for the newly established penal colonies in modern day Australia. A poem reflecting on the situation women were experiencing onboard ship was penned by Thomas Haynes Bayly I 1834 and is a poignant reminder of the wide range of women that became part of the transportation system and the hardships and hazards they endured. However, it was women who faced the daunting reality of life on a remote island where most inhabitants were male and escape was impossible. In fact, it was the potential to keep prisoners from escaping that...
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...The first settlers arrived in Australia 35,000 years ago during the great ice age. The sea levels lowered between Indonesia and New Guinea and created a land bridge that would allow nomadic tribes to cross from Southeast Asia. Like many other humans of that epoch, they were hunters and gatherers and traveled from place to place in search of young creatures. Thousands of years after these drifters arrived; the glaciers thawed and brought up the seas once again, which kept the citizenry of Australia permanently in that esteem. The people that inhabited Australia before the English settlers were known as Aborigines or the Australian Aboriginals. Aborigines occupied most of Southeast part of the continent on the shoreline, as well as all parts...
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...Molesworth committee’s report used to describe the convicts as slaves e.g. is it religious. political, economic? Having been branded as a slave society and convictism as a slave labor system the Molesworth report pointed out that the economical affluence of New South Wales (NSW) and Van Diemen’s Land swift rise in wealth was due to the compulsory free labor of the convicts. Scarcely surviving the first year it was the increase of the convict transportation that help the economy with the delivery of cheap skilled labor, craftsmen, clerks and tradesmen. Providing free the abilities and expertise to help build the new settlement. The first governor of NSW Arthur Phillips penned the plans for management of the colony. Insisting that the laws within England would be initiated in the new country. No slavery and no slaves within the new land. Unfortunately the similarity of convictism to slavery was considerable. 2. Why does the committee argue that transportation to New South Wales must end? The Molesworth’s committee argued that due to economics it was no longer financially feasible to continue to transport convicts to NSW. Arguing that it had become too expensive to continue with the transportation to NSW. With the government paying for the excess produce and granting a variety of indulgences the settlers who engaged a convict, it was costing the British government over and above 7,000,000l. Analysing the situation of the convict transportation to NSW the committee noted...
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...Early Colonization Ethnic and cultural diversity is an internationally shared social experience. In today’s society several countries possess “natives” of different ethnicity. Many ethnicity who are believed to be original natives of their country are usually descendants of colonists or a race made up of a mixture of ethnicity from a particular region. Early colonialism is one cause for such diversity. Colonization is the establishment of a colony through the organized migration to an outside territory. From the 1600’s to 1800’s Western Europeans were the colonized groups dominating many parts of the world for a variety of reasons. Many conquest to other countries were to discover natural resources like, spices, gold and other trade-able material unique to its region. Some expedition set out to explore for other reasons like proving a theory or to follow up on stories told by their fellow explorers. Once reaching their destination, other factors made them stay such as the discovery of monetary gain, religious freedom and political powers. While some countries like China, were unable to become colonized, others were dominated to the extent of their people eventually becoming a minority in their own land. Imperialistic ambition was a major element in the colonization of many third world countries. As immigrants settled on foreign soil, they believed they were legitimately entitled to occupy the land. They eventually impose their economic, religion, and social systems onto an...
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...represented in our all-time favourite hero, Ned Kelly. This Aussie battler was a selectors' son who moved to Australia with his family as his farther stole farm animals and became an Irish convict. Saving a boy from drowning Ned is told, “well done, Ned", applauded by townsfolk and receives a green and gold sash, this resembles the Australian green and gold colours. Later on in the movie the Colonial policeman Fitzpatrick falsely accused Ned Kelly for shooting him as the result of a dispute at the Kelly's farm, this was beginning of the Kelly Gang's conflict with the British crown property. Portrayed by the modern society of Australia the characteristics of an Australian identity shown in the movie Ned Kelly, no longer lie with us Aussies. Policemen and Authority figures are no longer disputed and mocked by society. No longer do Australians show their rough and rugged bushranger personality. No longer do we stand by one another in conflict or in need. Except is there truly just one identity for Australians? The lower class selector's sons in the town of Beveridge, owned small amounts of land, and earned less money for the work they did. On the other hand the major land owners known as squatters earned far more money thus they had the ability to bribe the police. This allowed the police and squatters to stay in control and victimise the selectors. To live as a convict, to pay off a mortgage, and try to stand up against the squatters was all hard work, that of which the colonial...
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...The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (White Australia Policy) was one of the world's oddest race-based government policies in that much of the impetus for it came from white men who liked and respected non-white races to the point they felt inferior by comparison. In addition, many of the opponents of the policy said extremely racist things when arguing for its abolition. Reflecting the nuanced psychological issues associated with it, the Act instructed migration officials to use a dictation test that allowed non-whites to be excluded without publicly acknowledging that they were being targeted for exclusion. In other words, it was widely understood to be an Act designed to exclude non-whites but officially it wasn’t. The reluctance to officially recognise the Immigration Restriction Act as a policy to exclude non-whites could be partly explained as flowing from the popularity of non-whites in Australia for much of the 19th century. Ironically, this could be seen as a legacy of Australia's penal foundations. Specifically, in 1820, nearly 80 per cent of the colonial population was a Convict, Emancipist or of Convict descent. As a consequence, the majority of the population were second class-citizens and the exclusive free settlers were the disliked minority. Race was insignificant compared to the stigma of criminality and the majority of the population shared that stigma together. An English newspaper of the time wrote: "Historically, the greatest rift has been between...
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...What do you think of when you hear the word flag? Flags are what represent a nation. They are what people take pride in, and yet our flag still represents the old way. It still represents the British domination of 1901. Not who we are today, a prosperous and multicultural nation. Our flag must be changed, to represent all Australians equally. I believe my flag provides a modern view and represents all Australians equally combining stereotypes, aspects of multicultural and the Indigenous culture. To begin, what do you think Australia is known for? Australian is know for its stereotypes all around the world and when people from overseas think about Australia they normally imagine kangaroos as well as emus. These two animals were chose as they...
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